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Tryptophan, more than just an interfacial amino acid in the membrane activity of cationic cell-penetrating and antimicrobial peptides. Q Rev Biophys 2022; 55:e10. [PMID: 35979810 DOI: 10.1017/s0033583522000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Trp is unique among the amino acids since it is involved in many different types of noncovalent interactions such as electrostatic and hydrophobic ones, but also in π-π, π-cation, π-anion and π-ion pair interactions. In membranotropic peptides and proteins, Trp locates preferentially at the water-membrane interface. In antimicrobial or cell-penetrating peptides (AMPs and CPPs respectively), Trp is well-known for its strong role in the capacity of these peptides to interact and affect the membrane organisation of both bacteria and animal cells at the level of the lipid bilayer. This essential amino acid can however be involved in other types of interactions, not only with lipids, but also with other membrane partners, that are crucial to understand the functional roles of membranotropic peptides. This review is focused on this latter less known role of Trp and describes in details, both in qualitative and quantitative ways: (i) the physico-chemical properties of Trp; (ii) its effect in CPP internalisation; (iii) its importance in AMP activity; (iv) its role in the interaction of AMPs with glycoconjugates or lipids in bacteria membranes and the consequences on the activity of the peptides; (v) its role in the interaction of CPPs with negatively charged polysaccharides or lipids of animal membranes and the consequences on the activity of the peptides. We intend to bring highlights of the physico-chemical properties of Trp and describe its extensive possibilities of interactions, not only at the well-known level of the lipid bilayer, but with other less considered cell membrane components, such as carbohydrates and the extracellular matrix. The focus on these interactions will allow the reader to reevaluate reported studies. Altogether, our review gathers dedicated studies to show how unique are Trp properties, which should be taken into account to design future membranotropic peptides with expected antimicrobial or cell-penetrating activity.
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2
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Bechtella L, Chalouhi E, Milán Rodríguez P, Cosset M, Ravault D, Illien F, Sagan S, Carlier L, Lequin O, Fuchs PFJ, Sachon E, Walrant A. Structural Bases for the Involvement of Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate in the Internalization of the Cell-Penetrating Peptide Penetratin. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1427-1439. [PMID: 35608167 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides cross cell membranes through various parallel internalization pathways. Herein, we analyze the role of the negatively charged lipid phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) in the internalization of Penetratin. Contributions of both inner leaflet and outer leaflet pools of PI(4,5)P2 were revealed by quantifying the internalization of Penetratin in cells treated with PI(4,5)P2 binders. Studies on model systems showed that Penetratin has a strong affinity for PI(4,5)P2 and interacts selectively with this lipid, even in the presence of other negatively charged lipids, as demonstrated by affinity photo-crosslinking experiments. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments showed that Penetratin induces lateral segregation in PI(4,5)P2-containing liposomes, which was confirmed by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. NMR experiments indicated that Penetratin adopts a stabilized helical conformation in the presence of PI(4,5)P2-containing membranes, with an orientation parallel to the bilayer plane, which was also confirmed by all-atom simulations. NMR and photo-crosslinking experiments also suggest a rather shallow insertion of the peptide in the membrane. Put together, our findings suggest that PI(4,5)P2 is a privileged interaction partner for Penetratin and that it plays an important role in Penetratin internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leïla Bechtella
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Edward Chalouhi
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Paula Milán Rodríguez
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marine Cosset
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Ravault
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Illien
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Sagan
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Carlier
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lequin
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Patrick F. J. Fuchs
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Université de Paris, UFR Sciences du Vivant, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Sachon
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Mass Spectrometry Sciences Sorbonne Université, MS3U platform, UFR 926, UFR 927, Paris 75005, France
| | - Astrid Walrant
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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Rusiecka I, Gągało I, Kocić I. Cell-penetrating peptides improve pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anticancer drugs. Tissue Barriers 2022; 10:1965418. [PMID: 34402743 PMCID: PMC8794253 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1965418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review concentrates on the research concerning conjugates of anticancer drugs with versatile cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). For a better insight into the relationship between the components of the constructs, it starts with the characteristic of the peptides and considers its following aspects: mechanisms of cellular internalization, interaction with cancer-modified membranes, selectivity against tumor tissue. Also, CPPs with anticancer activity have been distinguished and summarized with their mechanisms of action. With respect to the conjugates, the preclinical studies (in vitro, in vivo) indicated that they possess several merits in comparison to the parent drugs. They concerned not only better cellular internalization but also other improvements in pharmacokinetics (e.g. access to the brain tissue) and pharmacodynamics (e.g. overcoming drug resistance). The anticancer activity of the conjugates was usually superior to that of the unconjugated drug. Certain anticancer CPPs and conjugates entered clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Rusiecka
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Iwona Gągało
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ivan Kocić
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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4
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Jiang Y, Liu S, Tian G, Cheung HJH, Li X, Li XD. Concise solid-phase synthesis enables derivatisation of YEATS domain cyclopeptide inhibitors for improved cellular uptake. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 45:116342. [PMID: 34364221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
YEATS domains, which are newly identified epigenetic readers of histone lysine acetylation and crotonylation, have emerged as promising anti-cancer drug targets. We recently developed AF9 YEATS domain-selective cyclopeptide inhibitors. However, the cumbersome and time-consuming synthesis of the cyclopeptides limited further structural derivatisation and applications. Here, we reported a concise method for the solid-phase synthesis of the cyclopeptides, which substantially reduced the amount of time required for the preparation of the cyclopeptides and led to a higher overall yield. Moreover, this new synthetic route also allowed further derivatisation of the cyclopeptides with various functional modules, including fluorescent dye and cell-penetrating peptide. We demonstrated that the conjugation of the cyclopeptide with cell-penetrating peptide TAT led to a significantly increased cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gaofei Tian
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hayden Jit Hei Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiang David Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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5
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Advancement of Peptide Nanobiotechnology via Emerging Microfluidic Technology. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10100627. [PMID: 31547039 PMCID: PMC6843689 DOI: 10.3390/mi10100627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptide nanotechnology has experienced a long and enduring development since its inception. Many different applications have been conceptualized, which depends on the functional groups present on the peptide and the physical shape/size of the peptide nanostructures. One of the most prominent nanostructures formed by peptides are nanoparticles. Until recently, however, it has been challenging to engineer peptide nanoparticles with low dispersity. An emerging and promising technique involves the utility of microfluidics to produce a solution of peptide nanoparticles with narrow dispersity. In this process, two or more streams of liquid are focused together to create conditions that are conducive towards the formation of narrowly dispersed samples of peptide nanoparticles. This makes it possible to harness peptide nanoparticles for the myriad of applications that are dependent on nanoparticle size and uniformity. In this focus review, we aim to show how microfluidics may be utilized to (1) study peptide self-assembly, which is critical to controlling nanostructure shape and size, and peptide-interface interactions, and (2) generate self-assembling peptide-based microgels for miniaturized cell cultures. These examples will illustrate how the emerging microfluidic approach promises to revolutionize the production and application of peptide nanoparticles in ever more diverse fields than before.
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6
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Biophysical Insight on the Membrane Insertion of an Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptide. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184441. [PMID: 31505894 PMCID: PMC6769507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptides that can translocate and transport cargoes into the intracellular milieu by crossing biological membranes. The mode of interaction and internalization of cell-penetrating peptides has long been controversial. While their interaction with anionic membranes is quite well understood, the insertion and behavior of CPPs in zwitterionic membranes, a major lipid component of eukaryotic cell membranes, is poorly studied. Herein, we investigated the membrane insertion of RW16 into zwitterionic membranes, a versatile CPP that also presents antibacterial and antitumor activities. Using complementary approaches, including NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and molecular dynamic simulations, we determined the high-resolution structure of RW16 and measured its membrane insertion and orientation properties into zwitterionic membranes. Altogether, these results contribute to explaining the versatile properties of this peptide toward zwitterionic lipids.
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7
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Almeida C, Maniti O, Di Pisa M, Swiecicki JM, Ayala-Sanmartin J. Cholesterol re-organisation and lipid de-packing by arginine-rich cell penetrating peptides: Role in membrane translocation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210985. [PMID: 30673771 PMCID: PMC6343925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are able to transport hydrophilic molecules inside cells. To reach the cytosol, the peptide associated with a cargo must cross the plasma or the endosomal membrane. Different molecular mechanisms for peptide internalisation into cells have been proposed and it is becoming clear that the cellular internalisation mechanisms are different depending on the peptide sequence and structure and the target membrane. Herein, the penetration of three peptides into large unilamellar vesicles were studied: the homeodomain derived 16-residues penetratin, nona-arginine (R9), and a small peptide containing 6 arginine and 3 tryptophan residues (RW9). The membrane models were composed of phospholipids from natural sources containing different molecular species. We observed that among the three peptides, only the amphipathic peptide RW9 was able to cross the membrane vesicles in the liquid disordered state. The changes in the distribution of the previously characterized cholesterol-pyrene probe show that cholesterol-pyrene molecules dissociate from clusters upon membrane interaction with the three peptides and that the cholesterol environment becomes more disordered in the presence of RW9. Finally, we studied the effect of the peptides on lipid ordering on giant plasma membrane vesicles. The amphipathic peptides RW9 and its longer homologue RW16 induced lipid de-packing in plasma membrane vesicles. Overall, the data suggest that a disordered membrane favours the translocation of RW9, that the membrane cholesterol is redistributed during peptide interaction, and that the peptide amphipathic character is important to increase membrane fluidity and peptide membrane translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Almeida
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France
| | - Ofelia Maniti
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France
| | - Margherita Di Pisa
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Swiecicki
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France
| | - Jesus Ayala-Sanmartin
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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8
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Nyström L, Malmsten M. Membrane interactions and cell selectivity of amphiphilic anticancer peptides. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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He L, Sayers EJ, Watson P, Jones AT. Contrasting roles for actin in the cellular uptake of cell penetrating peptide conjugates. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7318. [PMID: 29743505 PMCID: PMC5943252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased need for macromolecular therapeutics, such as peptides, proteins and nucleotides, to reach intracellular targets necessitates more effective delivery vectors and a higher level of understanding of their mechanism of action. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) can transport a range of macromolecules into cells, either through direct plasma membrane translocation or endocytosis. All known endocytic pathways involve cell-cortex remodelling, a process shown to be regulated by reorganisation of the actin cytoskeleton. Here using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and a variety of actin inhibitors we identify how actin disorganisation in different cell types differentially influences the cellular entry of three probes: the CPP octaarginine - Alexa488 conjugate (R8-Alexa488), octaarginine conjugated Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP-R8), and the fluid phase probe dextran. Disrupting actin organisation in A431 skin epithelial cells dramatically increases the uptake of EGFP-R8 and dextran, and contrasts strongly to inhibitory effects observed with transferrin and R8 attached to the fluorophore Alexa488. This demonstrates that uptake of the same CPP can occur via different endocytic processes depending on the conjugated fluorescent entity. Overall this study highlights how cargo influences cell uptake of this peptide and that the actin cytoskeleton may act as a gateway or barrier to endocytosis of drug delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L He
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - E J Sayers
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - P Watson
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3AX, UK.
| | - A T Jones
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3NB, UK.
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Cosme PJ, Ye J, Sears S, Wojcikiewicz EP, Terentis AC. Label-Free Confocal Raman Mapping of Transportan in Melanoma Cells. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:851-860. [PMID: 29397737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are promising vectors for the intracellular delivery of a variety of membrane-impermeable bioactive compounds. The mechanisms by which CPPs cross the cell membrane, and the effects that CPPs may have on cell function, still remain to be fully clarified. In this work, we employed confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study the infiltration and physiological effects of the amphipathic CPP transportan (Tp) on the metastatic melanoma cell line SK-Mel-2. CRM enabled the detection of label-free Tp within the cells. Raman maps of live cells revealed rapid entry (within 5 min) and widespread distribution of the peptide throughout the cytoplasm and the presence of the peptide within the nucleus after ∼20 min. Principal component analysis of the CRM data collected from Tp-treated and untreated cells showed that Tp Raman bands were not positively correlated with lipid Raman bands, indicating that Tp entered the cells via a nonendocytic mechanism. Analysis of intracellularly recovered Tp by mass spectrometry showed that Tp remained intact in SK-Mel-2 cells for up to 24 h. The Raman spectroscopic data also showed that, although Tp was predominantly unstructured (random coil) in aqueous solution, it accumulated to high densities within the cells with mostly β-sheet and α-helical structures. AFM was employed to measure the effect of Tp treatment on cell stiffness. These data showed that Tp induced a significant increase in cell stiffness within the first hour of treatment, which was partially abated after 2 h. It is hypothesized that the increase in cell stiffness was the result of cytoskeletal changes triggered by Tp.
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11
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Duong DT, Singh S, Bagheri M, Verma NK, Schmidtchen A, Malmsten M. Pronounced peptide selectivity for melanoma through tryptophan end-tagging. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24952. [PMID: 27117225 PMCID: PMC4847013 DOI: 10.1038/srep24952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of oligotryptophan end-tagging on the uptake of arginine-rich peptides into melanoma cells was investigated under various conditions and compared to that into non-malignant keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and erythrocytes, also monitoring resulting cell toxicity. In parallel, biophysical studies on peptide binding to, and destabilization of, model lipid membranes provided mechanistic insight into the origin of the selectivity between melanoma and non-malignant cells. Collectively, the results demonstrate that W-tagging represents a powerful way to increase selective peptide internalization in melanoma cells, resulting in toxicity against these, but not against the non-malignant cells. These effects were shown to be due to increased peptide adsorption to the outer membrane in melanoma cells, caused by the presence of anionic lipids such as phosphatidylserine and ganglioside GM1, and to peptide effects on mitochondria membranes and resulting apoptosis. In addition, the possibility of using W-tagged peptides for targeted uptake of nanoparticles/drug carriers in melanoma was demonstrated, as was the possibility to open up the outer membrane of melanoma cells in order to facilitate uptake of low Mw anticancer drugs, here demonstrated for doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Thuy Duong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232
| | - Shalini Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mojtaba Bagheri
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Navin Kumar Verma
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232
| | - Artur Schmidtchen
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Malmsten
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
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Clavier S, Illien F, Sagan S, Bolbach G, Sachon E. Proteomic comparison of the EWS-FLI1 expressing cells EF with NIH-3T3 and actin remodeling effect of (R/W) 9 cell-penetrating peptide. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2015; 10:1-8. [PMID: 29900093 PMCID: PMC5988571 DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of tumoral EF versus non-tumoral 3T3 fibroblasts (SILAC). Characterization of EWS-FLI1 fusion protein impact on protein expression levels. Down-regulation of actin binding proteins responsible for passive dissemination. Investigation of (R/W)9 cell-penetrating peptide actin remodeling activity. First proteomics study using a cell-penetrating peptide (R/W)9.
EWS-FLI1 expression in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts has a profound impact on the phenotype, resulting in the cytoskeleton and adhesive capacity disorganization (EF cells). Besides this, (R/W)9, a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), has an intrinsic actin remodeling activity in EF cells. To evaluate the impact of the oncogenic protein EWS-FLI1 on proteins expression levels, a quantitative comparison of tumoral EF and non-tumoral 3T3 proteomes was performed. Then to see if we could link the EWS-FLI1 oncogenic transformation to the phenotype reversion induced by (R/W)9, (R/W)9 influence on EF cells proteome was assessed. To our knowledge no such CPPomic study has been performed before. Biological significance Up to now very few global quantitative proteomic studies have been published to help understand the oncogenic transformation induced by EWS-FLI1 fusion protein and leading to Ewing sarcoma development and dissemination. The comparison we did in this study between a model tumoral cell line EF and its non-tumoral counterpart (3T3) allowed us to highlight several features either common to most tumor types or specific to Ewing sarcoma. Particularly, lack of actin cytoskeleton organization could very likely be explained by the down-regulation of many important actin binding proteins. These results are in accordance with the hypothesis of a passive/stochastic mode of dissemination conferring Ewing sarcoma tumoral cell a high metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Clavier
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC-Univ Paris 6, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, CNRS, UMR7203 Laboratoire des BioMolécules, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris Cedex 05, 75252 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMCUniv Paris 6, Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse et Protéomique-IBPS, cc41, 7-9 Quai Saint Bernard, Paris Cedex 05, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Illien
- Sorbonne Université, UPMCUniv Paris 6, Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse et Protéomique-IBPS, cc41, 7-9 Quai Saint Bernard, Paris Cedex 05, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Sagan
- Sorbonne Université, UPMCUniv Paris 6, Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse et Protéomique-IBPS, cc41, 7-9 Quai Saint Bernard, Paris Cedex 05, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Gérard Bolbach
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC-Univ Paris 6, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, CNRS, UMR7203 Laboratoire des BioMolécules, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris Cedex 05, 75252 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMCUniv Paris 6, Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse et Protéomique-IBPS, cc41, 7-9 Quai Saint Bernard, Paris Cedex 05, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Sachon
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC-Univ Paris 6, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, CNRS, UMR7203 Laboratoire des BioMolécules, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris Cedex 05, 75252 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMCUniv Paris 6, Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse et Protéomique-IBPS, cc41, 7-9 Quai Saint Bernard, Paris Cedex 05, 75252 Paris, France
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13
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Clavier S, Bolbach G, Sachon E. Photocross-Linked Peptide-Protein Complexes Analysis: A Comparative Study of CID and ETD Fragmentation Modes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1014-1026. [PMID: 25840810 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are among the keys to organizing cellular processes in space and time. One of the only direct ways to identify such interactions in their cellular environment is to covalently bond the interacting partners to fix the interaction. Photocross-linking in living cells is thus a very promising technique. The feasibility of in cellulo photocross-linking reactions has been shown and mass spectrometry is a tool of choice to analyze photocross-linked proteins. However, the interpretation of the MS and MS/MS spectra of photocross-linked peptides remains one of the most important bottlenecks of the method and still limits its potential for large-scale applications (interactomics). Fundamental studies are still necessary to understand and characterize the fragmentation behavior of photocross-linked peptides. Here, we report the successful identification of the interaction sites in a well-characterized model of in vitro interaction between a protein and a peptide. We describe in detail the fragmentation pattern of these photocross-linked species in order to identify trends that could be generalized. In particular, we compare CID and ETD fragmentation modes (and HCD in a lesser extent), demonstrating the complementarity of both methods and the advantage of ETD for the analysis of photocross-linked species. The information should help further development of dedicated software to properly score MS/MS spectra of photocross-linked species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Clavier
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC-Univ Paris 6, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research university, Département de chimie, CNRS, UMR7203 Laboratoire des BioMolécules, 4 place Jussieu, 75252, Paris, Cedex 05, France
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Brugnano J, Ward BC, Panitch A. Cell penetrating peptides can exert biological activity: a review. Biomol Concepts 2015; 1:109-16. [PMID: 25961990 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2010.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been successful in delivering cargo into many different cell types and are an important alternative to other methods of permeation that might damage the integrity of the cell membrane. The traditional view of CPPs is that they are inert molecules that can be successfully used to deliver many cargos intracellularly. The goal of this review is to challenge this traditional understanding of CPPs. Recent literature has demonstrated that CPPs themselves can convey biological activity, including the alteration of gene expression and inhibition of protein kinases and proteolytic activity. Further characterization of CPPs is required to determine the extent of this activity. Research into the use of CPPs for intracellular delivery should continue with investigators being aware of these recent results.
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15
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Multivalent presentation of the cell-penetrating peptide nona-arginine on a linear scaffold strongly increases its membrane-perturbing capacity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:3097-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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16
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Jobin ML, Alves ID. On the importance of electrostatic interactions between cell penetrating peptides and membranes: A pathway toward tumor cell selectivity? Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt A:154-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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17
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Figueiredo CR, Matsuo AL, Massaoka MH, Polonelli L, Travassos LR. Anti-tumor activities of peptides corresponding to conserved complementary determining regions from different immunoglobulins. Peptides 2014; 59:14-9. [PMID: 24972300 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Short synthetic peptides corresponding to sequences of complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) from different immunoglobulin families have been shown to induce antimicrobial, antiviral and antitumor activities regardless of the specificity of the original monoclonal antibody (mAb). Presently, we studied the in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of synthetic peptides derived from conserved CDR sequences of different immunoglobulins against human tumor cell lines and murine B16F10-Nex2 melanoma aiming at the discovery of candidate molecules for cancer therapy. Four light- and heavy-chain CDR peptide sequences from different antibodies (C36-L1, HA9-H2, 1-H2 and Mg16-H2) showed cytotoxic activity against murine melanoma and a panel of human tumor cell lineages in vitro. Importantly, they also exerted anti-metastatic activity using a syngeneic melanoma model in mice. Other peptides (D07-H3, MN20v1, MS2-H3) were also protective against metastatic melanoma, without showing significant cytotoxicity against tumor cells in vitro. In this case, we suggest that these peptides may act as immune adjuvants in vivo. As observed, peptides induced nitric oxide production in bone-marrow macrophages showing that innate immune cells can also be modulated by these CDR peptides. The present screening supports the search in immunoglobulins of rather frequent CDR sequences that are endowed with specific antitumor properties and may be candidates to be developed as anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R Figueiredo
- Experimental Oncology Unit (UNONEX), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alisson L Matsuo
- Experimental Oncology Unit (UNONEX), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana H Massaoka
- Experimental Oncology Unit (UNONEX), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Polonelli
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, Universitá degli Studi di Parma, Parma 43121, Italy
| | - Luiz R Travassos
- Experimental Oncology Unit (UNONEX), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Recepta Biopharma, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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18
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Amphiphilic macromolecules on cell membranes: from protective layers to controlled permeabilization. J Membr Biol 2014; 247:861-81. [PMID: 24903487 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-014-9679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial and cell-penetrating peptides have inspired developments of abiotic membrane-active polymers that can coat, penetrate, or break lipid bilayers in model systems. Application to cell cultures is more recent, but remarkable bioactivities are already reported. Synthetic polymer chains were tailored to achieve (i) high biocide efficiencies, and selectivity for bacteria (Gram-positive/Gram-negative or bacterial/mammalian membranes), (ii) stable and mild encapsulation of viable isolated cells to escape immune systems, (iii) pH-, temperature-, or light-triggered interaction with cells. This review illustrates these recent achievements highlighting the use of abiotic polymers, and compares the major structural determinants that control efficiency of polymers and peptides. Charge density, sp. of cationic and guanidinium side groups, and hydrophobicity (including polarity of stimuli-responsive moieties) guide the design of new copolymers for the handling of cell membranes. While polycationic chains are generally used as biocidal or hemolytic agents, anionic amphiphilic polymers, including Amphipols, are particularly prone to mild permeabilization and/or intracell delivery.
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19
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Clavier S, Du X, Sagan S, Bolbach G, Sachon E. An integrated cross-linking-MS approach to investigate cell penetrating peptides interacting partners. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Chen H, Cheng Z, Ma X, Wu H, Liu Y, Zhou K, Chen Y, Ma W, Bi J, Zhang X, Guo X, Wang J, Lei C, Wu F, Lin Q, Liu Y, Liu L, Jiang L. A knockdown mutation of YELLOW-GREEN LEAF2 blocks chlorophyll biosynthesis in rice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:1855-67. [PMID: 24043333 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1498-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An insert mutation of YELLOW-GREEN LEAF2 , encoding Heme Oxygenase 1 , results in significant reduction of its transcript levels, and therefore impairs chlorophyll biosynthesis in rice. Heme oxygenase (HO) in higher plants catalyzes the degradation of heme to synthesize phytochrome precursor and its roles conferring the photoperiodic control of flowering in rice have been revealed. However, its involvement in regulating rice chlorophyll (Chl) synthesis is not fully explored. In this study, we isolated a rice mutant named yellow-green leaf 2 (ygl2) from a (60)Co-irradiated population. Normal grown ygl2 seedlings showed yellow-green leaves with reduced contents of Chl and tetrapyrrole intermediates whereas an increase of Chl a/b ratio. Ultrastructural analyses demonstrated grana were poorly stacked in ygl2 mutant, resulting in underdevelopment of chloroplasts. The ygl2 locus was mapped to chromosome 6 and isolated via map-based cloning. Sequence analysis indicated that it encodes the rice HO1 and its identity was verified by transgenic complementation test and RNA interference. A 7-Kb insertion was found in the first exon of YGL2/HO1, resulting in significant reduction of YGL2 expressions in the ygl2 mutant. YGL2 was constitutively expressed in a variety of rice tissues with the highest levels in leaves and regulated by temperature. In addition, we found expression levels of some genes associated with Chl biosynthesis and photosynthesis were concurrently altered in ygl2 mutant. These results provide direct evidence that YGL2 has a vital function in rice Chl biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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21
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Lukanowska M, Howl J, Jones S. Bioportides: Bioactive cell-penetrating peptides that modulate cellular dynamics. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:918-30. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Walrant A, Matheron L, Cribier S, Chaignepain S, Jobin ML, Sagan S, Alves ID. Direct translocation of cell-penetrating peptides in liposomes: A combined mass spectrometry quantification and fluorescence detection study. Anal Biochem 2013; 438:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Jobin ML, Bonnafous P, Temsamani H, Dole F, Grélard A, Dufourc EJ, Alves ID. The enhanced membrane interaction and perturbation of a cell penetrating peptide in the presence of anionic lipids: toward an understanding of its selectivity for cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1457-70. [PMID: 23462641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are usually short, highly cationic peptides that are capable of crossing the cell membrane and transport cargos of varied size and nature in cells by energy- and receptor-independent mechanisms. An additional potential is the newly discovered anti-tumor activity of certain CPPs, including RW16 (RRWRRWWRRWWRRWRR) which is derived from penetratin and is investigated here. The use of CPPs in therapeutics, diagnosis and potential application as anti-tumor agents increases the necessity of understanding their mode of action, a subject yet not totally understood. With this in mind, the membrane interaction and perturbation mechanisms of RW16 with both zwitterionic and anionic lipid model systems (used as representative models of healthy vs tumor cells) were investigated using a large panoply of biophysical techniques. It was shown that RW16 autoassociates and that its oligomerization state highly influences its membrane interaction. Overall a stronger association and perturbation of anionic membranes was observed, especially in the presence of oligomeric peptide, when compared to zwitterionic ones. This might explain, at least in part, the anti-tumor activity and so the selective interaction with cancer cells whose membranes have been shown to be especially anionic. Hydrophobic contacts between the peptide and lipids were also shown to play an important role in the interaction. That probably results from the tryptophan insertion into the fatty acid lipid area following a peptide flip after the first electrostatic recognition. A model is presented that reflects the ensemble of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lise Jobin
- Université de Bordeaux, IPB, Allée Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Pessac, France
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24
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Bechara C, Pallerla M, Zaltsman Y, Burlina F, Alves ID, Lequin O, Sagan S. Tryptophan within basic peptide sequences triggers glycosaminoglycan‐dependent endocytosis. FASEB J 2012; 27:738-49. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-216176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chérine Bechara
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 6Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
| | - Manjula Pallerla
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 6Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
| | - Yefim Zaltsman
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 6Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
| | - Fabienne Burlina
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 6Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
| | - Isabel D. Alves
- Chimie et Biologie Des Membranes et Des Nanoobjets (CBMN)UMR 5248, CNRSPessacFrance
| | - Olivier Lequin
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 6Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
| | - Sandrine Sagan
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 6Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
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25
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Walrant A, Bechara C, Alves ID, Sagan S. Molecular partners for interaction and cell internalization of cell-penetrating peptides: how identical are they? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:133-43. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides are short basic peptide sequences that might display amphipathic properties. These positively charged peptides internalize into all cell types, albeit with different efficiency. Cell-penetrating peptides use all routes of pinocytosis to internalize, in addition to direct membrane translocation that requires interaction with lipid membrane domains. These differences in internalization efficiency according to the peptide sequence and cell type suggest that the cell-penetrating peptides interact with different molecular partners at the cell surface. This review will first report on data that describe the molecular interaction of the most popular cell-penetrating peptides (penetratin, Tat and oligoarginine) with carbohydrates and lipids. The second part of the review will be dedicated to cell studies that have reported how cell surface composition influences cell internalization. Discussion will focus on the gap between in vitro and in cellulo studies, and more specifically to which extent the interaction with molecules found in membranes reflect the internalization efficiency of the peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Walrant
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7203, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
- ENS, UMR 7203, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Chérine Bechara
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7203, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
- ENS, UMR 7203, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
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26
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Prunotto M, Gabbiani G, Pomposiello S, Ghiggeri G, Moll S. The kidney as a target organ in pharmaceutical research. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:244-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Verdurmen WPR, Brock R. Biological responses towards cationic peptides and drug carriers. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010; 32:116-24. [PMID: 21167610 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In drug development, major resources are invested into the development of cellular delivery systems to increase the effectiveness of a large array of potential therapeutics, such as proteins and oligonucleotides. These carriers comprise cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), cationic lipids and cationic polymers. In recent years, evidence has been accumulating that these carriers not only act as mere pharmacokinetic modifiers but also interfere with cellular processes in various ways. In this review, we present an overview of the biological side effects associated with carrier systems. The focus will be on CPPs, which have been explored for a diverse set of cargos. Reported activities range from an induction of receptor internalization to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Ultimately, cell-penetrating molecules with such biological side effects might evolve into new bioactive agents that combine delivery capacity and pharmacophore in a single molecular entity. First examples for such molecules will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter P R Verdurmen
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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28
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Cationic cell-penetrating peptides induce ceramide formation via acid sphingomyelinase: Implications for uptake. J Control Release 2010; 147:171-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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29
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Lagirand-Cantaloube J, Laud K, Lilienbaum A, Tirode F, Delattre O, Auclair C, Kryszke MH. EWS-FLI1 inhibits TNFalpha-induced NFkappaB-dependent transcription in Ewing sarcoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 399:705-10. [PMID: 20691659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is primarily caused by a t(11;22) chromosomal translocation encoding the EWS-FLI1 fusion protein. To exert its oncogenic function, EWS-FLI1 acts as an aberrant transcription factor, broadly altering the gene expression profile of tumor cells. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB) is a tightly regulated transcription factor controlling cell survival, proliferation and differentiation, as well as tumorigenesis. NFkappaB activity is very low in unstimulated Ewing sarcoma cells, but can be induced in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF). We wondered whether NFkappaB activity could be modulated by EWS-FLI1 in Ewing sarcoma. Using a knockdown approach in Ewing sarcoma cells, we demonstrated that EWS-FLI1 has no influence on NFkappaB basal activity, but impairs TNF-induced NFkappaB-driven transcription, at least in part through inhibition of NFkappaB binding to DNA. We detected an in vivo physical interaction between the fusion protein and NFkappaB p65, which could mediate these effects. Our findings suggest that, besides directly controlling the activity of its primary target promoters, EWS-FLI1 can also indirectly influence gene expression in tumor cells by modulating the activity of key transcription factors such as NFkappaB.
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