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Liu Y, Zhao ZD, Xie G, Chen R, Zhang Y. A molecularly defined NAcSh D1 subtype controls feeding and energy homeostasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.02.27.530275. [PMID: 36909586 PMCID: PMC10002697 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.27.530275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Orchestrating complex behavioral states, such as approach and consumption of food, is critical for survival. In addition to hypothalamus neuronal circuits, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) also plays an important role in controlling appetite and satiety in responses to changing external stimuli. However, the specific neuronal subtypes of NAc involved as well as how the humoral and neuronal signals coordinate to regulate feeding remain incompletely understood. Here, we deciphered the spatial diversity of neuron subtypes of the NAc shell (NAcSh) and defined a dopamine receptor D1(Drd1)- and Serpinb2-expressing subtype located in NAcSh encoding food consumption. Chemogenetics- and optogenetics-mediated regulation of Serpinb2 + neurons bidirectionally regulates food seeking and consumption specifically. Circuitry stimulation revealed the NAcSh Serpinb2 →LH LepR projection controls refeeding and can overcome leptin-mediated feeding suppression. Furthermore, NAcSh Serpinb2 + neuron ablation reduces food intake and upregulates energy expenditure resulting in body weight loss. Together, our study reveals a neural circuit consisted of molecularly distinct neuronal subtype that bidirectionally regulates energy homeostasis, which can serve as a potential therapeutic target for eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiong Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Zheng-dong Zhao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Guoguang Xie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Renchao Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, WAB-149G, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Bonifazi A, Ellenberger M, Farino ZJ, Aslanoglou D, Rais R, Pereira S, Mantilla-Rivas JO, Boateng CA, Eshleman AJ, Janowsky A, Hahn MK, Schwartz GJ, Slusher BS, Newman AH, Freyberg Z. Development of novel tools for dissection of central versus peripheral dopamine D 2-like receptor signaling in dysglycemia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.21.581451. [PMID: 38529497 PMCID: PMC10962703 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.21.581451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) D2-like receptors in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery are key modulators of metabolism. Moreover, disruption of D2-like receptor signaling is implicated in dysglycemia. Yet, the respective metabolic contributions of CNS versus peripheral D2-like receptors including D2 (D2R) and D3 (D3R) receptors remain poorly understood. To address this, we developed new pharmacological tools, D2-like receptor agonists with diminished and delayed blood-brain barrier capability, to selectively manipulate D2R/D3R signaling in the periphery. We designated bromocriptine methiodide (BrMeI), a quaternary methiodide analogue of D2/3R agonist and diabetes drug bromocriptine, as our lead compound based on preservation of D2R/D3R binding and functional efficacy. We then used BrMeI and unmodified bromocriptine to dissect relative contributions of CNS versus peripheral D2R/D3R signaling in treating dysglycemia. Systemic administration of bromocriptine, with unrestricted access to CNS and peripheral targets, significantly improved both insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in obese, dysglycemic mice in vivo. In contrast, metabolic improvements were attenuated when access to bromocriptine was restricted either to the CNS through intracerebroventricular administration or delayed access to the CNS via BrMeI. Our findings demonstrate that the coordinated actions of both CNS and peripheral D2-like receptors are required for correcting dysglycemia. Ultimately, the development of a first-generation of drugs designed to selectively target the periphery provides a blueprint for dissecting mechanisms of central versus peripheral DA signaling and paves the way for novel strategies to treat dysglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Ellenberger
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zachary J. Farino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Rana Rais
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sandra Pereira
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Comfort A. Boateng
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy J. Eshleman
- Research Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aaron Janowsky
- Research Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Margaret K. Hahn
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary J. Schwartz
- The Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zachary Freyberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Lead Contact
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Adeyeye TA, Babatunde BR, Ehireme SE, Shallie PD. Caffeine alleviates anxiety-like behavior and brainstem lesions in a rotenone-induced rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 132:102315. [PMID: 37481171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. In 2016, approximately 6.1 million individuals were affected by PD, with 211,296 deaths attributed to the disease. The understanding of PD initially came from the observation of dopaminergic system alterations in a specific region of the brainstem, indicating that the core motor and non-motor features of PD are closely associated with brainstem dysfunction. The primary treatment approach for PD revolves around dopamine replacement, as many of the symptoms are responsive to this therapeutic intervention. However, long-term administration of this approach is linked to several complications, and a definitive gold-standard therapy for PD is yet to be identified. The pharmacological management of PD has been challenging and inconsistent, mainly due to the unclear underlying cause of the disease. This study aims to evaluate the effects of caffeine on the brainstem of rats with PD induced by rotenone. METHODOLOGY Fifty adult male Wistar rats weighing between 150 and 200 g were used in this study. The rats were randomly divided into five groups of ten rats each: Vehicle Group, Rotenone-only treated Group (rotenone only treated with 3 mg/kg, intraperitoneal administration [IP]), Preventive Group (caffeine 30 mg/kg + rotenone 3 mg/kg, IP), Curative Group (rotenone 3 mg/kg + caffeine 30 mg/kg, IP), and Caffeine only treated Group (caffeine only treated with 30 mg/kg, IP). The animals underwent neurobehavioral assessments, followed by sacrifice. The brains were then excised, weighed, and processed histologically. Appropriate brain sections were taken and processed. Photomicrographs were obtained, morphometric and statistical analysis was performed using an Omax LED digital RESULTS: The results demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in body weight and relative brain weight, which were increased by caffeine treatments. Rotenone administration led to histological changes similar to those observed in PD, including neuronal structural derangement, degenerated nerve fibers, loss of myelinated neurons, and Nissl substance, as well as downregulation in the expressions of NRF2 and TH in the midbrain. However, these pathological features were counteracted or ameliorated by caffeine treatment. CONCLUSION Our study contributes additional evidence to the growing body of research supporting the therapeutic potential of caffeine in Parkinson's disease (PD). The results underscore the neuroprotective properties of caffeine and its capacity to mitigate oxidative stress by modulating TH (tyrosine hydroxylase) and cytoplasmic NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) in the mesencephalon. These findings suggest that caffeine holds promise as a viable treatment option for PD.
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Haddish K, Yun JW. L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-Dopa) Induces Brown-like Phenotype in 3T3-L1 White Adipocytes via Activation of Dopaminergic and β3-adrenergic Receptors. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-021-0361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Grape-Seed Procyanidin Extract (GSPE) Seasonal-Dependent Modulation of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in the Liver of Healthy F344 Rats. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060839. [PMID: 35740964 PMCID: PMC9221469 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonality is gaining attention in the modulation of some physiological and metabolic functions in mammals. Furthermore, the consumption of natural compounds, such as GSPE, is steadily increasing. Consequently, in order to study the interaction of seasonal variations in day length over natural compounds’ molecular effects, we carried out an animal study using photo-sensitive rats which were chronically exposed for 9 weeks to three photoperiods (L6, L18, and L12) in order to mimic the day length of different seasons (winter/summer/and autumn-spring). In parallel, animals were also treated either with GSPE 25 (mg/kg) or vehicle (VH) for 4 weeks. Interestingly, a seasonal-dependent GSPE modulation on the hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism was observed. For example, some metabolic genes from the liver (SREBP-1c, Gk, Acacα) changed their expression due to seasonality. Furthermore, the metabolomic results also indicated a seasonal influence on the GSPE effects associated with glucose-6-phosphate, D-glucose, and D-ribose, among others. These differential effects, which were also reflected in some plasmatic parameters (i.e., glucose and triglycerides) and hormones (corticosterone and melatonin), were also associated with significant changes in the expression of several hepatic circadian clock genes (Bmal1, Cry1, and Nr1d1) and ER stress genes (Atf6, Grp78, and Chop). Our results point out the importance of circannual rhythms in regulating metabolic homeostasis and suggest that seasonal variations (long or short photoperiods) affect hepatic metabolism in rats. Furthermore, they suggest that procyanidin consumption could be useful for the modulation of the photoperiod-dependent changes on glucose and lipid metabolism, whose alterations could be related to metabolic diseases (e.g., diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease). Furthermore, even though the GSPE effect is not restricted to a specific photoperiod, our results suggest a more significant effect in the L18 condition.
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The effects of ninjin'yoeito on the electrophysiological properties of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra pars compacta and medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:4634-4652. [PMID: 35660668 PMCID: PMC9217710 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) are involved in the regulation of appetite and motivational behaviors. A traditional Japanese (Kampo) medicine, ninjin'yoeito (NYT), has been reported to improve decreased motivation and anorexia in patients with Alzheimer's disease and apathy-like model mice. Thus, NYT may affect the activities of neurons in the VTA, SNpc and NAc. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of NYT. Here, we investigated the effects of NYT on the electrophysiological properties of dopaminergic neurons in the VTA and SNpc, as well as on those of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the NAc (core and shell subregions), by applying the patch-clamp technique in the brain slices. NYT reduced the resting membrane potential of VTA and SNpc dopaminergic neurons. In contrast, NYT increased the firing frequency of NAc MSNs accompanied by shortened first spike latency and interspike interval. Furthermore, NYT attenuated the inward rectification and sustained outward currents. In conclusion, NYT may directly influence the excitability of dopaminergic neurons in the VTA and SNpc, as well as MSNs in the NAc (core and shell). NYT may modulate dopamine signals in appetite and motivational behaviors.
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Mukherjee S, Skrede S, Milbank E, Andriantsitohaina R, López M, Fernø J. Understanding the Effects of Antipsychotics on Appetite Control. Front Nutr 2022; 8:815456. [PMID: 35047549 PMCID: PMC8762106 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.815456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs (APDs) represent a cornerstone in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychoses. The effectiveness of the first generation (typical) APDs are hampered by so-called extrapyramidal side effects, and they have gradually been replaced by second (atypical) and third-generation APDs, with less extrapyramidal side effects and, in some cases, improved efficacy. However, the use of many of the current APDs has been limited due to their propensity to stimulate appetite, weight gain, and increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in this patient group. The mechanisms behind the appetite-stimulating effects of the various APDs are not fully elucidated, partly because their diverse receptor binding profiles may affect different downstream pathways. It is critical to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying drug-induced hyperphagia, both because this may lead to the development of new APDs, with lower appetite-stimulating effects but also because such insight may provide new knowledge about appetite regulation in general. Hence, in this review, we discuss the receptor binding profile of various APDs in relation to the potential mechanisms by which they affect appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Mukherjee
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Silje Skrede
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Edward Milbank
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain.,SOPAM, U1063, INSERM, University of Angers, SFR ICAT, Bat IRIS-IBS, Angers, France
| | | | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - Johan Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Miyazaki S, Omiya Y, Mizoguchi K. Ninjin'yoeito, a traditional Japanese medicine, increases dopamine content in PC12 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:2274-2280. [PMID: 34529031 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is exacerbated by loss of appetite and amotivation, and recent studies have indicated that ninjin'yoeito improves anorexia and amotivation. Previous studies suggest that ninjin'yoeito inhibits dopamine-metabolizing enzymes and enhances dopamine signaling. However, whether ninjin'yoeito increases dopamine content in living cells remains unclear. Here, PC12 cells were used to examine whether ninjin'yoeito affects the dopamine metabolic pathway. Dopamine content significantly increased 3 h after treatment ninjin'yoeito extract. Concomitantly, the levels of 3-methoxytyramine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were significantly reduced. The effects of components of ninjin'yoeito on the dopamine metabolic pathway were also assessed. Treatment with onjisaponin B, nobiletin, and schisandrin, and the ingredients of Polygalae Radix, Citri Unshiu Pericarpium, and Schisandrae Fructus increased dopamine content and decreased its metabolite content in the culture media. Our findings suggest that ninjin'yoeito improves anorexia and amotivation by inhibiting metabolic enzyme and increasing the dopamine content in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyazaki
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuji Omiya
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence demonstrating that reward-related motivational food intake is closely connected with the brain's homeostatic system of energy balance and that this interaction might be important in the integrative control of feeding behavior. Dopamine regulates motivational behavior, including feeding behaviors, and the dopamine reward system is recognized as the most prominent system that controls appetite and motivational and emotional drives for food. It appears that the dopamine system exerts a critical role in the control of feeding behavior not only by the reward-related circuit, but also by contributing to the homeostatic circuit of food intake, suggesting that dopamine plays an integrative role across the converging circuitry of control of food intake by linking energy state-associated signals to reward-related behaviors. This review will cover and discuss up-to-date findings on the dopaminergic control of food intake by both the reward-related circuit and the homeostatic hypothalamic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja-Hyun Baik
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Lopez‐Vicchi F, Ladyman SR, Ornstein AM, Gustafson P, Knowles P, Luque GM, Grattan DR, Becu‐Villalobos D. Chronic high prolactin levels impact on gene expression at discrete hypothalamic nuclei involved in food intake. FASEB J 2020; 34:3902-3914. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902357r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Lopez‐Vicchi
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Sharon R. Ladyman
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre Auckland New Zealand
| | - Ana Maria Ornstein
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Papillon Gustafson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Penelope Knowles
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Guillermina Maria Luque
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - David R. Grattan
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre Auckland New Zealand
| | - Damasia Becu‐Villalobos
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos AiresArgentina
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Brizuela M, Antipov A, Blessing WW, Ootsuka Y. Activating dopamine D2 receptors reduces brown adipose tissue thermogenesis induced by psychological stress and by activation of the lateral habenula. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19512. [PMID: 31862967 PMCID: PMC6925140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotional hyperthermia is the increase in body temperature that occurs as a response to an animal detecting a salient, survival-relevant stimulus. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, controlled via its sympathetic innervation, contributes to this temperature increase. Here, we have used an intruder rat experimental model to determine whether quinpirole-mediated activation of dopamine D2 receptors attenuates emotional hyperthermia in conscious rats. In anesthetized rats, we determined whether systemic quinpirole reduces BAT nerve discharge induced by activation of the medullary raphé and the lateral habenula (LHb). We measured BAT and body temperature with chronically implanted thermistors in conscious, freely moving, individually housed, male rats (resident rats). Either vehicle or quinpirole was administered, intraperitoneally, to the resident rat 30 min before introduction of a caged intruder rat. Quinpirole, in a dose-dependent manner, reduced intruder-elicited increases in BAT and body temperature. Pre-treatment with the D2 antagonist spiperone, but not the selective D1 antagonist SCH-23390, prevented this quinpirole-elicited decrease. In anesthetized rats, quinpirole abolished BAT sympathetic nerve discharge elicited by bicuculline-mediated activation of the LHb, but not the medullary raphé. Thus, activation of dopamine D2 receptors reduces the BAT thermogenesis that contributes to emotional hyperthermia. We provide evidence that these dopamine D2 receptors are located in the thermogenic pathway between the LHb and the lower brainstem pre-sympathetic control centre in the medullary raphé.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Brizuela
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anna Antipov
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - William W Blessing
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Youichirou Ootsuka
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Mourra D, Gnazzo F, Cobos S, Beeler JA. Striatal Dopamine D2 Receptors Regulate Cost Sensitivity and Behavioral Thrift. Neuroscience 2019; 425:134-145. [PMID: 31809732 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) in regulating appetitive behavior continues to be controversial. Earlier literature suggests that reduced D2R signaling diminishes motivated behavior while more recent theories suggest that reduced D2R, as has been putatively observed in obesity, facilitates compulsive appetitive behavior and promotes overeating. Using a homecage foraging paradigm with mice, we revisit classic neuroleptic pharmacological studies from the 1970s that led to the 'extinction mimicry' hypothesis: that dopamine blockade reduces reinforcement leading to an extinction-like reduction in a learned, motivated behavior. We complement this with a selective genetic deletion of D2R in indirect pathway medium spiny neurons (iMSNs). Administration of haloperidol shifts foraging strategy toward less effortful, more thrifty pursuit of food without altering consumption or bodyweight. D2R deletion in iMSNs also reduces effort and energy expended toward food pursuit, but without a compensatory shift in foraging strategy, resulting in loss of body weight, an effect more pronounced under conditions of escalating costs as the knockouts fail to adequately increase effort. The selective knockouts exhibit no change in sucrose preference or sucrose reinforcement. These data suggest that striatal D2R regulates effort in response to costs, mediating cost sensitivity and behavioral thrift. In the context of obesity, these data suggest that reduced D2R is more likely to diminish effort and behavioral energy expenditure rather than increase appetitive motivation and consumption, possibly contributing to reduced physical activity commonly observed in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devry Mourra
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University New York, New York, NY, USA; CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, The Graduate Center, City University New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Federico Gnazzo
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steve Cobos
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeff A Beeler
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University New York, New York, NY, USA; CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, The Graduate Center, City University New York, New York, NY, USA.
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Stroh MA, Winter MK, McCarson KE, Thyfault JP, Zhu H. NCB5OR Deficiency in the Cerebellum and Midbrain Leads to Dehydration and Alterations in Thirst Response, Fasted Feeding Behavior, and Voluntary Exercise in Mice. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 17:152-164. [PMID: 28887630 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-017-0880-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic NADH-cytochrome-b5-oxidoreductase (NCB5OR) is ubiquitously expressed in animal tissues. We have previously reported that global ablation of NCB5OR in mice results in early-onset lean diabetes with decreased serum leptin levels and increased metabolic and feeding activities. The conditional deletion of NCB5OR in the mouse cerebellum and midbrain (conditional knock out, CKO mice) results in local iron dyshomeostasis and altered locomotor activity. It has been established that lesion to or removal of the cerebellum leads to changes in nutrient organization, visceral response, feeding behavior, and body weight. This study assessed whether loss of NCB5OR in the cerebellum and midbrain altered feeding or metabolic activity and had an effect on serum T3, cortisol, prolactin, and leptin levels. Metabolic cage data revealed that 16 week old male CKO mice had elevated respiratory quotients and decreased respiratory water expulsion, decreased voluntary exercise, and altered feeding and drinking behavior compared to wild-type littermate controls. Most notably, male CKO mice displayed higher consumption of food during refeeding after a 48-h fast. Echo MRI revealed normal body composition but decreased total water content and hydration ratios in CKO mice. Increased serum osmolality measurements confirmed the dehydration status of male CKO mice. Serum leptin levels were significantly elevated in male CKO mice while prolactin, T3, and cortisol levels remain unchanged relative to wild-type controls, consistent with elevated transcript levels for leptin receptors (short form) in the male CKO mouse cerebellum. Taken together, these findings suggest altered feeding response post starvation as a result of NCB5OR deficiency in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Stroh
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michelle K Winter
- Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Kenneth E McCarson
- Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.,Research Service, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, 64128, USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA. .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA. .,Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., MSN 4048G-Eaton, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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14
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Murakami T, Enjoji M, Koyama S. Leptin attenuates D 2 receptor-mediated inhibition of putative ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons. Physiol Rep 2019; 6:e13631. [PMID: 29611323 PMCID: PMC5880875 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity causes hyperleptinemia. We have previously shown that D2 receptor‐mediated inhibition of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic neurons is attenuated in diet‐induced mice with obesity. Consequently, we hypothesized that high concentrations of serum leptin during obesity might modulate D2 receptor‐mediated effects on VTA dopaminergic neurons. To investigate our hypothesis, we examined leptin effects on D2 receptor‐mediated inhibition of putative VTA dopaminergic neurons from lean mice using electrophysiological techniques. Leptin (100 nmol/L) directly inhibited spontaneous firing in 71% of putative VTA dopaminergic neurons (leptin‐responsive), whereas the remaining 29% of neurons were leptin‐nonresponsive. In 41% of leptin‐responsive neurons, leptin attenuated the reduced firing rate produced by quinpirole (100 nmol/L), whereas the remaining 59% of neurons exhibited no effect of leptin. In leptin‐nonresponsive neurons, no significant leptin‐induced effect was observed on reduced firing rate produced by quinpirole. In leptin‐responsive neurons with positive leptin‐induced attenuation of quinpirole effects, leptin‐induced attenuation persisted for >20 min, whereas no such persistent attenuation was observed in other types of neurons. In conclusion, leptin attenuates D2 receptor‐mediated inhibition in a subpopulation of putative VTA dopaminergic neurons. We suggest that leptin directly decreases, and indirectly increases, excitability of VTA dopaminergic neurons. In turn, this may contribute to a change in feeding behavior through the mesolimbic dopaminergic system during the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Munechika Enjoji
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Susumu Koyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmacology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, Japan
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15
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Frank GKW, DeGuzman MC, Shott ME. Motivation to eat and not to eat - The psycho-biological conflict in anorexia nervosa. Physiol Behav 2019; 206:185-190. [PMID: 30980856 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is a severe psychiatric illness with high mortality. Brain imaging research has indicated altered reward circuits in the disorder. Here we propose a disease model for anorexia nervosa, supported by recent studies, that integrates psychological and biological factors. In that model, we propose that there is a conflict between the conscious motivation to restrict food, and a body-homeostasis driven motivation to approach food in response to weight loss. These opposing motivations trigger anxiety, which maintains the vicious cycle of ongoing energy restriction and weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido K W Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Marisa C DeGuzman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Megan E Shott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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16
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Zheng Y, Tu C, Zhang J, Wang J. Inhibition of multiple myeloma‑derived exosomes uptake suppresses the functional response in bone marrow stromal cell. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1061-1070. [PMID: 30664188 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The communication between multiple myeloma (MM) cells and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) serves a pivotal role in MM progression by supporting MM cell growth, proliferation and drug resistance. An exosomes‑based endogenous transport system has been determined as a novel mechanism of this communication by revealing the capacity for exchange of functional components between cells. An exosomes transfer‑mediated biological response in recipient cells is strongly determined by the detailed routes and mechanisms of exosomes internalization, which are diverse and can depend on surface molecules on the membrane of the vesicle and the recipient cell. Understanding the routes of exosomes uptake during MM cell‑BMSC communication is of great importance for the development of blocking strategies beneficial for MM treatment. In the present study, fluorescently‑labeled exosomes and pharmacological inhibitors, which are known to interfere with different internalization pathways, were used to characterize the cellular mechanisms involved in the uptake of MM cell‑derived exosomes by BMSCs. MM cell‑derived exosomes can promote BMSC viability and induce changes in multiple pro‑survival and pro‑proliferation pathways in BMSCs. As determined by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, the uptake of MM cell‑derived exosomes proceeded primarily through endocytosis, via special caveolin‑dependent endocytosis, and partially through macropinocytosis and membrane fusion. Furthermore, treatment with endocytosis inhibitors suppressed the exosomes‑induced changes in pathways in BMSCs. Collectively, these results indicate that endocytosis is the primary route of internalization of MM cell‑derived exosomes by BMSCs and indicate that inhibition of exosomes uptake can interrupt the communication between MM cells and BMSCs and thus serve as a potential adjunctive strategy for MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiang Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Chenggong Tu
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Jinheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
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17
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Cho J, Kim D, Jang J, Kim J, Kang H. Treadmill running suppresses the vulnerability of dopamine D2 receptor deficiency to obesity and metabolic complications: a pilot study. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2018; 22:42-50. [PMID: 30343561 PMCID: PMC6199485 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2018.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] To investigate the effect of treadmill running on D2R deficiency related susceptibility to high fat diet (HFD )-induced obesity and its metabolic complications. [Methods] D2R-/-and +/-mice were obtained by backcrossing D2R+/-heterozygotes on wild type (WT) littermates (C57BL/6J background) for >10 generations. Mice were randomly assigned to 1) WT mice with standard chow (SC) (WT+SC); 2) WT mice with high-fat diet (WT+HFD); 3) WT mice with high-fat diet plus exercise (WT+HFD+EX), 4) heterozygous (HET) D2R mice with SC (HET+SC); 5) heterozygous D2R mice with HFD (HET+HFD); and 6) heterozygous D2R mice with HFD plus exercise (HET+HFD+EX). In addition, mice assigned to EX groups were subjected to running on a motor-driven rodent treadmill with a frequency of 5 days per week. [Results] After a 10-week HFD treatment, HET D2R (+/-) mice exhibited significantly higher values for hepatic steatosis (p<0.001), areas under the curves (AUCs) for the glucose tolerance test (GTT) and the insulin tolerance test (ITT) (p<0.001 & p<0.001 respectively), serum leptin (p=0.005) and total cholesterol (TC ) (p=0.009), in conjunction with decreased locomotor activity (p=0.031), compared to HET mice exposed to standard chow. However, these HFD-induced elevations in hepatic steatosis (p<0.001), AUCs for GTT and ITT (p=0.032 & p=0.018, respectively), serum leptin (p=0.038) and TC (p=0.038) were significantly alleviated after 10 weeks of treadmill running. [Conclusion] The current findings of the study provide experimental evidence of treadmill running as an effective and non-pharmacologic strategy to treat the susceptibility of brain D2R deficiency to HFD-induced obesity and metabolic disorders.
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18
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Striatal dopamine 2 receptor upregulation during development predisposes to diet-induced obesity by reducing energy output in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10493-10498. [PMID: 30254156 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800171115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic signaling in the striatum, particularly at dopamine 2 receptors (D2R), has been a topic of active investigation in obesity research in the past decades. However, it still remains unclear whether variations in striatal D2Rs modulate the risk for obesity and if so in which direction. Human studies have yielded contradictory findings that likely reflect a complex nonlinear relationship, possibly involving a combination of causal effects and compensatory changes. Animal work indicates that although chronic obesogenic diets reduce striatal D2R function, striatal D2R down-regulation does not lead to obesity. In this study, we evaluated the consequences of striatal D2R up-regulation on body-weight gain susceptibility and energy balance in mice. We used a mouse model of D2R overexpression (D2R-OE) in which D2Rs were selectively up-regulated in striatal medium spiny neurons. We uncover a pathological mechanism by which striatal D2R-OE leads to reduced brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, reduced energy expenditure, and accelerated obesity despite reduced eating. We also show that D2R-OE restricted to development is sufficient to promote obesity and to induce energy-balance deficits. Together, our findings indicate that striatal D2R-OE during development persistently increases the propensity for obesity by reducing energy output in mice. This suggests that early alterations in the striatal dopamine system could represent a key predisposition factor toward obesity.
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19
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Yang Y, Mamouni K, Li X, Chen Y, Kavuri S, Du Y, Fu H, Kucuk O, Wu D. Repositioning Dopamine D2 Receptor Agonist Bromocriptine to Enhance Docetaxel Chemotherapy and Treat Bone Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1859-1870. [PMID: 29907594 PMCID: PMC6125160 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Docetaxel resistance remains a major obstacle in the treatment of prostate cancer bone metastasis. In this study, we demonstrate that the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) agonist bromocriptine effectively enhances docetaxel efficacy and suppresses skeletal growth of prostate cancer in preclinical models. DRD2 is ubiquitously expressed in prostate cancer cell lines and significantly reduced in prostate cancer tissues with high Gleason score. Bromocriptine has weak to moderate cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cells, but effectively induces cell-cycle arrest. At the molecular level, bromocriptine inhibits the expression of c-Myc, E2F-1, and survivin and increases the expression of p53, p21, and p27. Intriguingly, bromocriptine markedly reduces androgen receptor levels, partially through Hsp90-mediated protein degradation. The combination of bromocriptine and docetaxel demonstrates enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cells and significantly retards the skeletal growth of C4-2-Luc tumors in mice. Collectively, these results provide the first experimental evidence for repurposing bromocriptine as an effective adjunct therapy to enhance docetaxel efficacy in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(9); 1859-70. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China,Molecular Oncology and Biomarkers Program, Georgia Cancer Center; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kenza Mamouni
- Molecular Oncology and Biomarkers Program, Georgia Cancer Center; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Molecular Oncology and Biomarkers Program, Georgia Cancer Center; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yanhua Chen
- Molecular Oncology and Biomarkers Program, Georgia Cancer Center; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA,Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Sravan Kavuri
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Omer Kucuk
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daqing Wu
- Molecular Oncology and Biomarkers Program, Georgia Cancer Center; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA,MetCure Therapeutics LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA,Correspondence to: Dr. Daqing Wu, Georgia Cancer Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; ; Phone: (706)723-4137
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20
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Wang X, Villar VA, Tiu A, Upadhyay KK, Cuevas S. Dopamine D2 receptor upregulates leptin and IL-6 in adipocytes. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:607-614. [PMID: 29472382 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by the adipose tissue. Dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) have anti-inflammatory effects in the brain and kidney tissues. Mouse and human adipocytes express D2R; D2R protein was 10-fold greater in adipocytes from human visceral tissue than subcutaneous tissue. However, the function of D2R in adipocytes is not well understood. 3T3-L1 cells were treated with D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole, and immunoblot and quantitative PCR were performed. Quinpirole increased the protein and mRNA expression of leptin and IL-6, but not adiponectin and visfatin (24 h). It also increased the mRNA expression of TNF-α , MCP1, and NFkB-p50. An acute increase in the protein expression of leptin and TNF-α was also found in the cells treated with quinpirole. The leptin concentration in the culture media was increased by quinpirole-bathing the 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These quinpirole effects on leptin and IL-6 expression were prevented by the D2R antagonist L741,626. Similarly, siRNA-mediated silencing of Drd2 decreased the leptin, IL-6, mRNA, and protein expressions. The D2R-mediated increase in leptin expression was prevented by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. Acute quinpirole treatment in C57Bl/6J mice increased serum leptin concentration and leptin mRNA in visceral adipocyte tissue but not in subcutaneous adipocytes, confirming the stimulatory effect of D2R on leptin in vivo. Our results suggest that the stimulation of D2R increases leptin production and may have a tissue-specific pro-inflammatory effect in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Van Anthony Villar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Andrew Tiu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Kiran K Upadhyay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607
| | - Santiago Cuevas
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington DC 20010.
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21
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Beeler JA, Mourra D. To Do or Not to Do: Dopamine, Affordability and the Economics of Opportunity. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:6. [PMID: 29487508 PMCID: PMC5816947 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Five years ago, we introduced the thrift hypothesis of dopamine (DA), suggesting that the primary role of DA in adaptive behavior is regulating behavioral energy expenditure to match the prevailing economic conditions of the environment. Here we elaborate that hypothesis with several new ideas. First, we introduce the concept of affordability, suggesting that costs must necessarily be evaluated with respect to the availability of resources to the organism, which computes a value not only for the potential reward opportunity, but also the value of resources expended. Placing both costs and benefits within the context of the larger economy in which the animal is functioning requires consideration of the different timescales against which to compute resource availability, or average reward rate. Appropriate windows of computation for tracking resources requires corresponding neural substrates that operate on these different timescales. In discussing temporal patterns of DA signaling, we focus on a neglected form of DA plasticity and adaptation, changes in the physical substrate of the DA system itself, such as up- and down-regulation of receptors or release probability. We argue that changes in the DA substrate itself fundamentally alter its computational function, which we propose mediates adaptations to longer temporal horizons and economic conditions. In developing our hypothesis, we focus on DA D2 receptors (D2R), arguing that D2R implements a form of “cost control” in response to the environmental economy, serving as the “brain’s comptroller”. We propose that the balance between the direct and indirect pathway, regulated by relative expression of D1 and D2 DA receptors, implements affordability. Finally, as we review data, we discuss limitations in current approaches that impede fully investigating the proposed hypothesis and highlight alternative, more semi-naturalistic strategies more conducive to neuroeconomic investigations on the role of DA in adaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A Beeler
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,CUNY Neuroscience Consortium, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Devry Mourra
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,CUNY Neuroscience Consortium, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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22
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Peptide YY Causes Apathy-Like Behavior via the Dopamine D2 Receptor in Repeated Water-Immersed Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7555-7566. [PMID: 29429048 PMCID: PMC6096978 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0931-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apathy is observed across several neurological and psychiatric conditions; however, its pathogenesis remains unclear. We clarified the involvement of brain–gut signaling in the disruption of goal-directed behavior. Male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to water immersion (WI) stress for 3 days. Food intake and nesting behavior were measured as indexes of motivation. Repeated WI caused decrease in food intake and nesting behavior. Plasma levels of peptide YY (PYY), IL-6, and ratio of dopamine metabolites in the striatum were significantly elevated after WI. PYY and IL-6 administration significantly decreased nesting behavior. The reductions in feeding and nesting behavior were blocked by PYY receptor (Y2R) antagonist or dopamine agonist. The ameliorative effect of the Y2R antagonist was diminished by the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) antagonist. The reduction in goal-directed behavior is associated with dysfunction of D2R signaling via increased peripheral PYY, suggesting that PYY antagonism is a novel candidate for decline of motivation in several depressive diseases.
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23
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Chu SC, Chen PN, Chen JR, Yu CH, Hsieh YS, Kuo DY. Role of hypothalamic leptin-LepRb signaling in NPY-CART-mediated appetite suppression in amphetamine-treated rats. Horm Behav 2018; 98:173-182. [PMID: 29307696 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipose tissue hormone which plays an important role in regulating energy homeostasis. Amphetamine (AMPH) is a drug of appetite suppressant, which exerts its effect by decreasing the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and increasing that of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART). This study investigated whether leptin, the leptin receptor (LepRb) and the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) were involved in NPY/CART-mediated appetite suppression in AMPH-treated rats. Rats were given AMPH daily for four days, and changes in the levels of blood leptin and hypothalamic NPY, CART, LepRb, Janus kinases 2 (JAK2), and STAT3 were assessed and compared. During the AMPH treatment, blood leptin levels and hypothalamic NPY expression decreased, with the largest reduction observed on Day 2. By contrast, the expression of hypothalamic CART, LepRb, JAK2, and STAT3 increased, with the maximum response on Day 2. Furthermore, the binding activity of pSTAT3/DNA increased and was expressed in similar pattern to that of CART, LepRb, and JAK2. An intracerebroventricular infusion of NPY antisense 60min prior to AMPH treatment increased the levels of leptin, as well as the expression in LepRb, JAK2, and CART, whereas an infusion of STAT3 antisense decreased these levels and the expression of these parameters. The results suggest that blood leptin and hypothalamic LepRb-JAK2-STAT3 signaling involved in NPY-CART-regulated appetite suppression in AMPH-treated rats. The findings may aid understanding the role of leptin-LepRb during the treatment of anorectic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Chu
- Department of Food Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung City 406, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ni Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Rung Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Han Yu
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Yih Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan.
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24
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Thanos PK, Hamilton J, O'Rourke JR, Napoli A, Febo M, Volkow ND, Blum K, Gold M. Dopamine D2 gene expression interacts with environmental enrichment to impact lifespan and behavior. Oncotarget 2017; 7:19111-23. [PMID: 26992232 PMCID: PMC4991369 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging produces cellular, molecular, and behavioral changes affecting many areas of the brain. The dopamine (DA) system is known to be vulnerable to the effects of aging, which regulate behavioral functions such as locomotor activity, body weight, and reward and cognition. In particular, age-related DA D2 receptor (D2R) changes have been of particular interest given its relationship with addiction and other rewarding behavioral properties. Male and female wild-type (Drd2 +/+), heterozygous (Drd2 +/−) and knockout (Drd2 −/−) mice were reared post-weaning in either an enriched environment (EE) or a deprived environment (DE). Over the course of their lifespan, body weight and locomotor activity was assessed. While an EE was generally found to be correlated with longer lifespan, these increases were only found in mice with normal or decreased expression of the D2 gene. Drd2 +/+ EE mice lived nearly 16% longer than their DE counterparts. Drd2 +/+ and Drd2 +/− EE mice lived 22% and 21% longer than Drd2 −/− EE mice, respectively. Moreover, both body weight and locomotor activity were moderated by environmental factors. In addition, EE mice show greater behavioral variability between genotypes compared to DE mice with respect to body weight and locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - John Hamilton
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joseph R O'Rourke
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Anthony Napoli
- Department of Psychology, Suffolk Community College, Riverhead, NY, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mark Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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25
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Roelfsema F, Boelen A, Kalsbeek A, Fliers E. Regulatory aspects of the human hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 31:487-503. [PMID: 29223283 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are essential for growth, differentiation and metabolism during prenatal and postnatal life. The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT)-axis is optimized for these actions. Knowledge of this hormonal axis is derived from decades of experiments in animals and man, and more recently from spontaneous mutations in man and constructed mutations in mice. This review examines the HPT-axis in relation to 24 h TSH profiles in men in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions, including obesity, age, longevity, and primary as well as central hypothyroidism. Hormone rhythms can be analyzed by quantitative methods, e.g. operator-independent deconvolution, approximate entropy and fitting the 24-h component by Cosinor analysis or related procedures. These approaches have identified some of the regulatory components in (patho)physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands. e,
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Frank GK, Shott ME, Hagman JO, Schiel MA, Deguzman M, Rossi B. The partial dopamine D2 receptor agonist aripiprazole is associated with weight gain in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:447-450. [PMID: 28334444 PMCID: PMC5392387 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Finding medication to support treatment of anorexia nervosa has been difficult. Neuroscience-based approaches may help in this effort. Recent brain imaging studies in adults and adolescents with anorexia nervosa suggest that dopamine-related reward circuits are hypersensitive and could provide a treatment target. METHODS Here, we present a retrospective chart review of 106 adolescents with anorexia nervosa some of whom were treated with the dopamine D2 receptor partial agonist aripiprazole during treatment in a specialized eating disorder program. RESULTS The results show that aripiprazole treatment was associated with greater increase in body mass index (BMI) during treatment. DISCUSSION The use of dopamine receptor agonists may support treatment success in anorexia nervosa and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido K.W. Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado,Department of Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Megan E. Shott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jennifer O. Hagman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marissa A. Schiel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marisa Deguzman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado,Department of Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Brogan Rossi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Influence of Antioxidants on Leptin Metabolism and its Role in the Pathogenesis of Obesity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 960:399-413. [PMID: 28585209 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with low-grade inflammation. Leptin, a hormone made by fat cells regulates appetite and hunger and thus food intake behavior. Interestingly, , food preservatives like sodium sulfite and sodium benzoate and also natural colorant and spice compounds such as curcumin were found to decrease the release of leptin in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes, after co-incubation with LPS, which was added to mimic the pro-inflammatory status in obesity. Several of these compounds are well known food antioxidants.Whilst reducing oxidation events is beneficial in states of elevated oxidative stress, overexposure to food antioxidant can lead to adverse effects. There are hints from in vivo data, that antioxidant stress in younger age plays a role in the development of adiposity in later life. The insufficient exposure to oxidizing compounds like reactive oxygen species (ROS) cannot only cause an insufficient burning of calories but there is also a link to the regulation of food intake behavior. If the in vitro findings can be extrapolated to the in vivo situation, consumption of antioxidant supplemented food could lead to decreased leptin release and contribute to an obesogenic environment. This aspect sheds some new critical light on the potential role of an antioxidant-enriched nutrition in the obesity epidemic during the past few centuries. Doing sports could represent not only a proper strategy to initiate physiological ROS production and burning of calories, but also may shift the hormone milieu towards a reduction of hunger feelings and thus reduce appetite and food intake.
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Epigenomic and metabolic responses of hypothalamic POMC neurons to gestational nicotine exposure in adult offspring. Genome Med 2016; 8:93. [PMID: 27609221 PMCID: PMC5015242 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-016-0348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological and animal studies have reported that prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) leads to obesity and type-2 diabetes in offspring. Central leptin-melanocortin signaling via hypothalamic arcuate proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons is crucial for the regulation of energy and glucose balance. Furthermore, hypothalamic POMC neurons were recently found to mediate the anorectic effects of nicotine through activation of acetylcholine receptors. Here, we hypothesized that PNE impairs leptin-melanocortinergic regulation of energy balance in first-generation offspring by altering expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) putatively regulating development and/or function of hypothalamic POMC neurons. Methods C57BL/6J females were exposed ad libitum to nicotine through drinking water and crossed with C57BL/6J males. Nicotine exposure was sustained during pregnancy and discontinued at parturition. Offspring development was monitored from birth into adulthood. From the age of 8 weeks, central leptin-melanocortin signaling, diabetes, and obesity susceptibility were assessed in male offspring fed a low-fat or high-fat diet for 16 weeks. Nicotine-exposed and non-exposed C57BL/6J females were also crossed with C57BL/6J males expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein specifically in POMC neurons. Transgenic male offspring were subjected to laser microdissections and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of POMC neurons for determination of nicotine-induced gene expression changes and regulatory lncRNA/protein-coding gene interactions. Results Contrary to expectation based on previous studies, PNE did not impair but rather enhanced leptin-melanocortinergic regulation of energy and glucose balance via POMC neurons in offspring. RNA-seq of laser microdissected POMC neurons revealed only one consistent change, upregulation of Gm15851, a lncRNA of yet unidentified function, in nicotine-exposed offspring. RNA-seq further suggested 82 cis-regulatory lncRNA/protein-coding gene interactions, 19 of which involved coding genes regulating neural development and/or function, and revealed expression of several previously unidentified metabolic, neuroendocrine, and neurodevelopment pathways in POMC neurons. Conclusions PNE does not result in obesity and type 2 diabetes but instead enhances leptin-melanocortinergic feeding and body weight regulation via POMC neurons in adult offspring. PNE leads to selective upregulation of Gm15851, a lncRNA, in adult offspring POMC neurons. POMC neurons express several lncRNAs and pathways possibly regulating POMC neuronal development and/or function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-016-0348-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Beeler JA, Faust RP, Turkson S, Ye H, Zhuang X. Low Dopamine D2 Receptor Increases Vulnerability to Obesity Via Reduced Physical Activity, Not Increased Appetitive Motivation. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:887-97. [PMID: 26281715 PMCID: PMC4728060 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) has received much attention in obesity studies. Data indicate that D2R is reduced in obesity and that the TaqA1 D2R variant may be more prevalent among obese persons. It is often suggested that reduced D2R generates a reward deficiency and altered appetitive motivation that induces compulsive eating and contributes to obesity. Although dopamine is known to regulate physical activity, it is often neglected in these studies, leaving open the question of whether reduced D2R contributes to obesity through alterations in energy expenditure and activity. METHODS We generated a D2R knockdown (KD) mouse line and assessed both energy expenditure and appetitive motivation under conditions of diet-induced obesity. RESULTS The KD mice did not gain more weight or show increased appetitive motivation compared with wild-type mice in a standard environment; however, in an enriched environment with voluntary exercise opportunities, KD mice exhibited dramatically lower activity and became more obese than wild-type mice, obtaining no protective benefit from exercise opportunities. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest the primary contribution of altered D2R signaling to obesity lies in altered energy expenditure rather than the induction of compulsive overeating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A. Beeler
- Dept. of Psychology, Queens College and the Graduate Center, CUNY, Flushing, NY, 11367 USA,Dept. of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Rudolf P. Faust
- Interdisciplinary Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Susie Turkson
- Dept. of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Honggang Ye
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Xiaoxi Zhuang
- Dept. of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
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Rebouças ECC, Leal S, Silva SM, Sá SI. Changes in the female arcuate nucleus morphology and neurochemistry after chronic ethanol consumption and long-term withdrawal. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 77:30-40. [PMID: 27154870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol is a macronutrient whose intake is a form of ingestive behavior, sharing physiological mechanisms with food intake. Chronic ethanol consumption is detrimental to the brain, inducing gender-dependent neuronal damage. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARN) is a modulator of food intake that expresses feeding-regulatory neuropeptides, such as alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Despite its involvement in pathways associated with eating disorders and ethanol abuse, the impact of ethanol consumption and withdrawal in the ARN structure and neurochemistry in females is unknown. We used female rat models of 20% ethanol consumption for six months and of subsequent ethanol withdrawal for two months. Food intake and body weights were measured. ARN morphology was stereologically analyzed to estimate its volume, total number of neurons and total number of neurons expressing NPY, α-MSH, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Ethanol decreased energy intake and body weights. However, it did not change the ARN morphology or the expression of NPY, α-MSH and TH, while increasing ERα expression. Withdrawal induced a significant volume and neuron loss that was accompanied by an increase in NPY expression without affecting α-MSH and TH expression. These findings indicate that the female ARN is more vulnerable to withdrawal than to excess alcohol. The data also support the hypothesis that the same pathways that regulate the expression of NPY and α-MSH in long-term ethanol intake may regulate food intake. The present model of long-term ethanol intake and withdrawal induces new physiological conditions with adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elce C C Rebouças
- Department of Natural Sciences, State University of Southwestern Bahia, Praça Primavera, 40-Bairro Primavera, Itapetinga, BA 45700-000, Brazil; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sandra Leal
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (IINFACTS), Department of Sciences, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, R. Central da Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
| | - Susana M Silva
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Susana I Sá
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
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Ameliorating antipsychotic-induced weight gain by betahistine: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Pharmacol Res 2016; 106:51-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Emerging role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e216. [PMID: 26964832 PMCID: PMC4892882 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. The brain integrates multiple metabolic inputs from the periphery through nutrients, gut-derived satiety signals and adiposity-related hormones. The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Highly coordinated interactions between the brain and peripheral metabolic organs are critical for the maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. Defective crosstalk between the brain and peripheral organs contributes to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Here we comprehensively review the above topics, discussing the main findings related to the role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism.
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Soto PL, Hiranita T, Xu M, Hursh SR, Grandy DK, Katz JL. Dopamine D₂-Like Receptors and Behavioral Economics of Food Reinforcement. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016. [PMID: 26205210 PMCID: PMC4748422 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest dopamine (DA) D2-like receptor involvement in the reinforcing effects of food. To determine contributions of the three D2-like receptor subtypes, knockout (KO) mice completely lacking DA D2, D3, or D4 receptors (D2R, D3R, or D4R KO mice) and their wild-type (WT) littermates were exposed to a series of fixed-ratio (FR) food-reinforcement schedules in two contexts: an open economy with additional food provided outside the experimental setting and a closed economy with all food earned within the experimental setting. A behavioral economic model was used to quantify reinforcer effectiveness with food pellets obtained as a function of price (FR schedule value) plotted to assess elasticity of demand. Under both economies, as price increased, food pellets obtained decreased more rapidly (ie, food demand was more elastic) in DA D2R KO mice compared with WT littermates. Extinction of responding was studied in two contexts: by eliminating food deliveries and by delivering food independently of responding. A hyperbolic model quantified rates of extinction. Extinction in DA D2R KO mice occurred less rapidly compared with WT mice in both contexts. Elasticity of food demand was higher in DA D4R KO than WT mice in the open, but not closed, economy. Extinction of responding in DA D4R KO mice was not different from that in WT littermates in either context. No differences in elasticity of food demand or extinction rate were obtained in D3R KO mice and WT littermates. These results indicate that the D2R is the primary DA D2-like receptor subtype mediating the reinforcing effectiveness of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Soto
- Department of Educational Psychology & Leadership, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA,Department of Educational Psychology & Leadership, Texas Tech University, 3008 18th Street, Lubbock, TX 79410, USA, Tel: +1 806 834 0734, Fax: +1 806 742 1840, E-mail:
| | - Takato Hiranita
- Psychobiology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - David K Grandy
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA,Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jonathan L Katz
- Psychobiology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Yoon YR, Baik JH. Melanocortin 4 Receptor and Dopamine D2 Receptor Expression in Brain Areas Involved in Food Intake. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2015; 30:576-83. [PMID: 26790386 PMCID: PMC4722414 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2015.30.4.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is involved in the regulation of homeostatic energy balance by the hypothalamus. Recent reports showed that MC4R can also control the motivation for food in association with a brain reward system, such as dopamine. We investigated the expression levels of MC4R and the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R), which is known to be related to food rewards, in both the hypothalamus and brain regions involved in food rewards. METHODS We examined the expression levels of D2R and MC4R by dual immunofluorescence histochemistry in hypothalamic regions and in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), the central amygdala, and the ventral tegmental area of transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein under the control of the D2R gene. RESULTS In the hypothalamic area, significant coexpression of MC4R and D2R was observed in the arcuate nucleus. We observed a significant coexpression of D2R and MC4R in the BNST, which has been suggested to be an important site for food reward. CONCLUSION We suggest that MC4R and D2R function in the hypothalamus for control of energy homeostasis and that within the brain regions related with rewards, such as the BNST, the melanocortin system works synergistically with dopamine for the integration of food motivation in the control of feeding behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ran Yoon
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja Hyun Baik
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Seoul, Korea.
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Huang S, Lee SA, Oswald KE, Fry M. Ghrelin alters neurite outgrowth and electrophysiological properties of mouse ventrolateral arcuate tyrosine hydroxylase neurons in culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:682-8. [PMID: 26385180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While the appetite-stimulating hormone ghrelin can act to acutely modulate electrical activity of neurons in the appetite regulating network, it also has a role in regulating neuronal outgrowth, synaptic connectivity and intrinsic electrophysiological properties. In this study, we investigated whether ghrelin may cause alteration in neurite outgrowth and electrophysiological properties of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) neurons from the ventrolateral arcuate nucleus (VL-ARC), which are thought to contribute to regulation of energy balance. We prepared dissociated neuronal cultures from the VL-ARC of transgenic mice expressing EGFP under control of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter, thus allowing visual identification of putative catecholaminergic (TH-EGFP) neurons. After five days of treatment with 100 nM ghrelin, TH-EGFP neurons exhibited significantly more and longer neurites than control treated neurons, and the effects of ghrelin were abolished by 100 μM ghrelin antagonist, D-Lys-GHRP-6. To investigate whether ghrelin altered electrophysiological properties of TH-EGFP neurons, we carried out patch clamp experiments measuring electrophysiological properties. No significant differences were identified for resting membrane potential or spontaneous action potential frequency, however we observed a hyperpolarization of threshold for action potentials and increased input resistance, indicating increased excitability. This increased excitability is consistent with an observed hyperpolarizing shift in the activation of voltage-gated Na(+) currents. These data indicate that the hunger signal ghrelin induces plastic changes in TH-neurons from VL-ARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Samantha A Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Karen E Oswald
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mark Fry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Amin SN, Gamal SM, Esmail RSEN, Aziz TMA, Rashed LA. Cognitive effects of acute restraint stress in male albino rats and the impact of pretreatment with quetiapine versus ghrelin. J Integr Neurosci 2015; 13:669-92. [PMID: 25391717 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635214500253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is any condition that seriously affects the balance of the organism physiologically and psychologically. Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) releasing glucocorticoid hormones that produce generalized effects on different body systems including the nervous system. This study aimed to investigate the effect of acute restraint stress (ARS) on cognitive performance by measuring spatial working memory in Y-maze, behavior (anxiety and exploratory behavior) in open field test, expression of synaptophysin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the hippocampus by immunohistochemistry, dopaminergic receptors (D2) in the basal ganglia by gene expression and comparing the effect of ghrelin and quetiapine on the previous parameters. 36 adult male albino rats constituted the animal model of this work and have been divided into six groups: control group, control group exposed to ARS, quetiapine group, quetiapine group exposed to ARS, ghrelin group and ghrelin group exposed to ARS. We demonstrated more neuroprotective effect for quetiapine compared to ghrelin on stress response, anxiety behavior and working spatial memory impairment due to ARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa Nasr Amin
- Department of Medical Physiology, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr Al Ainy St. Cairo, Egypt 11562, Egypt
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Kalyanasundar B, Perez CI, Luna A, Solorio J, Moreno MG, Elias D, Simon SA, Gutierrez R. D1 and D2 antagonists reverse the effects of appetite suppressants on weight loss, food intake, locomotion, and rebalance spiking inhibition in the rat NAc shell. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:585-607. [PMID: 25972577 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00012.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide health problem that has reached epidemic proportions. To ameliorate this problem, one approach is the use of appetite suppressants. These compounds are frequently amphetamine congeners such as diethylpropion (DEP), phentermine (PHEN), and bupropion (BUP), whose effects are mediated through serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopaminergic pathways. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell receives dopaminergic inputs and is involved in feeding and motor activity. However, little is known about how appetite suppressants modulate its activity. Therefore, we characterized behavioral and neuronal NAc shell responses to short-term treatments of DEP, PHEN, and BUP. These compounds caused a transient decrease in weight and food intake while increasing locomotion, stereotypy, and insomnia. They evoked a large inhibitory imbalance in NAc shell spiking activity that correlated with the onset of locomotion and stereotypy. Analysis of the local field potentials (LFPs) showed that all three drugs modulated beta, theta, and delta oscillations. These oscillations do not reflect an aversive-malaise brain state, as ascertained from taste aversion experiments, but tracked both the initial decrease in weight and food intake and the subsequent tolerance to these drugs. Importantly, the appetite suppressant-induced weight loss and locomotion were markedly reduced by intragastric (and intra-NAc shell) infusions of dopamine antagonists SCH-23390 (D1 receptor) or raclopride (D2 receptor). Furthermore, both antagonists attenuated appetite suppressant-induced LFP oscillations and partially restored the imbalance in NAc shell activity. These data reveal that appetite suppressant-induced behavioral and neuronal activity recorded in the NAc shell depend, to various extents, on dopaminergic activation and thus point to an important role for D1/D2-like receptors (in the NAc shell) in the mechanism of action for these anorexic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kalyanasundar
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Appetite, Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia I Perez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Appetite, Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alvaro Luna
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Appetite, Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Bioelectronics, CINVESTAV, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica Solorio
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Appetite, Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario G Moreno
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Appetite, Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David Elias
- Department of Bioelectronics, CINVESTAV, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sidney A Simon
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ranier Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Appetite, Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico;
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Huertas A, Tu L, Thuillet R, Le Hiress M, Phan C, Ricard N, Nadaud S, Fadel E, Humbert M, Guignabert C. Leptin signalling system as a target for pulmonary arterial hypertension therapy. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:1066-80. [DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00193014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Excessive proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PA-SMCs) and perivascular inflammation lead to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) progression, but they are not specifically targeted by the current therapies. Since leptin (Ob) and its main receptor ObR-b contribute to systemic vascular cell proliferation and inflammation, we questioned whether targeting Ob/ObR-b axis would be an effective antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory strategy against PAH.In idiopathic PAH (iPAH), using human lung tissues and primary cell cultures (early passages ≤5), we demonstrate that pulmonary endothelial cells (P-ECs) over produce Ob and that PA-SMCs overexpress ObR-b. Furthermore, we obtain evidence that Ob enhances proliferation of human PA-SMCs in vitro and increases right ventricular systolic pressure in Ob-treated mice in the chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) model. Using human cells, we also show that Ob leads to monocyte activation and increases cell adhesion molecule expression levels in P-ECs. We also find that Ob/ObR-b axis contributes to PH susceptibility by using ObR-deficient rats, which display less severe hypoxia-induced PH (pulmonary haemodynamics, arterial muscularisation, PA-SMC proliferation and perivascular inflammation). Importantly, we demonstrate the efficacy of two curative strategies using a soluble Ob neutraliser and dichloroacetate in hypoxia-induced PH.We demonstrate here that Ob/ObR-b axis may represent anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory targets in PAH.
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Chu SC, Chen PN, Hsieh YS, Yu CH, Lin MH, Lin YH, Kuo DY. Involvement of hypothalamic PI3K-STAT3 signalling in regulating appetite suppression mediated by amphetamine. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3223-33. [PMID: 24597972 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Appetite suppression induced by amphetamine has been attributed to its inhibition of neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons and activation of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the hypothalamus. This study examined whether STAT3 was involved in these actions of amphetamine. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats were given amphetamine daily for 4 days. Changes in the expression of NPY, POMC, melanocortin MC3 receptors, PI3K and STAT3 in the hypothalamus were assessed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Antisense oligonucleotides to STAT3 were also used. KEY RESULTS Expression of NPY decreased with a maximum effect day 2 of amphetamine treatment. Expression of POMC, MC3 receptors, PI3K and STAT3 increased with a maximum response on day 2. Moreover, phosphorylation of STAT3 and its DNA binding activity increased and was expressed in a similar pattern. Infusion (i.c.v.) of STAT3 antisense at 60 min before amphetamine treatment, partly blocked amphetamine-induced anorexia and modulated expression of NPY, POMC, MC3 receptors and PI3K, indicating the involvement of STAT3 in amphetamine-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Hypothalamic PI3K-STAT3 signalling participated in the regulation of NPY- and POMC-mediated appetite suppression. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of anorectic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Chu
- Department of Food Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan
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Yoon DH, Yoon S, Kim D, Kim H, Baik JH. Regulation of dopamine D2 receptor-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling and spine formation by GABAA receptors in hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Lett 2014; 586:24-30. [PMID: 25483619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) signaling via DA receptors is known to control hippocampal activity that contributes to learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity. In primary hippocampal neuronal culture, we observed that dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) co-localized with certain subtypes of GABAA receptors, namely α1, β3, and γ2 subunits, as revealed by double immunofluorocytochemical analysis. Treatment with the D2R agonist, quinpirole, was shown to elicit an increase in phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in hippocampal neurons. This phosphorylation was inhibited by pretreatment with the GABAA receptor agonist, muscimol. Furthermore, treatment of hippocampal neurons with quinpirole increased the dendritic spine density and this regulation was totally blocked by pretreatment with a MAP kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor (PD98059), D2R antagonist (haloperidol), or by the GABAA receptor agonist, muscimol. These results suggest that D2R-mediated ERK phosphorylation can control spine formation and that the GABAA receptor negatively regulates the D2R-induced spine formation through ERK signaling in hippocampal neurons, thus indicating a potential role of D2R in the control of hippocampal neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hoon Yoon
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - Sehyoun Yoon
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Brain Korea 21, Seoul 136-705, South Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Baik
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea.
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Murray S, Tulloch A, Gold MS, Avena NM. Hormonal and neural mechanisms of food reward, eating behaviour and obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014; 10:540-52. [PMID: 24958311 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With rising rates of obesity, research continues to explore the contributions of homeostatic and hedonic mechanisms related to eating behaviour. In this Review, we synthesize the existing information on select biological mechanisms associated with reward-related food intake, dealing primarily with consumption of highly palatable foods. In addition to their established functions in normal feeding, three primary peripheral hormones (leptin, ghrelin and insulin) play important parts in food reward. Studies in laboratory animals and humans also show relationships between hyperphagia or obesity and neural pathways involved in reward. These findings have prompted questions regarding the possibility of addictive-like aspects in food consumption. Further exploration of this topic may help to explain aberrant eating patterns, such as binge eating, and provide insight into the current rates of overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Murray
- New York Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, P&S Box 30 DOM/NYORC, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032-3702, USA
| | - Alastair Tulloch
- New York Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, P&S Box 30 DOM/NYORC, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032-3702, USA
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Florida, McKnight Brain Institute, 1149 SW Newell Drive, L4-100, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Nicole M Avena
- New York Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, P&S Box 30 DOM/NYORC, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032-3702, USA
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Nakamura T, Sato A, Kitsukawa T, Momiyama T, Yamamori T, Sasaoka T. Distinct motor impairments of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor knockout mice revealed by three types of motor behavior. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 8:56. [PMID: 25076876 PMCID: PMC4097398 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both D1R and D2R knock out (KO) mice of the major dopamine receptors show significant motor impairments. However, there are some discrepant reports, which may be due to the differences in genetic background and experimental procedures. In addition, only few studies directly compared the motor performance of D1R and D2R KO mice. In this paper, we examined the behavioral difference among N10 congenic D1R and D2R KO, and wild type (WT) mice. First, we examined spontaneous motor activity in the home cage environment for consecutive 5 days. Second, we examined motor performance using the rota-rod task, a standard motor task in rodents. Third, we examined motor ability with the Step-Wheel task in which mice were trained to run in a motor-driven turning wheel adjusting their steps on foothold pegs to drink water. The results showed clear differences among the mice of three genotypes in three different types of behavior. In monitoring spontaneous motor activities, D1R and D2R KO mice showed higher and lower 24 h activities, respectively, than WT mice. In the rota-rod tasks, at a low speed, D1R KO mice showed poor performance but later improved, whereas D2R KO mice showed a good performance at early days without further improvement. When first subjected to a high speed task, the D2R KO mice showed poorer rota-rod performance at a low speed than the D1R KO mice. In the Step-Wheel task, across daily sessions, D2R KO mice increased the duration that mice run sufficiently close to the spout to drink water, and decreased time to touch the floor due to missing the peg steps and number of times the wheel was stopped, which performance was much better than that of D1R KO mice. These incongruent results between the two tasks for D1R and D2R KO mice may be due to the differences in the motivation for the rota-rod and Step-Wheel tasks, aversion- and reward-driven, respectively. The Step-Wheel system may become a useful tool for assessing the motor ability of WT and mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Nakamura
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology Okazaki, Japan ; Department of Basic Biology, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) Okazaki, Japan
| | - Asako Sato
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute for Basic Biology Okazaki, Japan ; Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kitasato University School of Medicine Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Takashi Kitsukawa
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology Okazaki, Japan ; KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Momiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology Okazaki, Japan ; Department of Basic Biology, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) Okazaki, Japan
| | - Toshikuni Sasaoka
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute for Basic Biology Okazaki, Japan ; Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kitasato University School of Medicine Sagamihara, Japan ; Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
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Abstract
Dopamine (DA) regulates emotional and motivational behavior through the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. Changes in DA signaling in mesolimbic neurotransmission are widely believed to modify reward-related behaviors and are therefore closely associated with drug addiction. Recent evidence now suggests that as with drug addiction, obesity with compulsive eating behaviors involves reward circuitry of the brain, particularly the circuitry involving dopaminergic neural substrates. Increasing amounts of data from human imaging studies, together with genetic analysis, have demonstrated that obese people and drug addicts tend to show altered expression of DA D2 receptors in specific brain areas, and that similar brain areas are activated by food-related and drug-related cues. This review focuses on the functions of the DA system, with specific focus on the physiological interpretation and the role of DA D2 receptor signaling in food addiction. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(11): 519-526]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja-Hyun Baik
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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Kistner A, Lhommée E, Krack P. Mechanisms of body weight fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Front Neurol 2014; 5:84. [PMID: 24917848 PMCID: PMC4040467 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical body weight changes are known to occur in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Weight loss has been reported in early stages as well as in advanced disease and malnutrition may worsen the clinical state of the patient. On the other hand, an increasing number of patients show weight gain under dopamine replacement therapy or after surgery. These weight changes are multifactorial and involve changes in energy expenditure, perturbation of homeostatic control, and eating behavior modulated by dopaminergic treatment. Comprehension of the different mechanisms contributing to body weight is a prerequisite for the management of body weight and nutritional state of an individual PD patient. This review summarizes the present knowledge and highlights the necessity of evaluation of body weight and related factors, as eating behavior, energy intake, and expenditure in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kistner
- Movement Disorder Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, University Hospital Grenoble , Grenoble , France ; Unité 836, Équipe 11, INSERM, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences , Grenoble , France
| | - Eugénie Lhommée
- Movement Disorder Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, University Hospital Grenoble , Grenoble , France ; Unité 836, Équipe 11, INSERM, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences , Grenoble , France
| | - Paul Krack
- Movement Disorder Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, University Hospital Grenoble , Grenoble , France ; Unité 836, Équipe 11, INSERM, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences , Grenoble , France ; Joseph Fourier University , Grenoble , France
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Konopaske GT, Bolo NR, Basu AC, Renshaw PF, Coyle JT. Time-dependent effects of haloperidol on glutamine and GABA homeostasis and astrocyte activity in the rat brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 230:57-67. [PMID: 23660600 PMCID: PMC3797182 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Schizophrenia is a severe, persistent, and fairly common mental illness. Haloperidol is widely used and is effective against the symptoms of psychosis seen in schizophrenia. Chronic oral haloperidol administration decreased the number of astrocytes in the parietal cortex of macaque monkeys (Konopaske et al., Biol Psych 63:759-765, 2008). Since astrocytes play a key role in glutamate metabolism, chronic haloperidol administration was hypothesized to modulate astrocyte metabolic function and glutamate homeostasis. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the effects of chronic haloperidol administration on astrocyte metabolic activity and glutamate, glutamine, and GABA homeostasis. METHODS We used ex vivo ¹³C magnetic resonance spectroscopy along with high-performance liquid chromatography after [1-¹³C]glucose and [1,2-¹³C]acetate administration to analyze forebrain tissue from rats administered oral haloperidol for 1 or 6 months. RESULTS Administration of haloperidol for 1 month produced no changes in ¹³C labeling of glutamate, glutamine, or GABA, or in their total levels. However, a 6-month haloperidol administration increased ¹³C labeling of glutamine by [1,2-¹³C]acetate. Moreover, total GABA levels were also increased. Haloperidol administration also increased the acetate/glucose utilization ratio for glutamine in the 6-month cohort. CONCLUSIONS Chronic haloperidol administration in rats appears to increase forebrain GABA production along with astrocyte metabolic activity. Studies exploring these processes in subjects with schizophrenia should take into account the potential confounding effects of antipsychotic medication treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn T. Konopaske
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicolas R. Bolo
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alo C. Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Perry F. Renshaw
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Joseph T. Coyle
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Baik JH. Dopamine signaling in reward-related behaviors. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:152. [PMID: 24130517 PMCID: PMC3795306 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) regulates emotional and motivational behavior through the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. Changes in DA mesolimbic neurotransmission have been found to modify behavioral responses to various environmental stimuli associated with reward behaviors. Psychostimulants, drugs of abuse, and natural reward such as food can cause substantial synaptic modifications to the mesolimbic DA system. Recent studies using optogenetics and DREADDs, together with neuron-specific or circuit-specific genetic manipulations have improved our understanding of DA signaling in the reward circuit, and provided a means to identify the neural substrates of complex behaviors such as drug addiction and eating disorders. This review focuses on the role of the DA system in drug addiction and food motivation, with an overview of the role of D1 and D2 receptors in the control of reward-associated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja-Hyun Baik
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones are extremely important for metabolism, development, and growth during the lifetime. The hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis is precisely regulated for these purposes. Much of our knowledge of this hormonal axis is derived from experiments in animals and mutations in man. This review examines the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis particularly in relation to the regulated 24-hour serum TSH concentration profiles in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, including obesity, primary hypothyroidism, pituitary diseases, psychiatric disorders, and selected neurological diseases. Diurnal TSH rhythms can be analyzed with novel and precise techniques, eg, operator-independent deconvolution and approximate entropy. These approaches provide indirect insight in the regulatory components in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Harris RBS. Evidence that leptin-induced weight loss requires activation of both forebrain and hindbrain receptors. Physiol Behav 2013; 120:83-92. [PMID: 23911693 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies with chronic decerebrate rats and rats infused with leptin into the 4th ventricle suggest that hindbrain leptin receptors attenuate the catabolic effect of forebrain leptin receptor activation. To test this further, rats were fitted with both 3rd and 4th ventricle cannulae. They were infused for 12 days with different combinations of saline, low dose leptin or leptin receptor antagonist (leptin mutein protein). Infusion of 0.1 μg leptin/day into the 3rd ventricle or 0.6 μg leptin/day into the 4th ventricle had no significant effect on food intake, energy expenditure or body composition. Infusion of 2 μg mutein/day into either ventricle caused a small, but significant weight gain. When mutein was infused into one ventricle and leptin into the other, the rats lost weight irrespective of which combination was applied. Surprisingly, rats that received leptin infusions into both ventricles showed an initial hypophagia, no change in energy expenditure, but a 75% loss of carcass fat after 12 days. These data suggest that neuronal pathways activated by leptin receptors in either the forebrain or hindbrain modulate each other's effects. In normal conditions hindbrain leptin may attenuate the catabolic effect of forebrain leptin, but if activity in one area is blocked with mutein, then the catabolic response to leptin in the other ventricle is exaggerated. When receptors in both areas are activated there is an integration of response to produce negative energy balance. This may ensure that leptin causes a loss of fat only when leptin is elevated in both the CSF and periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth B S Harris
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, CA 1020, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
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Sim HR, Choi TY, Lee HJ, Kang EY, Yoon S, Han PL, Choi SY, Baik JH. Role of dopamine D2 receptors in plasticity of stress-induced addictive behaviours. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1579. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
We previously reported that peripheral leptin infusions in chronically decrebrate rats, in which the forebrain is neurally isolated from the hindbrain, increased body fat and decreased energy expenditure. Any central leptin response in decerebrate rats would depend upon the hindbrain. Here, we tested whether selective activation of hindbrain leptin receptors increased body fat. Fourth ventricle infusion of 0.6 μg leptin/day for 12 days increased body fat by 13% with no increase in food intake. Third ventricle leptin infusions decreased food intake, body fat, and lean tissue with a maximal response at 0.3 μg leptin/day. To test whether hindbrain receptors opposed activity of hypothalamic receptors, rats received peripheral infusions of 40 μg leptin/day and increasing 4th ventricle doses of the leptin receptor antagonist mutein protein. Mutein (3.0 μg/day) reduced body fat in PBS-infused rats to the same level as leptin-infused rats and reduced lean tissue in all rats. Leptin, but not mutein, inhibited food intake. By contrast, 3.0 μg/day mutein in the 3rd ventricle increased food intake and body fat in both PBS- and leptin-infused rats. In basal conditions, hindbrain leptin receptors may antagonize activity of forebrain receptors to protect lean and fat tissue, but there is no evidence for an anabolic role for hindbrain receptors when leptin is elevated. In a dietary study, rats increased energy intake when offered lard and 30% sucrose solution in addition to chow. Peripheral leptin infusion exaggerated the gain in body fat without altering energy intake confirming the potential for leptin to increase adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth B S Harris
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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