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Sachdeva P, Narayanan KB, Sinha JK, Gupta S, Ghosh S, Singh KK, Bhaskar R, Almutary AG, Zothantluanga JH, Kotta KK, Nelson VK, Paiva-Santos AC, Abomughaid MM, Kamal M, Iqbal D, ALHarbi MH, ALMutairi AA, Dewanjee S, Nuli MV, Vippamakula S, Jha SK, Ojha S, Jha NK. Recent Advances in Drug Delivery Systems Targeting Insulin Signalling for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:1169-1179. [PMID: 38607755 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid-β plaques. Recent research has unveiled the pivotal role of insulin signaling dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD. Insulin, once thought to be unrelated to brain function, has emerged as a crucial factor in neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive processes. Insulin and the downstream insulin signaling molecules are found mainly in the hippocampus and cortex. Some molecules responsible for dysfunction in insulin signaling are GSK-3β, Akt, PI3K, and IRS. Irregularities in insulin signaling or insulin resistance may arise from changes in the phosphorylation levels of key molecules, which can be influenced by both stimulation and inactivity. This, in turn, is believed to be a crucial factor contributing to the development of AD, which is characterized by oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and other pathological hallmarks. Furthermore, this route is known to be indirectly influenced by Nrf2, NF-κB, and the caspases. This mini-review delves into the intricate relationship between insulin signaling and AD, exploring how disruptions in this pathway contribute to disease progression. Moreover, we examine recent advances in drug delivery systems designed to target insulin signaling for AD treatment. From oral insulin delivery to innovative nanoparticle approaches and intranasal administration, these strategies hold promise in mitigating the impact of insulin resistance on AD. This review consolidates current knowledge to shed light on the potential of these interventions as targeted therapeutic options for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punya Sachdeva
- GloNeuro, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kannan Badri Narayanan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Krishna Kumar Singh
- Symbiosis Centre for Information Technology, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh Bhaskar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdulmajeed G Almutary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - James H Zothantluanga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kranthi Kumar Kotta
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Nelson
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mosleh Mohammad Abomughaid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehnaz Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Danish Iqbal
- Department of Health Information Management, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Hamoud ALHarbi
- Department of Infection Control, Senior Consultant of Public Health, King Khalid Hospital, Al Majmaah, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awadh Aedh ALMutairi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saikat Dewanjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Mohana Vamsi Nuli
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India
| | - Shanmugam Vippamakula
- MB School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohan Babu University, A. Rangampet, Tirupati, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Zoology, Kalindi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
- Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
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Santiago JA, Karthikeyan M, Lackey M, Villavicencio D, Potashkin JA. Diabetes: a tipping point in neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:1029-1044. [PMID: 37827904 PMCID: PMC10844978 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with an increased risk and progression of Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases. Conversely, diabetes may confer neuroprotection against amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It has been posited that perturbations in glucose and insulin regulation, cholesterol metabolism, and mitochondrial bioenergetics defects may underlie the molecular underpinnings of diabetes effects on the brain. Nevertheless, the precise molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we discuss the evidence from molecular, epidemiological, and clinical studies investigating the impact of diabetes on neurodegeneration and highlight shared dysregulated pathways between these complex comorbidities. We also discuss promising antidiabetic drugs, molecular diagnostics currently in clinical trials, and outstanding questions and challenges for future pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Judith A Potashkin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Therapeutics, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Department, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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Kjer-Hansen P, Weatheritt RJ. The function of alternative splicing in the proteome: rewiring protein interactomes to put old functions into new contexts. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:1844-1856. [PMID: 38036695 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing affects more than 95% of multi-exon genes in the human genome. These changes affect the proteome in a myriad of ways. Here, we review our understanding of the breadth of these changes from their effect on protein structure to their influence on interactions. These changes encompass effects on nucleic acid binding in the nucleus to protein-carbohydrate interactions in the extracellular milieu, altering interactions involving all major classes of biological molecules. Protein isoforms have profound influences on cellular and tissue physiology, for example, by shaping neuronal connections, enhancing insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells and allowing for alternative viral defense strategies in stem cells. More broadly, alternative splicing enables repurposing proteins from one context to another and thereby contributes to both the evolution of new traits as well as the creation of disease-specific interactomes that drive pathological phenotypes. In this Review, we highlight this universal character of alternative splicing as a central regulator of protein function with implications for almost every biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kjer-Hansen
- EMBL Australia, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
- St. Vincent Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Robert J Weatheritt
- EMBL Australia, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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4
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Tunc-Ata M, Altunay ZM, Alphan A, Kucukatay V. Effect of insulin on IR and GLP1-R expressions in HT22 cells. Med Oncol 2023; 40:301. [PMID: 37712993 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02172-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is a significant growth factor that specifically binds to the insulin receptor (IR) in the brain and then activates the PI3K-AKT pathway. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) has a variety of functions including neuroprotection, support for neurogenesis, and increasing insulin signal. This study aims to investigate the effect of insulin administered to immortalized clonal mouse hippocampal cell line (HT22) at different doses and intervals on IR, insulin receptor A (IRA), insulin receptor B (IRB), and Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1-R) mRNA expression and protein levels. The cells were planted in 6 well plates at a density of 3 × 105/4 × 105. Cells treated with insulin at different concentrations (5, 10, and 40 nM) were collected at 0.5, 2, 8, 16, and 24 h. RT-PCR and western blot analysis were used to measure mRNA expression and protein levels. Our results showed that insulin has short and long-term effects on IR and GLP1-R expression depending on dose and time. These findings may guide future studies targeting IR isoforms and GLP1-R in particular, as well as determining the optimal dose and duration of insulin stimulation in insulin signaling research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek Tunc-Ata
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Mine Altunay
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Aysel Alphan
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Vural Kucukatay
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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Torunoglu ST, Zajda A, Tampio J, Markowicz-Piasecka M, Huttunen KM. Metformin derivatives - Researchers' friends or foes? Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115743. [PMID: 37591450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Metformin has been used for ages to treat diabetes mellitus due to its safety profile and low cost. However, metformin has variable pharmacokinetics in patients, and due to its poor oral absorption, the therapeutic doses are relatively high, causing unpleasant gastrointestinal adverse effects. Therefore, novel derivatives of metformin have been synthesized during the past decades. Particularly, after the mid-2000 s, when organic cation transporters were identified as the main metformin carriers, metformin derivatives have been under intensive investigation. Nevertheless, due to the biguanide structure, derivatives of metformin have been challenging to synthesize. Moreover, the mechanisms of metformin's action are not fully understood to date, and since it has multifunctional properties, the interests have switched to re-purposing for other diseases. Indeed, metformin derivatives have been demonstrated in many cases to be more effective than metformin itself and have the potential to be used in different diseases, including several types of cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. On the other hand, the pleiotropic nature of metformin and its derivatives can also create challenges. Not all properties are fit for all diseases. In this review, the history of the development of metformin-like compounds is summarized, and insights into their potential for future drug discovery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Tuna Torunoglu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Agnieszka Zajda
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Janne Tampio
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Sabari SS, Balasubramani K, Iyer M, Sureshbabu HW, Venkatesan D, Gopalakrishnan AV, Narayanaswamy A, Senthil Kumar N, Vellingiri B. Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) and Parkinson's Disease (PD): a Mechanistic Approach. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03359-y. [PMID: 37118323 PMCID: PMC10144908 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggest that there is a connection between Parkinson's disease (PD) and insulin dysregulation in the brain, whilst the connection between PD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is still up for debate. Insulin is widely recognised to play a crucial role in neuronal survival and brain function; any changes in insulin metabolism and signalling in the central nervous system (CNS) can lead to the development of various brain disorders. There is accumulating evidence linking T2DM to PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. In fact, they have a lot in common patho-physiologically, including insulin dysregulation, oxidative stress resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction, microglial activation, and inflammation. As a result, initial research should focus on the role of insulin and its molecular mechanism in order to develop therapeutic outcomes. In this current review, we will look into the link between T2DM and PD, the function of insulin in the brain, and studies related to impact of insulin in causing T2DM and PD. Further, we have also highlighted the role of various insulin signalling pathway in both T2DM and PD. We have also suggested that T2DM-targeting pharmacological strategies as potential therapeutic approach for individuals with cognitive impairment, and we have demonstrated the effectiveness of T2DM-prescribed drugs through current PD treatment trials. In conclusion, this investigation would fill a research gap in T2DM-associated Parkinson's disease (PD) with a potential therapy option.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sri Sabari
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kiruthika Balasubramani
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to Be University), Coimbatore, 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harysh Winster Sureshbabu
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhivya Venkatesan
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Arul Narayanaswamy
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Aizawl, 796004, Mizoram, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India.
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Gomes Gonçalves N, Suemoto CK, Ferreira NV. Different Sources of Sugar Consumption and Cognitive Performance in Older Adults: Data From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:620-628. [PMID: 36625082 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Excess sugar consumption, particularly in sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), has been linked to poor cognitive performance. We aimed to assess the association of consumption of total sugar, as well as the consumption of SSBs, solid desserts, and 100% fruit juice with cognitive performance among older adults. METHODS Consumption of total sugar, SSBs, solid desserts, and 100% fruit juice were obtained from the 24-hr recall interview. Cognitive performance was evaluated using the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease word list, the Animal Fluency Test, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. Binary logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between consumption of sugar (total and from different sources) and cognitive performance. RESULTS A total of 1,938 participants aged 60 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014 were included. Compared to the lowest tertile, the highest tertile of total sugar consumption was independently associated with higher odds of low memory performance (odds ratio [OR] = 1.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00; 3.50, p = .049). Consumption of SSBs was associated with higher risk of low memory (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.11; 2.25, p = .014), whereas consumption of solid desserts was associated with lower risk of low verbal fluency performance (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.41; 0.95, p = .032). DISCUSSION Higher consumption of total sugars and SSBs was associated with lower memory performance, while consumption of solid desserts was associated with higher verbal fluency performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gomes Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Kimie Suemoto
- Department of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naomi Vidal Ferreira
- Department of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychology, Centro Universitário Adventista de São Paulo, Engenheiro Coelho, São Paulo, Brazil
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Patel RS, Lui A, Hudson C, Moss L, Sparks RP, Hill SE, Shi Y, Cai J, Blair LJ, Bickford PC, Patel NA. Small molecule targeting long noncoding RNA GAS5 administered intranasally improves neuronal insulin signaling and decreases neuroinflammation in an aged mouse model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:317. [PMID: 36609440 PMCID: PMC9822944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Shifts in normal aging set stage for neurodegeneration and dementia affecting 1 in 10 adults. The study demonstrates that lncRNA GAS5 is decreased in aged and Alzheimer's disease brain. The role and targets of lncRNA GAS5 in the aging brain were elucidated using a GAS5-targeting small molecule NPC86, a frontier in lncRNA-targeting therapeutic. Robust techniques such as molecular dynamics simulation of NPC86 binding to GAS5, in vitro functional assays demonstrating that GAS5 regulates insulin signaling, neuronal survival, phosphorylation of tau, and neuroinflammation via toll-like receptors support the role of GAS5 in maintaining healthy neurons. The study demonstrates the safety and efficacy of intranasal NPC86 treatment in aged mice to improve cellular functions with transcriptomic analysis in response to NPC86. In summary, the study demonstrates that GAS5 contributes to pathways associated with neurodegeneration and NPC86 has tremendous therapeutic potential to prevent the advent of neurodegenerative diseases and dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha S. Patel
- grid.281075.90000 0001 0624 9286James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 13000 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Ashley Lui
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Charles Hudson
- grid.281075.90000 0001 0624 9286James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 13000 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Lauren Moss
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Robert P. Sparks
- Present Address: UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
| | - Shannon E. Hill
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA ,grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XUSF Health Byrd Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Yan Shi
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Laura J. Blair
- grid.281075.90000 0001 0624 9286James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 13000 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612 USA ,grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA ,grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XUSF Health Byrd Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Paula C. Bickford
- grid.281075.90000 0001 0624 9286James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 13000 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612 USA ,grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Niketa A. Patel
- grid.281075.90000 0001 0624 9286James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 13000 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612 USA ,grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
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Abstract
The pentapeptide L-R5 has previously been shown to transiently increase the permeability of nasal epithelial cell layers in vitro, allowing paracellular transport of molecules of up to 4 kDa. Protein kinase C zeta (PKC ζ), a member of a family of serine/threonine kinases was shown to be involved in tight junction modulation induced by L-R5. We show here that the ability of L-R5 to modulate tight junctions is comparable to other permeability enhancers such as bilobalide, latrunculin A or C10. Interaction of the peptide with the target protein occurs via electrostatic interaction, with the presence of positive charges being essential for its functionality. L-R5 is myristoylated to allow quick cell entry and onset of activity. While no epithelial cytotoxicity was detected, the hydrophobic myristoyl rest was shown to cause haemolysis. Taken together, these data show that a structural optimization of L-R5 may be possible, both from a toxicological and an efficacy point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Brunner
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Switzerland,CONTACT Gerrit Borchard Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Woodfield A, Gonzales T, Helmerhorst E, Laws S, Newsholme P, Porter T, Verdile G. Current Insights on the Use of Insulin and the Potential Use of Insulin Mimetics in Targeting Insulin Signalling in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415811. [PMID: 36555450 PMCID: PMC9779379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are chronic diseases that share several pathological mechanisms, including insulin resistance and impaired insulin signalling. Their shared features have prompted the evaluation of the drugs used to manage diabetes for the treatment of AD. Insulin delivery itself has been utilized, with promising effects, in improving cognition and reducing AD related neuropathology. The most recent clinical trial involving intranasal insulin reported no slowing of cognitive decline; however, several factors may have impacted the trial outcomes. Long-acting and rapid-acting insulin analogues have also been evaluated within the context of AD with a lack of consistent outcomes. This narrative review provided insight into how targeting insulin signalling in the brain has potential as a therapeutic target for AD and provided a detailed update on the efficacy of insulin, its analogues and the outcomes of human clinical trials. We also discussed the current evidence that warrants the further investigation of the use of the mimetics of insulin for AD. These small molecules may provide a modifiable alternative to insulin, aiding in developing drugs that selectively target insulin signalling in the brain with the aim to attenuate cognitive dysfunction and AD pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Woodfield
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Tatiana Gonzales
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Erik Helmerhorst
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Simon Laws
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
| | - Philip Newsholme
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Tenielle Porter
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-9266 5618
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Kubis-Kubiak A, Wiatrak B, Piwowar A. Hyper-glycemia and insulinemia induce morphological changes and modulate secretion of S100B, S100A8, amyloid β 1–40 and amyloid β 1–42, in a model of human dopaminergic neurons. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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12
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Liu Q, Wang Z, Cao J, Dong Y, Chen Y. The Role of Insulin Signaling in Hippocampal-Related Diseases: A Focus on Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214417. [PMID: 36430894 PMCID: PMC9699017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a global concern and has become a major public health event affecting human health. Insulin is a metabolic hormone secreted mainly by the peripheral tissue pancreas. In recent years, more and more evidence has proved that insulin regulates various functions of the brain. The hippocampus, one of the earliest brain regions affected by AD, is widely distributed with insulin receptors. Studies have shown that type 2 diabetes mellitus, characterized by insulin resistance, is closely related to AD, which has drawn extensive attention to the relationship between hippocampal insulin signaling and AD. Therefore, we provide an overview of intranasal insulin administration on memory and its underlying mechanism. We also highlight the molecular link between hippocampal insulin resistance and AD and provide a theoretical basis for finding new therapeutic targets for AD in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yaoxing Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-3778; Fax: +86-10-6273-3199
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13
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Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) as a potential therapeutic target for neurological disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113709. [PMID: 36126456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a typical member of the PTP family, considered a direct negative regulator of several receptor and receptor-associated tyrosine kinases. This widely localized enzyme has been involved in the pathophysiology of several diseases. More recently, PTP1B has attracted attention in the field of neuroscience, since its activation in brain cells can lead to schizophrenia-like behaviour deficits, anxiety-like effects, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and depression. Conversely, PTP1B inhibition has been shown to prevent microglial activation, thus exerting a potent anti-inflammatory effect and has also shown potential to increase the cognitive process through the stimulation of hippocampal insulin, leptin and BDNF/TrkB receptors. Notwithstanding, most research on the clinical efficacy of targeting PTP1B has been developed in the field of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (TD2M). However, despite the link existing between these metabolic alterations and neurodegeneration, no clinical trials assessing the neurological advantages of PTP1B inhibition have been performed yet. Preclinical studies, though, have provided strong evidence that targeting PTP1B could allow to reach different pathophysiological mechanisms at once. herefore, specific interventions or trials should be designed to modulate PTP1B activity in brain, since it is a promising strategy to decelerate or prevent neurodegeneration in aged individuals, among other neurological diseases. The present paper fails to include all neurological conditions in which PTP1B could have a role; instead, it focuses on those which have been related to metabolic alterations and neurodegenerative processes. Moreover, only preclinical data is discussed, since clinical studies on the potential of PTP1B inhibition for treating neurological diseases are still required.
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14
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Falling Short: The Contribution of Central Insulin Receptors to Gait Dysregulation in Brain Aging. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081923. [PMID: 36009470 PMCID: PMC9405648 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance, which manifests as a reduction of insulin receptor signaling, is known to correlate with pathological changes in peripheral tissues as well as in the brain. Central insulin resistance has been associated with impaired cognitive performance, decreased neuronal health, and reduced brain metabolism; however, the mechanisms underlying central insulin resistance and its impact on brain regions outside of those associated with cognition remain unclear. Falls are a leading cause of both fatal and non-fatal injuries in the older population. Despite this, there is a paucity of work focused on age-dependent alterations in brain regions associated with ambulatory control or potential therapeutic approaches to target these processes. Here, we discuss age-dependent alterations in central modalities that may contribute to gait dysregulation, summarize current data supporting the role of insulin signaling in the brain, and highlight key findings that suggest insulin receptor sensitivity may be preserved in the aged brain. Finally, we present novel results showing that administration of insulin to the somatosensory cortex of aged animals can alter neuronal communication, cerebral blood flow, and the motivation to ambulate, emphasizing the need for further investigations of intranasal insulin as a clinical management strategy in the older population.
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15
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Cimini FA, Perluigi M, Barchetta I, Cavallo MG, Barone E. Role of Biliverdin Reductase A in the Regulation of Insulin Signaling in Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105574. [PMID: 35628384 PMCID: PMC9141761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin signaling is a conserved pathway that orchestrates glucose and lipid metabolism, energy balance, and inflammation, and its dysregulation compromises the homeostasis of multiple systems. Insulin resistance is a shared hallmark of several metabolic diseases, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes, and has been associated with cognitive decline during aging and dementia. Numerous mechanisms promoting the development of peripheral and central insulin resistance have been described, although most of them were not completely clarified. In the last decades, several studies have highlighted that biliverdin reductase-A (BVR-A), over its canonical role in the degradation of heme, acts as a regulator of insulin signaling. Evidence from human and animal studies show that BVR-A alterations are associated with the aberrant activation of insulin signaling, metabolic syndrome, liver steatosis, and visceral adipose tissue inflammation in obese and diabetic individuals. In addition, recent findings demonstrated that reduced BVR-A levels or impaired BVR-A activation contribute to the development of brain insulin resistance and metabolic alterations in Alzheimer’s disease. In this narrative review, we will provide an overview on the literature by focusing on the role of BVR-A in the regulation of insulin signaling and how BVR-A alterations impact on cell dysfunctions in both metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Agata Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.A.C.); (I.B.)
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi-Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Ilaria Barchetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.A.C.); (I.B.)
| | - Maria Gisella Cavallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.A.C.); (I.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi-Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (E.B.)
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16
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Ortiz GG, Huerta M, González-Usigli HA, Torres-Sánchez ED, Delgado-Lara DLC, Pacheco-Moisés FP, Mireles-Ramírez MA, Torres-Mendoza BMG, Moreno-Cih RI, Velázquez-Brizuela IE. Cognitive disorder and dementia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:319-337. [PMID: 35582669 PMCID: PMC9052006 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i4.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin, a key pleiotropic hormone, regulates metabolism through several signaling pathways in target tissues including skeletal muscle, liver, and brain. In the brain, insulin modulates learning and memory, and impaired insulin signaling is associated with metabolic dysregulation and neurodegenerative diseases. At the receptor level, in aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) models, the amount of insulin receptors and their functions are decreased. Clinical and animal model studies suggest that memory improvements are due to changes in insulin levels. Furthermore, diabetes mellitus (DM) and insulin resistance are associated with age-related cognitive decline, increased levels of β-amyloid peptide, phosphorylation of tau protein; oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and dyslipidemia. Recent evidence shows that deleting brain insulin receptors leads to mild obesity and insulin resistance without influencing brain size and apoptosis development. Conversely, deleting insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) affects brain size and development, and contributes to behavior changes. Insulin is synthesized locally in the brain and is released from the neurons. Here, we reviewed proposed pathophysiological hypotheses to explain increased risk of dementia in the presence of DM. Regardless of the exact sequence of events leading to neurodegeneration, there is strong evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in AD and DM. A triple transgenic mouse model of AD showed mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and loss of synaptic integrity. These alterations are comparable to those induced in wild-type mice treated with sucrose, which is consistent with the proposal that mitochondrial alterations are associated with DM and contribute to AD development. Alterations in insulin/IGF-1 signaling in DM could lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and low antioxidant capacity of the cell. Thus, insulin/IGF-1 signaling is important for increased neural processing and systemic metabolism, and could be a specific target for therapeutic strategies to decrease alterations associated with age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro G Ortiz
- Department of Philosophical and Methodological Disciplines, University Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Clinic, Sub-Specialty Medical Unit, National Western Medical Center, Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Miguel Huerta
- University Biomedical Research Center, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | - Héctor A González-Usigli
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Clinic, Sub-Specialty Medical Unit, National Western Medical Center, Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Erandis D Torres-Sánchez
- Department of Medical and Life Sciences, University Center of ‘La Ciénega’, University of Guadalajara, Ocotlán 47810, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Daniela LC Delgado-Lara
- Department of Philosophical and Methodological Disciplines, University Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Fermín P Pacheco-Moisés
- Department of Chemistry, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Mario A Mireles-Ramírez
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Clinic, Sub-Specialty Medical Unit, National Western Medical Center, Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Blanca MG Torres-Mendoza
- Department of Philosophical and Methodological Disciplines, University Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Division of Neurosciences, Western Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Roxana I Moreno-Cih
- Gerontology Postgraduate Program, Public Health Department, University Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Irma E Velázquez-Brizuela
- Department of Philosophical and Methodological Disciplines, University Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
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17
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Huang SH, Chen SC, Geng JH, Wu DW, Li CH. Metabolic Syndrome and High-Obesity-Related Indices Are Associated with Poor Cognitive Function in a Large Taiwanese Population Study Older than 60 Years. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081535. [PMID: 35458097 PMCID: PMC9026510 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is prevalent in Taiwan; however, the association between MetS and cognitive function is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between MetS, its components, and obesity-related indices with cognitive function in a large Taiwanese cohort. We enrolled a total of 28,486 participants who completed the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) questionnaire, which was used to evaluate cognitive function. MetS was defined according to the NCEP-ATP III guidelines and modified criteria for Asians. Ten obesity-related indices were also evaluated: body mass index (BMI), abdominal volume index (AVI), body adiposity index (BAI), waist−hip ratio (WHR), a body shape index (ABSI), lipid accumulation product, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), conicity index (CI), body roundness index (BRI), and triglyceride glucose index. The prevalence of MetS and its components (except for hypertriglyceridemia) and the number of MetS components increased while the cognitive impairment worsened (from MMSE ≥ 24, 18−23 to 0−17). In addition, increases in all obesity-related index values were associated with a decline in cognitive function (from MMSE ≥ 24, 18−23 to 0−17, ANOVA p < 0.001). Multivariable analysis showed that MetS (p = 0.002), abdominal obesity (p < 0.001), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.004), and hyperglycemia (p = 0.012) were significantly associated with a low MMSE score. Further, participants with high BMI (p = 0.001), WHR (p < 0.001), WHtR (p < 0.001), BRI (p < 0.001), CI (p < 0.001), BAI (p < 0.001), AVI (p < 0.001), and ABSI (p < 0.001) values were significantly associated with a low MMSE score. Our results show that MetS and its components (except for hypertriglyceridemia and high blood pressure) may lead to cognitive impairment, and that high values of obesity-related indices were associated with poor cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Han Huang
- Department of Post Baccalaureate Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Szu-Chia Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (D.-W.W.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Hung Geng
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Da-Wei Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (D.-W.W.)
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsun Li
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan
- Integrated Center of Healthy and Long-Term Care, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886–7-8036783 (ext. 3453); Fax: +886–7-8063346
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18
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Hufnagel A, Dearden L, Fernandez-Twinn DS, Ozanne SE. Programming of cardiometabolic health: the role of maternal and fetal hyperinsulinaemia. J Endocrinol 2022; 253:R47-R63. [PMID: 35258482 PMCID: PMC9066586 DOI: 10.1530/joe-21-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and gestational diabetes during pregnancy have multiple short- and long-term consequences for both mother and child. One common feature of pregnancies complicated by maternal obesity and gestational diabetes is maternal hyperinsulinaemia, which has effects on the mother and her adaptation to pregnancy. Even though insulin does not cross the placenta insulin can act on the placenta as well affecting placental growth, angiogenesis and lipid metabolism. Obese and gestational diabetic pregnancies are often characterised by maternal hyperglycaemia resulting in exposure of the fetus to high levels of glucose, which freely crosses the placenta. This leads to stimulation of fetal ß-cells and insulin secretion in the fetus. Fetal hyperglycaemia/hyperinsulinaemia has been shown to cause multiple complications in fetal development, such as altered growth trajectories, impaired neuronal and cardiac development and early exhaustion of the pancreas. These changes could increase the susceptibility of the offspring to develop cardiometabolic diseases later in life. In this review, we aim to summarize and review the mechanisms by which maternal and fetal hyperinsulinaemia impact on (i) maternal health during pregnancy; (ii) placental and fetal development; (iii) offspring energy homeostasis and long-term cardiometabolic health; (iv) how interventions can alleviate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Hufnagel
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Laura Dearden
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Denise S Fernandez-Twinn
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
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19
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Furigo IC, Dearden L. Mechanisms mediating the impact of maternal obesity on offspring hypothalamic development and later function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1078955. [PMID: 36619540 PMCID: PMC9813846 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1078955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As obesity rates have risen around the world, so to have pregnancies complicated by maternal obesity. Obesity during pregnancy is not only associated with negative health outcomes for the mother and the baby during pregnancy and birth, there is also strong evidence that exposure to maternal obesity causes an increased risk to develop obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in life. Animal models have demonstrated that increased weight gain in offspring exposed to maternal obesity is usually preceded by increased food intake, implicating altered neuronal control of food intake as a likely area of change. The hypothalamus is the primary site in the brain for maintaining energy homeostasis, which it coordinates by sensing whole body nutrient status and appropriately adjusting parameters including food intake. The development of the hypothalamus is plastic and regulated by metabolic hormones such as leptin, ghrelin and insulin, making it vulnerable to disruption in an obese in utero environment. This review will summarise how the hypothalamus develops, how maternal obesity impacts on structure and function of the hypothalamus in the offspring, and the factors that are altered in an obese in utero environment that may mediate the permanent changes to hypothalamic function in exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora C. Furigo
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Dearden
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Laura Dearden,
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20
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Yadav KK, Ojha M, Pariary R, Arakha M, Bhunia A, Jha S. Zinc oxide nanoparticle interface moderation with tyrosine and tryptophan reverses the pro-amyloidogenic property of the particle. Biochimie 2021; 193:64-77. [PMID: 34699915 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticle with negative surface potential (ZnONP) enhances bovine insulin fibrillation. Here, we are exploring ZnONP with positive surface potential (ZnONPUnc) and surface functionalized with tyrosine and tryptophan amino acids to observe the effects of surface potential and surface functional groups on the fibrillation. ZnONPUnc, despite of inversed surface potential, enhances the insulin fibrillation with increase in the interface concentration at physiological pH. Whereas, the interface moderation with the amino acids mitigates the surface-mediated insulin fibrillation propensity. Additionally, the study indicates that the change in interfacial functional groups at ZnONPUnc significantly reverses the interface-mediated destabilization of insulin conformation. The functional groups from the amino acids, like CO, N-H and aromatic functional groups, are anticipated to further stabilize the insulin conformation by forming hydrogen bond and van der Waals interactions with the key amyloidogenic sequences of insulin, A13-A20 from A-chain and B9-B20 from B-chain. Hence, the altered interaction profile, with change in interfacial functional groups, mitigates the interface-mediated insulin fibrillation and the ZnONPUnc-/fibril-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanti Kusum Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India; Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biosciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641114, India
| | - Monalisha Ojha
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Ranit Pariary
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Manoranjan Arakha
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India
| | - Anirban Bhunia
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Suman Jha
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India.
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21
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Agrawal R, Reno CM, Sharma S, Christensen C, Huang Y, Fisher SJ. Insulin action in the brain regulates both central and peripheral functions. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E156-E163. [PMID: 34056920 PMCID: PMC8321819 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00642.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The brain has been traditionally thought to be insensitive to insulin, primarily because insulin does not stimulate glucose uptake/metabolism in the brain (as it does in classic insulin-sensitive tissues such as muscle, liver, and fat). However, over the past 20 years, research in this field has identified unique actions of insulin in the brain. There is accumulating evidence that insulin crosses into the brain and regulates central nervous system functions such as feeding, depression, and cognitive behavior. In addition, insulin acts in the brain to regulate systemic functions such as hepatic glucose production, lipolysis, lipogenesis, reproductive competence, and the sympathoadrenal response to hypoglycemia. Decrements in brain insulin action (or brain insulin resistance) can be observed in obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), aging, and Alzheimer's disease (AD), indicating a possible link between metabolic and cognitive health. Here, we describe recent findings on the pleiotropic actions of insulin in the brain and highlight the precise sites, specific neuronal population, and roles for supportive astrocytic cells through which insulin acts in the brain. In addition, we also discuss how boosting brain insulin action could be a therapeutic option for people at an increased risk of developing metabolic and cognitive diseases such as AD and T2DM. Overall, this perspective article serves to highlight some of these key scientific findings, identify unresolved issues, and indicate future directions of research in this field that would serve to improve the lives of people with metabolic and cognitive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Agrawal
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Candace M Reno
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sunny Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Camille Christensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Yiqing Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Simon J Fisher
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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22
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PKCδ deficiency inhibits fetal development and is associated with heart elastic fiber hyperplasia and lung inflammation in adult PKCδ knockout mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253912. [PMID: 34197550 PMCID: PMC8248728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C-delta (PKCδ) has a caspase-3 recognition sequence in its structure, suggesting its involvement in apoptosis. In addition, PKCδ was recently reported to function as an anti-cancer factor. The generation of a PKCδ knockout mouse model indicated that PKCδ plays a role in B cell homeostasis. However, the Pkcrd gene, which is regulated through complex transcription, produces multiple proteins via alternative splicing. Since gene mutations can result in the loss of function of molecular species required for each tissue, in the present study, conditional PKCδ knockout mice lacking PKCδI, II, IV, V, VI, and VII were generated to enable tissue-specific deletion of PKCδ using a suitable Cre mouse. We generated PKCδ-null mice that lacked whole-body expression of PKCδ. PKCδ+/- parental mice gave birth to only 3.4% PKCδ-/- offsprings that deviated significantly from the expected Mendelian ratio (χ2(2) = 101.7, P < 0.001). Examination of mice on embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) showed the proportion of PKCδ-/- mice implanted in the uterus in accordance with Mendelian rules; however, approximately 70% of the fetuses did not survive at E11.5. PKCδ-/- mice that survived until adulthood showed enlarged spleens, with some having cardiac and pulmonary abnormalities. Our findings suggest that the lack of PKCδ may have harmful effects on fetal development, and heart and lung functions after birth. Furthermore, our study provides a reference for future studies on PKCδ deficient mice that would elucidate the effects of the multiple protein variants in mice and decipher the roles of PKCδ in various diseases.
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23
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Intranasal insulin and orexins to treat age-related cognitive decline. Physiol Behav 2021; 234:113370. [PMID: 33621561 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intranasal (IN) administration of neuropeptides, such as insulin and orexins, has been suggested as a treatment strategy for age-related cognitive decline (ARCD). Because dysfunctional neuropeptide signaling is an observed characteristic of ARCD, it has been suggested that IN delivery of insulin and/or orexins may restore endogenous peptide signaling and thereby preserve cognition. IN administration is particularly alluring as it is a relatively non-invasive method that directly targets peptides to the brain. Several laboratories have examined the behavioral effects of IN insulin in young, aged, and cognitively impaired rodents and humans. These studies demonstrated improved performance on various cognitive tasks following IN insulin administration. Fewer laboratories have assessed the effects of IN orexins; however, this peptide also holds promise as an effective treatment for ARCD through the activation of the cholinergic system and/or the reduction of neuroinflammation. Here, we provide a brief overview of the advantages of IN administration and the delivery pathway, then summarize the current literature on IN insulin and orexins. Additional preclinical studies will be useful to ultimately uncover the mechanisms underlying the pro-cognitive effects of IN insulin and orexins, whereas future clinical studies will aid in the determination of the most efficacious dose and dosing paradigm. Eventually, IN insulin and/or orexin administration may be a widely used treatment strategy in the clinic for ARCD.
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Domingues R, Pereira C, Cruz MT, Silva A. Therapies for Alzheimer's disease: a metabolic perspective. Mol Genet Metab 2021; 132:162-172. [PMID: 33549409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia in the elderly. Currently, there are over 50 million cases of dementia worldwide and it is expected that it will reach 136 million by 2050. AD is described as a neurodegenerative disease that gradually compromises memory and learning capacity. Patients often exhibit brain glucose hypometabolism and are more susceptible to develop type 2 diabetes or insulin resistance in comparison with age-matched controls. This suggests that there is a link between both pathologies. Glucose metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid cycle are tightly related to mitochondrial performance and energy production. Impairment of both these pathways can evoke oxidative damage on mitochondria and key proteins linked to several hallmarks of AD. Glycation is also another type of post-translational modification often reported in AD, which might impair the function of proteins that participate in metabolic pathways thought to be involved in this illness. Despite needing further research, therapies based on insulin treatment, usage of anti-diabetes drugs or some form of dietary intervention, have shown to be promising therapeutic approaches for AD in its early stages of progression and will be unveiled in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Domingues
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Claúdia Pereira
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Ana Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal.
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Multilevel Regulation of Protein Kinase CδI Alternative Splicing by Lithium Chloride. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:e0033820. [PMID: 33288642 PMCID: PMC8088272 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00338-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium chloride (LiCl) is commonly used in treatment of mood disorders; however, its usage leads to weight gain, which promotes metabolic disorders. Protein kinase C delta (PKCδ), a serine/threonine kinase, is alternatively spliced to PKCδI and PKCδII in 3T3-L1 cells. We previously demonstrated that PKCδI is the predominantly expressed isoform in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Here, we demonstrate that LiCl treatment decreases PKCδI levels, increases formation of lipid droplets, and increases oxidative stress. Hence, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of PKCδI alternative splicing by LiCl. We previously demonstrated that the splice factor SFRS10 is essential for PKCδI splicing. Our results demonstrate that glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) phosphorylates SFRS10, and SFRS10 is in a complex with long noncoding RNA NEAT1 to promote PKCδI splicing. Using PKCδ splicing minigene and RNA immunoprecipitation assays, our results demonstrate that upon LiCl treatment, NEAT1 levels are reduced, GSK3β activity is inhibited, and SFRS10 phosphorylation is decreased, which leads to decreased expression of PKCδI. Integration of the GSK3β signaling pathway with the ribonucleoprotein complex of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) NEAT1 and SFRS10 enables fine-tuning of PKCδI expression during adipogenesis. Knowledge of the molecular pathways impacted by LiCl provides an understanding of the ascent of obesity as a comorbidity in disease management.
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Baruah P, Das A, Paul D, Chakrabarty S, Aguan K, Mitra S. Sulfonylurea Class of Antidiabetic Drugs Inhibit Acetylcholinesterase Activity: Unexplored Auxiliary Pharmacological Benefit toward Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:193-205. [PMID: 33615172 PMCID: PMC7887854 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary literature documents extensive research on common causative mechanisms, pathogenic pathways and dual effective remedies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Tolbutamide (TBM), chlorpropamide (CPM), and glyburide (GLY) are three sulfonylurea antidiabetic drugs of different generations. All these drugs were found to exhibit moderate to strong inhibitory efficiency on the neurotransmitter degrading enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with GLY (IC50 = 0.74 ± 0.02 μM) being the most potent, followed by CPM (IC50 = 5.72 ± 0.24 μM) and TBM (IC50 = 28.9 ± 1.60 μM). Notably, the inhibition efficiency of GLY is even comparable with the FDA approved AD drug, donepezil (DON). The larger size of GLY spans almost the full gorge of AChE ranging from catalytic active site (CAS) to the peripheral active site (PAS) with relatively strong binding affinity (6.0 × 105 M-1) and acts as a competitive inhibitor for AChE. On the other hand, while they show relatively weak binding ((2-6) × 104 M-1), both CPM and TBM act as noncompetitive binders. While these two drugs can bind to PAS, MD simulation results predict an alternative noncompetitive inhibition mechanism for CPM. These results open the possibility of repurposing the antidiabetic drugs, particularly GLY, in the treatment of AD. The consequential side effect of excess acetylcholine production, due to the administration of these drugs to AD-unaffected patients, can be rectified by using colloidal gold and silver nanofluids as potential AChE activity boosters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prayasee Baruah
- Centre
for Advanced Studies in Chemistry and Department of Biotechnology &
Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Abhinandan Das
- Department
of Chemical, Biological & Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Debojit Paul
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Suman Chakrabarty
- Department
of Chemical, Biological & Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Kripamoy Aguan
- Centre
for Advanced Studies in Chemistry and Department of Biotechnology &
Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Sivaprasad Mitra
- Centre
for Advanced Studies in Chemistry and Department of Biotechnology &
Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
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Frazier HN, Ghoweri AO, Sudkamp E, Johnson ES, Anderson KL, Fox G, Vatthanaphone K, Xia M, Lin RL, Hargis-Staggs KE, Porter NM, Pauly JR, Blalock EM, Thibault O. Long-Term Intranasal Insulin Aspart: A Profile of Gene Expression, Memory, and Insulin Receptors in Aged F344 Rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:1021-1030. [PMID: 31180116 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intranasal insulin is a safe and effective method for ameliorating memory deficits associated with pathological brain aging. However, the impact of different formulations and the duration of treatment on insulin's efficacy and the cellular processes targeted by the treatment remain unclear. Here, we tested whether intranasal insulin aspart, a short-acting insulin formulation, could alleviate memory decline associated with aging and whether long-term treatment affected regulation of insulin receptors and other potential targets. Outcome variables included measures of spatial learning and memory, autoradiography and immunohistochemistry of the insulin receptor, and hippocampal microarray analyses. Aged Fischer 344 rats receiving long-term (3 months) intranasal insulin did not show significant memory enhancement on the Morris water maze task. Autoradiography results showed that long-term treatment reduced insulin binding in the thalamus but not the hippocampus. Results from hippocampal immunofluorescence revealed age-related decreases in insulin immunoreactivity that were partially offset by intranasal administration. Microarray analyses highlighted numerous insulin-sensitive genes, suggesting insulin aspart was able to enter the brain and alter hippocampal RNA expression patterns including those associated with tumor suppression. Our work provides insights into potential mechanisms of intranasal insulin and insulin resistance, and highlights the importance of treatment duration and the brain regions targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily Sudkamp
- The College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | | | - Grant Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences
| | | | - Mengfan Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences
| | | | | | | | - James R Pauly
- The College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Speidel JT, Affandi T, Jones DNM, Ferrara SE, Reyland ME. Functional proteomic analysis reveals roles for PKCδ in regulation of cell survival and cell death: Implications for cancer pathogenesis and therapy. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 78:100757. [PMID: 33045516 PMCID: PMC8294469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein Kinase C-δ (PKCδ), regulates a broad group of biological functions and disease processes, including well-defined roles in immune function, cell survival and apoptosis. PKCδ primarily regulates apoptosis in normal tissues and non-transformed cells, and genetic disruption of the PRKCD gene in mice is protective in many diseases and tissue damage models. However pro-survival/pro-proliferative functions have also been described in some transformed cells and in mouse models of cancer. Recent evidence suggests that the contribution of PKCδ to specific cancers may depend in part on the oncogenic context of the tumor, consistent with its paradoxical role in cell survival and cell death. Here we will discuss what is currently known about biological functions of PKCδ and potential paradigms for PKCδ function in cancer. To further understand mechanisms of regulation by PKCδ, and to gain insight into the plasticity of PKCδ signaling, we have used functional proteomics to identify pathways that are dependent on PKCδ. Understanding how these distinct functions of PKCδ are regulated will be critical for the logical design of therapeutics to target this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Speidel
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, USA
| | - Trisiani Affandi
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, USA
| | | | - Sarah E Ferrara
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mary E Reyland
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, USA.
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Suresh J, Khor IW, Kaur P, Heng HL, Torta F, Dawe GS, Tai ES, Tolwinski NS. Shared signaling pathways in Alzheimer’s and metabolic disease may point to new treatment approaches. FEBS J 2020; 288:3855-3873. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ing Wei Khor
- Department of Medicine Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore
| | - Prameet Kaur
- Science Division Yale‐ NUS College Singapore Singapore
| | - Hui Li Heng
- Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore, and Neurobiology Programme
- Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator Department of Biochemistry Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Gavin S. Dawe
- Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore, and Neurobiology Programme
- Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore
- Division of Endocrinology National University HospitalNational University Health System
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Attia H, Albuhayri S, Alaraidh S, Alotaibi A, Yacoub H, Mohamad R, Al-Amin M. Biotin, coenzyme Q10, and their combination ameliorate aluminium chloride-induced Alzheimer's disease via attenuating neuroinflammation and improving brain insulin signaling. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22519. [PMID: 32383521 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is important for brain function and neuronal survival. Insulin signaling is initiated by the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) at tyrosine (pTyr) residue. However, IRS-1 is inhibited by phosphorylation at serine (pSer). In Alzheimer's disease (AD), oxidative stress and accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) induce neuroinflammation, which augments pSer-IRS-1 and reduces pTyr-IRS-1 disturbing insulin signaling pathway. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and biotin possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and, in this study, their impact on insulin signaling is investigated in an aluminium chloride (AlCl3 ) model of AD. AD was induced by oral administration of AlCl3 (75 mg/kg) for 60 days. Biotin (2 mg/kg), CoQ10 (10 mg/kg), and their combination were supplemented concomitantly with AlCl3 for 60 days. Memory test and histological examination were performed. Brain levels of lipid peroxides, antioxidants (reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase), inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 [IL-6], IL-1, and nuclear factor κB), and phosphorylated Akt (survival kinase) as well as protein levels of Aβ, IRS-1 (pTyr and pSer), and caspase-3 (apoptotic marker) were determined. AlCl3 resulted in impaired memory, significant increase in Aβ, lipid peroxides, inflammatory markers, caspase-3, and pSer-IRS-1, with significant reduction of the antioxidants, pTyr-IRS-1, and p-Akt reflecting Aβ-induced inflammation and defective insulin signaling. Histological examination revealed focal aggregations of inflammatory cells and neuronal degeneration. The biochemical deviations and histological changes were attenuated by the concomitant treatment with biotin and, to greater extent, with CoQ10 and the combination. In conclusion, biotin and CoQ10 could protect against AD via attenuating inflammatory response and enhancing insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Sadeem Alaraidh
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amirah Alotaibi
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazar Yacoub
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raeesa Mohamad
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Al-Amin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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31
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Derkach KV, Zorina II, Zakharova IO, Basova NE, Bakhtyukov AA, Shpakov AO. The Influence of Intranasally Administered
Insulin and
C-peptide on AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activity, Mitochondrial
Dynamics and Apoptosis Markers in the Hypothalamus of Rats with
Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093020030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Fatoba O, Ohtake Y, Itokazu T, Yamashita T. Immunotherapies in Huntington's disease and α-Synucleinopathies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:337. [PMID: 32161599 PMCID: PMC7052383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of immune activation using immunotherapy has attracted considerable attention for many years as a potential therapeutic intervention for several inflammation-associated neurodegenerative diseases. However, the efficacy of single-target immunotherapy intervention has shown limited or no efficacy in alleviating disease burden and restoring functional capacity. Marked immune system activation and neuroinflammation are important features and prodromal signs in polyQ repeat disorders and α-synucleinopathies. This review describes the current status and future directions of immunotherapies in proteinopathy-induced neurodegeneration with emphasis on preclinical and clinical efficacies of several anti-inflammatory compounds and antibody-based therapies for the treatment of Huntington's disease and α-synucleinopathies. The review concludes with how disease modification and functional restoration could be achieved by using targeted multimodality therapy to target multiple factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Fatoba
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,WPI -Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ohtake
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takahide Itokazu
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,WPI -Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Lv H, Tang L, Guo C, Jiang Y, Gao C, Wang Y, Jian C. Intranasal insulin administration may be highly effective in improving cognitive function in mice with cognitive dysfunction by reversing brain insulin resistance. Cogn Neurodyn 2020; 14:323-338. [PMID: 32399074 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-020-09571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known in clinical practice that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is closely associated with brain insulin resistance, and the cerebral insulin pathway has been proven to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD. However, finding the most efficient way to improve brain insulin resistance remains challenging. Peripheral administration of insulin does not have the desired therapeutic effect and may induce adverse reactions, such as hyperinsulinemia, but intranasal administration may be an efficient way. In the present study, we established a brain insulin resistance model through an intraventricular injection of streptozotocin, accompanied by cognitive impairment. Following intranasal insulin treatment, the learning and memory functions of mice were significantly restored, the neurogenesis in the hippocampus was improved, the level of insulin in the brain increased, and the activation of the IRS-1-PI3K-Akt-GSK3β insulin signal pathway, but not the Ras-Raf-MEK-MAPK pathway, was markedly increased. The olfactory bulb-subventricular zone-subgranular zone (OB-SVZ-SGZ) axis might be the mechanism through which intranasal insulin regulates cognition in brain-insulin-resistant mice. Thus, intranasal insulin administration may be a highly efficient way to improve cognitive function by increasing cerebral insulin levels and reversing insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lv
- 1Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Chengxiang Avenue, Youjiang District, Baise, 533000 Guangxi People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjiao Tang
- 1Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Chengxiang Avenue, Youjiang District, Baise, 533000 Guangxi People's Republic of China
| | - Canshou Guo
- The 6th Hospital of Wu Han, Wuhan, 430015 Hubei People's Republic of China
| | - Yongming Jiang
- 2Graduate College of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Chengxiang Avenue, Youjiang District, Baise, 533000 Guangxi People's Republic of China
| | - Ce Gao
- 2Graduate College of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Chengxiang Avenue, Youjiang District, Baise, 533000 Guangxi People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Wang
- 2Graduate College of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Chengxiang Avenue, Youjiang District, Baise, 533000 Guangxi People's Republic of China
| | - Chongdong Jian
- 1Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Chengxiang Avenue, Youjiang District, Baise, 533000 Guangxi People's Republic of China
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Pardeshi R, Bolshette N, Gadhave K, Arfeen M, Ahmed S, Jamwal R, Hammock BD, Lahkar M, Goswami SK. Docosahexaenoic Acid Increases the Potency of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitor in Alleviating Streptozotocin-Induced Alzheimer's Disease-Like Complications of Diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:288. [PMID: 31068802 PMCID: PMC6491817 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and it is associated with significant memory loss. In the present study, we hypothesized that the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor N-[1-(1-oxopropyl)-4-piperidinyl]-N'-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-urea (also known as TPPU) could alleviate diabetes-aggravated Alzheimer's disease-like symptoms by improving memory and cognition, and reducing the oxidative stress and inflammation associated with this condition. Also, we evaluated the effect of edaravone, an antioxidant on diabetes-induced Alzheimer's-like complications and the additive effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the efficacy of TPPU. Diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by intraperitoneally administering streptozotocin (STZ). Six weeks after induction of diabetes, animals were either treated with vehicle, edaravone (3 or 10 mg/kg), TPPU (1 mg/kg) or TPPU (1 mg/kg) + DHA (100 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. The results demonstrate that the treatments increased the memory response of diabetic rats, in comparison to untreated diabetic rats. Indeed, DHA + TPPU were more effective than TPPU alone in reducing the symptoms monitored. All drug treatments reduced oxidative stress and minimized inflammation in the brain of diabetic rats. Expression of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) was increased in the brain of diabetic rats. Treatment with edaravone (10 mg/kg), TPPU or TPPU + DHA minimized the level of APP. The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which metabolizes acetylcholine was increased in the brain of diabetic rats. All the treatments except edaravone (3 mg/kg) were effective in decreasing the activity of AChE and TPPU + DHA was more efficacious than TPPU alone. Intriguingly, the histological changes in hippocampus after treatment with TPPU + DHA showed significant protection of neurons against STZ-induced neuronal damage. Overall, we found that DHA improved the efficacy of TPPU in increasing neuronal survival and memory, decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation possibly by stabilizing anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective epoxides of DHA. In the future, further evaluating the detailed mechanisms of action of sEH inhibitor and DHA could help to develop a strategy for the management of Alzheimer's-like complications in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Pardeshi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, India
| | - Nityanand Bolshette
- Institutional Level Biotech Hub (IBT Hub), Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, India
| | - Kundlik Gadhave
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, India
| | - Mohammad Arfeen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, India
| | - Sahabuddin Ahmed
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, India
| | - Rohitash Jamwal
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Hammock Laboratory of Pesticide Biotechnology, Department of Entomology and Nematology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mangala Lahkar
- Institutional Level Biotech Hub (IBT Hub), Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, India
| | - Sumanta Kumar Goswami
- Hammock Laboratory of Pesticide Biotechnology, Department of Entomology and Nematology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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35
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Wong DE, Banyard DA, Santos PJF, Sayadi LR, Evans GRD, Widgerow AD. Adipose-derived stem cell extracellular vesicles: A systematic review ✰. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2019; 72:1207-1218. [PMID: 30952587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-secreted packages that deliver cargo to target cells to effect functional and phenotypic changes. They are secreted by many different cell types, including adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), which are a promising field of study in regenerative medicine. Our aim was to perform a systematic review of the literature to summarize the scientific work that has been conducted on ADSC EVs to date. METHODS The Pubmed database was queried with keywords (and variations of) "adipose derived stem cell," "stromal vascular fraction," and "extracellular vesicles." We excluded review papers, then manually screened articles based on title and abstract. Full-text articles were assessed for eligibility to include in final review. RESULTS While an extensive body of research exists on EVs, a much smaller proportion of that is original research on ADSC EVs. Of 44 manuscripts that met our database search criteria, 21 articles were selected for our systematic review. CONCLUSION ADSC EVs were found to exert effects on angiogenesis, cell survival and apoptosis, inflammation, tissue regeneration, and reduction of disease pathology. Further studies examine characteristics of ADSC EVs. Future work should aim to further detail the safety profiles of ADSC EVs given their potential for cell-based therapies. The body of research studies characterizing ADSC EVs continues to expand, and much work remains to be done before human pilot studies can be considered. To our knowledge, we offer the first systematic review summarizing the research on ADSC EVs and their determined roles to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Wong
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Derek A Banyard
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, United States; Center for Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Pauline J F Santos
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Lohrasb R Sayadi
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Gregory R D Evans
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Alan D Widgerow
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, United States; Center for Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, United States.
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36
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Gabbouj S, Natunen T, Koivisto H, Jokivarsi K, Takalo M, Marttinen M, Wittrahm R, Kemppainen S, Naderi R, Posado-Fernández A, Ryhänen S, Mäkinen P, Paldanius KM, Doria G, Poutiainen P, Flores O, Haapasalo A, Tanila H, Hiltunen M. Intranasal insulin activates Akt2 signaling pathway in the hippocampus of wild-type but not in APP/PS1 Alzheimer model mice. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 75:98-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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37
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Tumminia A, Vinciguerra F, Parisi M, Frittitta L. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's Disease: Role of Insulin Signalling and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113306. [PMID: 30355995 PMCID: PMC6275025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, numerous in vitro studies demonstrated that insulin receptors and theirs downstream pathways are widely distributed throughout the brain. This evidence has proven that; at variance with previous believes; insulin/insulin-like-growth-factor (IGF) signalling plays a crucial role in the regulation of different central nervous system (CNS) tasks. The most important of these functions include: synaptic formation; neuronal plasticity; learning; memory; neuronal stem cell activation; neurite growth and repair. Therefore; dysfunction at different levels of insulin signalling and metabolism can contribute to the development of a number of brain disorders. Growing evidences demonstrate a close relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. They, in fact, share many pathophysiological characteristics comprising impaired insulin sensitivity, amyloid β accumulation, tau hyper-phosphorylation, brain vasculopathy, inflammation and oxidative stress. In this article, we will review the clinical and experimental evidences linking insulin resistance, T2DM and neurodegeneration, with the objective to specifically focus on insulin signalling-related mechanisms. We will also evaluate the pharmacological strategies targeting T2DM as potential therapeutic tools in patients with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tumminia
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Diabetes, Obesity and Dietetic Center, Garibaldi Hospital, Via Palermo n° 636, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Federica Vinciguerra
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Diabetes, Obesity and Dietetic Center, Garibaldi Hospital, Via Palermo n° 636, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Miriam Parisi
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Diabetes, Obesity and Dietetic Center, Garibaldi Hospital, Via Palermo n° 636, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Lucia Frittitta
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Diabetes, Obesity and Dietetic Center, Garibaldi Hospital, Via Palermo n° 636, 95122 Catania, Italy.
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38
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Biliverdin Reductase-A Mediates the Beneficial Effects of Intranasal Insulin in Alzheimer Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2922-2943. [PMID: 30073505 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of biliverdin reductase-A (BVR-A) is an early event leading to brain insulin resistance in AD. Intranasal insulin (INI) administration is under evaluation as a strategy to alleviate brain insulin resistance; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying INI beneficial effects are still unclear. We show that INI improves insulin signaling activation in the hippocampus and cortex of adult and aged 3×Tg-AD mice by ameliorating BVR-A activation. These changes were associated with a reduction of nitrosative stress, Tau phosphorylation, and Aβ oligomers in brain, along with improved cognitive functions. The role of BVR-A was strengthened by showing that cells lacking BVR-A: (i) develop insulin resistance if treated with insulin and (ii) can be recovered from insulin resistance only if treated with a BVR-A-mimetic peptide. These novel findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying INI treatment effects and suggest BVR-A as potential therapeutic target to prevent brain insulin resistance in AD.
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39
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Chapman CD, Schiöth HB, Grillo CA, Benedict C. Intranasal insulin in Alzheimer's disease: Food for thought. Neuropharmacology 2018; 136:196-201. [PMID: 29180222 PMCID: PMC10523803 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that disrupted brain insulin signaling promotes the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), driving clinicians to target this circuitry. While both traditional and more modern antidiabetics show promise in combating insulin resistance, intranasal insulin appears to be the most efficient method of boosting brain insulin. Furthermore, intranasal delivery elegantly avoids adverse effects from peripheral insulin administration. However, there remain significant open questions regarding intranasal insulin's efficacy, safety, and potential as an adjunct or mono-therapy. Thus, this review aims to critically evaluate the present evidence and future potential of intranasal insulin as a meaningful treatment for AD. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabolic Impairment as Risk Factors for Neurodegenerative Disorders.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Chapman
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claudia A Grillo
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina - School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Christian Benedict
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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40
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Frazier HN, Anderson KL, Maimaiti S, Ghoweri AO, Kraner SD, Popa GJ, Hampton KK, Mendenhall MD, Norris CM, Craven RJ, Thibault O. Expression of a Constitutively Active Human Insulin Receptor in Hippocampal Neurons Does Not Alter VGCC Currents. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:269-280. [PMID: 29572644 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Memory and cognitive decline are the product of numerous physiological changes within the aging brain. Multiple theories have focused on the oxidative, calcium, cholinergic, vascular, and inflammation hypotheses of brain aging, with recent evidence suggesting that reductions in insulin signaling may also contribute. Specifically, a reduction in insulin receptor density and mRNA levels has been implicated, however, overcoming these changes remains a challenge. While increasing insulin receptor occupation has been successful in offsetting cognitive decline, alternative molecular approaches should be considered as they could bypass the need for brain insulin delivery. Moreover, this approach may be favorable to test the impact of continued insulin receptor signaling on neuronal function. Here we used hippocampal cultures infected with lentivirus with or without IRβ, a constitutively active, truncated form of the human insulin receptor, to characterize the impact continued insulin receptor signaling on voltage-gated calcium channels. Infected cultures were harvested between DIV 13 and 17 (48 h after infection) for Western blot analysis on pAKT and AKT. These results were complemented with whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of individual pyramidal neurons starting 96 h post-infection. Results indicate that while a significant increase in neuronal pAKT/AKT ratio was seen at the time point tested, effects on voltage-gated calcium channels were not detected. These results suggest that there is a significant difference between constitutively active insulin receptors and the actions of insulin on an intact receptor, highlighting potential alternate mechanisms of neuronal insulin resistance and mode of activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Frazier
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, UKMC, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - K L Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, UKMC, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - S Maimaiti
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, UKMC, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - A O Ghoweri
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, UKMC, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - S D Kraner
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Medical Center, UKMC, 800 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - G J Popa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky Medical Center, UKMC, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - K K Hampton
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, UKMC, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - M D Mendenhall
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky Medical Center, UKMC, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - C M Norris
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Medical Center, UKMC, 800 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - R J Craven
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, UKMC, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - O Thibault
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, UKMC, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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41
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Madhavadas S, Subramanian S, Kutty BM. Environmental enrichment improved cognitive deficits more in peri-adolescent than in adult rats after postnatal monosodium glutamate treatment. Physiol Int 2018; 104:271-290. [PMID: 29278027 DOI: 10.1556/2060.104.2017.4.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to enriched environment (EE) is known to promote sensory, cognitive, and motor stimulation with intensified levels of novelty and complexity. In this study, we investigated the positive regulatory effect of short-term exposure to EE on establishing functional recovery in monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced obese rats. Unless treated, MSG rats exhibited peripheral insulin resistance, cognitive deficits, and a reduction in the total hippocampal volume with decreased neuron count in the DG, CA3, and CA1 subfields. These MSG rats were exposed to short-term EE for 15 days for a period of 6 h/day, beginning either at 45 or at 75 days of age. EE exposure has improved insulin sensitivity, yielded a significant increase in total hippocampal volume along with increase in neuron number in the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus in both age groups. However, as assessed by radial arm maze task, which relies upon the positive reinforcement to test spatial memory, and the Barnes maze task, which utilizes an aversive learning strategy, a complete recovery of cognitive function could be achieved in 2-month-old rats only and not among 3-month-old rats, thus highlighting the importance of critical window period for EE interventions in restoring the memory functions. These results suggest the therapeutic potential of EE paradigm in prevention of cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madhavadas
- 1 Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , Bangalore, India
| | - S Subramanian
- 1 Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , Bangalore, India
| | - B M Kutty
- 2 Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , Bangalore, India
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42
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Sun L, Xu P, Fu T, Huang X, Song J, Chen M, Tian X, Yin H, Han J. Myricetin against ischemic cerebral injury in rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:3274-3280. [PMID: 29257250 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of myricetin on reducing cerebral ischemia injury in a rat model. A rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) was used in the present study. Rats were randomized into the following five groups: Sham, model, low‑myricetin (1 mg/kg), medium‑myricetin (5 mg/kg) and high‑myricetin (25 mg/kg) groups. Neurological deficit scores were evaluated by an examiner blinded to the experimental groups. Brain infarct size was estimated macroscopically using 2,3,5‑triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. The levels of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, interleukin (IL)‑6 and IL‑1β, and oxidative stress index superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondiadehyde (MDA), and the glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) ratio were measured by ELISA. The degree of brain cell apoptosis was determined using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‑end labeling assay. Protein expression levels of total or phosphorylated p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor (NF)‑κB/p65 and protein kinase B (AKT) were determined using a western blotting assay. The neurological deficit score and infarct area induced by pMCAO decreased in a dose‑dependent manner following myricetin treatment. Furthermore, myricetin reduced the expression levels of IL‑1β, IL‑6, TNF‑α, and MDA, and increased GSH/GSSG ratio and SOD activity. A significant decrease in cell apoptosis was observed in response to myricetin. In addition, myricetin significantly increased the level of phosphorylated AKT protein, and decreased the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and the level of NF‑κB/p65. Overall, the results of the present study suggested that myricetin exhibits a therapeutic effect by reducing ischemic cerebral injury, and the protective effect of myricetin may be associated with the p38 MAPK, NF‑κB/p65 and AKT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lin Yi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276400, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lin Yi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276400, P.R. China
| | - Tinggang Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lin Yi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276400, P.R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lin Yi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276400, P.R. China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lin Yi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276400, P.R. China
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Laishan Branch, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Xinghan Tian
- Department of Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Laishan Branch, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Hongli Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jichun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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43
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Wang XK, Sun T, Li YJ, Wang YH, Li YJ, Yang LD, Feng D, Zhao MG, Wu YM. A novel thiazolidinediones ATZD2 rescues memory deficits in a rat model of type 2 diabetes through antioxidant and antiinflammation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:107409-107422. [PMID: 29296174 PMCID: PMC5746076 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has been associated with learning and memory impairment; however, drugs for diabetes could not prevent the development of cognitive decline in T2DM patients. In the present study, compounds derived from thiazolidinediones (TZD), a PPAR-γ agonist, were synthesized by conjuncting the alkyl-substituted benzimidazole group to TZD group (ATZDs). Based on the in vitro evaluation, the neuroprotection of ATZD2 was further investigated using a streptozotocin-induced T2DM rat model. Pharmacokinetic study showed that ATZD2 could pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) while the rosiglitazone (RSG, the precursor compound of ATZD2) not. Administration of ATZD2 significantly promoted the survival rate and attenuated fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels as compared to RSG treatment in T2DM rats. Furthermore, ATZD2 treatment ameliorated the impairment of learning and memory by Morris water maze test. The beneficial effects of ATZD2 were associated with the down-regulation of hypoxia induced factor-1α, aldose reductase, and Bax expression which are related to T2DM pathology. ATZD2 treatment also attenuated the expression of inflammatory cytokines and restored the balance of redox in the diabetic hippocampus. These effects were more potent as compared with that of RSG at the same dose. The data indicate that ATZD2 may be a potent agent for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Kang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R. China.,Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R. China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Jiao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hong Wang
- Department of Emergency, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Jiao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R. China.,Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion-Massage, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 712000, P.R. China
| | - Liu-Di Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R. China.,Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion-Massage, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 712000, P.R. China
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Mei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R. China.,Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion-Massage, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 712000, P.R. China
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44
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Dada T. Is Glaucoma a Neurodegeneration caused by Central Insulin Resistance: Diabetes Type 4? J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2017; 11:77-79. [PMID: 29151680 PMCID: PMC5684236 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
How to cite this article: Dada T. Is Glaucoma a Neurodegeneration caused by Central Insulin Resistance: Diabetes Type 4? J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2017;11(3):77-79.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuj Dada
- Professor, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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45
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Maimaiti S, Frazier HN, Anderson KL, Ghoweri AO, Brewer LD, Porter NM, Thibault O. Novel calcium-related targets of insulin in hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience 2017; 364:130-142. [PMID: 28939258 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Both insulin signaling disruption and Ca2+ dysregulation are closely related to memory loss during aging and increase the vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In hippocampal neurons, aging-related changes in calcium regulatory pathways have been shown to lead to higher intracellular calcium levels and an increase in the Ca2+-dependent afterhyperpolarization (AHP), which is associated with cognitive decline. Recent studies suggest that insulin reduces the Ca2+-dependent AHP. Given the sensitivity of neurons to insulin and evidence that brain insulin signaling is reduced with age, insulin-mediated alterations in calcium homeostasis may underlie the beneficial actions of insulin in the brain. Indeed, increasing insulin signaling in the brain via intranasal delivery has yielded promising results such as improving memory in both clinical and animal studies. However, while several mechanisms have been proposed, few have focused on regulation on intracellular Ca2+. In the present study, we further examined the effects of acute insulin on calcium pathways in primary hippocampal neurons in culture. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, we found that acute insulin delivery reduced voltage-gated calcium currents. Fura-2 imaging was used to also address acute insulin effects on spontaneous and depolarization-mediated Ca2+ transients. Results indicate that insulin reduced Ca2+ transients, which appears to have involved a reduction in ryanodine receptor function. Together, these results suggest insulin regulates pathways that control intracellular Ca2+ which may reduce the AHP and improve memory. This may be one mechanism contributing to improved memory recall in response to intranasal insulin therapy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaniya Maimaiti
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, UKMC, MS-310; 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Hilaree N Frazier
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, UKMC, MS-310; 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Katie L Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, UKMC, MS-310; 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Adam O Ghoweri
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, UKMC, MS-310; 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Lawrence D Brewer
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, UKMC, MS-310; 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Nada M Porter
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, UKMC, MS-310; 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Olivier Thibault
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, UKMC, MS-310; 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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46
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Abstract
The relationship between obesity and cognitive impairment is important given the globally ageing population in whom cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders will carry grave individual, societal and financial burdens. This review examines the evidence for the link between obesity and cognitive function in terms of both the immediate effects on cognitive performance, and effects on the trajectory of cognitive ageing and likelihood of dementia. In mid-life, there is a strong association between obesity and impaired cognitive function. Anthropometric measures of obesity are also associated with reduced neural integrity (e.g. grey and white matter atrophy). Increasing age coupled with the negative metabolic consequences of obesity (e.g. type 2 diabetes mellitus) are likely to significantly contribute to cognitive decline and incidence of dementia. Stress is identified as a potential risk factor promoting abdominal obesity and contributing to impaired cognitive function. However, the potentially protective effects of obesity against cognitive decline in older age require further examination. Finally, surgical and whole diet interventions, which address obesity may improve cognitive capacity and confer some protection against later cognitive decline. In conclusion, obesity and its comorbidities are associated with impaired cognitive performance, accelerated cognitive decline and neurodegenerative pathologies such as dementia in later life. Interventions targeting mid-life obesity may prove beneficial in reducing the cognitive risks associated with obesity.
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47
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Brabazon F, Wilson CM, Jaiswal S, Reed J, Frey WH, Byrnes KR. Intranasal insulin treatment of an experimental model of moderate traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3203-3218. [PMID: 28058996 PMCID: PMC5584695 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16685106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in learning and memory dysfunction. Cognitive deficits result from cellular and metabolic dysfunction after injury, including decreased cerebral glucose uptake and inflammation. This study assessed the ability of intranasal insulin to increase cerebral glucose uptake after injury, reduce lesion volume, improve memory and learning function and reduce inflammation. Adult male rats received a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury followed by intranasal insulin or saline treatment daily for 14 days. PET imaging of [18F]-FDG uptake was performed at baseline and at 48 h and 10 days post-injury and MRI on days three and nine post injury. Motor function was tested with the beam walking test. Memory function was assessed with Morris water maze. Intranasal insulin after CCI significantly improved several outcomes compared to saline. Insulin-treated animals performed better on beam walk and demonstrated significantly improved memory. A significant increase in [18F]-FDG uptake was observed in the hippocampus. Intranasal insulin also resulted in a significant decrease in hippocampus lesion volume and significantly less microglial immunolabeling in the hippocampus. These data show that intranasal insulin improves memory, increases cerebral glucose uptake and decreases neuroinflammation and hippocampal lesion volume, and may therefore be a viable therapy for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Brabazon
- 1 Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Colin M Wilson
- 2 Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,3 Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shalini Jaiswal
- 2 Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,3 Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Reed
- 1 Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William H Frey
- 4 Health Partners Neuroscience Research, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Kimberly R Byrnes
- 1 Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,3 Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,5 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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48
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Metformin and Its Sulfenamide Prodrugs Inhibit Human Cholinesterase Activity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7303096. [PMID: 28770024 PMCID: PMC5523189 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7303096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The results of epidemiological and pathophysiological studies suggest that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may predispose to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The two conditions present similar glucose levels, insulin resistance, and biochemical etiologies such as inflammation and oxidative stress. The diabetic state also contributes to increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, which is one of the factors leading to neurodegeneration in AD. The aim of this study was to assess in vitro the effects of metformin, phenformin, and metformin sulfenamide prodrugs on the activity of human AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and establish the type of inhibition. Metformin inhibited 50% of the AChE activity at micromolar concentrations (2.35 μmol/mL, mixed type of inhibition) and seemed to be selective towards AChE since it presented low anti-BuChE activity. The tested metformin prodrugs inhibited cholinesterases (ChE) at nanomolar range and thus were more active than metformin or phenformin. The cyclohexyl sulfenamide prodrug demonstrated the highest activity towards both AChE (IC50 = 890 nmol/mL, noncompetitive inhibition) and BuChE (IC50 = 28 nmol/mL, mixed type inhibition), while the octyl sulfenamide prodrug did not present anti-AChE activity, but exhibited mixed inhibition towards BuChE (IC50 = 184 nmol/mL). Therefore, these two bulkier prodrugs were concluded to be the most selective compounds for BuChE over AChE. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that biguanides present a novel class of inhibitors for AChE and BuChE and encourages further studies of these compounds for developing both selective and nonselective inhibitors of ChEs in the future.
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Effect of administration method, animal weight and age on the intranasal delivery of drugs to the brain. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 286:16-21. [PMID: 28499841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intranasal route of administration has proven to be an effective method for bypassing the blood brain barrier and avoiding first pass hepatic metabolism when targeting drugs to the brain. Most small molecules gain rapid access to CNS parenchyma when administered intranasally. However, bioavailability is affected by various factors ranging from the molecular weight of the drug to the mode of intranasal delivery. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS We examined the effects of animal posture, intranasal application method and animal weight and age on the delivery of radiolabeled pralidoxime (3H-2-PAM) to the brain of rats. RESULTS We found that using upright vs. supine posture did not significantly affect 3H-2-PAM concentrations in different brain regions. Older animals with higher weights required increased doses to achieve the same drug concentration throughout the brain when compared to young animals with lower body weights. The use of an intranasal aerosol propelled delivery device mainly increased bioavailability in the olfactory bulbs, but did not reliably increase delivery of the drug to various other brain regions, and in some regions of the brain delivered less of the drug than simple pipette administration. CONCLUSION In view of the emerging interest in the use of intranasal delivery of drugs to combat cognitive decline in old age, we tested effectiveness in very old rats and found the method to be as effective in the older rats.
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El Bassit G, Patel RS, Carter G, Shibu V, Patel AA, Song S, Murr M, Cooper DR, Bickford PC, Patel NA. MALAT1 in Human Adipose Stem Cells Modulates Survival and Alternative Splicing of PKCδII in HT22 Cells. Endocrinology 2017; 158:183-195. [PMID: 27841943 PMCID: PMC5412980 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Brain injury may be caused by trauma or may occur in stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Because the central nervous system is unable to regenerate efficiently, there is utmost interest in the use of stem cells to promote neuronal survival. Of interest here are human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs), which secrete factors that enhance regeneration and survival of neurons in sites of injury. We evaluated the effect of hASC secretome on immortalized mouse hippocampal cell line (HT22) after injury. Protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) activates survival and proliferation in neurons and is implicated in memory. We previously showed that alternatively spliced PKCδII enhances neuronal survival via B-cell lymphoma 2 Bcl2 in HT22 neuronal cells. Our results demonstrate that following injury, treatment with exosomes from the hASC secretome increases expression of PKCδII in HT22 cells and increases neuronal survival and proliferation. Specifically, we demonstrate that metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), a long noncoding RNA contained in the hASC exosomes mediates PKCδII splicing, thereby increasing neuronal survival. Using antisense oligonucleotides for MALAT1 and RNA immunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrate that MALAT1 recruits splice factor serine-arginine-rich splice factor 2 (SRSF2) to promote alternative splicing of PKCδII. Finally, we evaluated the role of insulin in enhancing hASC-mediated neuronal survival and demonstrated that insulin treatment dramatically increases the association of MALAT1 and SRSF2 and substantially increases survival and proliferation after injury in HT22 cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate the mechanism of action of hASC exosomes in increasing neuronal survival. This effect of hASC exosomes to promote wound healing can be further enhanced by insulin treatment in HT22 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gay Carter
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida 33612; and
| | | | | | - Shijie Song
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida 33612; and
| | | | - Denise R. Cooper
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida 33612; and
- Molecular Medicine,
| | - Paula C. Bickford
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida 33612; and
- Neurosurgery and Brain Survival, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Niketa A. Patel
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida 33612; and
- Molecular Medicine,
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