1
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Pan Y, Zhang H, Li M, He T, Guo S, Zhu L, Tan J, Wang B. Novel approaches in IBD therapy: targeting the gut microbiota-bile acid axis. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2356284. [PMID: 38769683 PMCID: PMC11110704 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2356284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and recurrent condition affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Disturbed gut microbiota and abnormal bile acid (BA) metabolism are notable in IBD, suggesting a bidirectional relationship. Specifically, the diversity of the gut microbiota influences BA composition, whereas altered BA profiles can disrupt the microbiota. IBD patients often exhibit increased primary bile acid and reduced secondary bile acid concentrations due to a diminished bacteria population essential for BA metabolism. This imbalance activates BA receptors, undermining intestinal integrity and immune function. Consequently, targeting the microbiota-BA axis may rectify these disturbances, offering symptomatic relief in IBD. Here, the interplay between gut microbiota and bile acids (BAs) is reviewed, with a particular focus on the role of gut microbiota in mediating bile acid biotransformation, and contributions of the gut microbiota-BA axis to IBD pathology to unveil potential novel therapeutic avenues for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Minghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Tingjing He
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Sihao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Liancai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological & Chemical engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
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2
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Detlefsen AJ, Paulukinas RD, Mesaros C. High sensitivity LC-MS methods for quantitation of hydroxy- and keto-androgens. Methods Enzymol 2023; 689:355-376. [PMID: 37802578 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The quantitation of androgens is necessary to diagnose and monitor the development of diseases such as prostate cancer and polycystic ovary syndrome. Androgen measurements also support the laboratory-based study of androgen metabolism in cellular and animal models. The methods described in this chapter combine chemical derivatization of hydroxy- and keto-androgens with stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (SID-LC-MS). Chemical derivatization of hydroxy-androgens by picolinic acid and keto-androgens by Girard P enhances the ionization and detection sensitivity of androgens, while chromatographic separation and [13C]-labeled internal standards add specificity that allow for simultaneous quantitation of multiple androgens. This chapter describes the materials and protocols necessary for chemical derivatization, enzymatic synthesis of internal standards, and LC-MS detection of keto- and hydroxy-androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Detlefsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ryan D Paulukinas
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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3
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Zhang Z, Zhou Y, Zhao H, Wu Y, Sun L. Switching the chemoselectivity of perakine reductase for selective reduction of α,β-unsaturated ketones by Arg127 mutation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37248749 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00850a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The chemoselectivity of perakine reductase (PR) was engineered through rational design. We identified Arg127 as a control site of chemoselectivity. Mutation of Arg127 switched the chemoselectivity of PR between CO and CC or led to non-selectivity towards α,β-unsaturated ketones, leading to the production of allylic alcohols, saturated ketones, or a mixture of both. This study provides an example for developing novel reductases for α,β-unsaturated ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Yun Zhou
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Hong Zhao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Yihang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Lianli Sun
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321299, China
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4
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Liu Z, Zhang R, Zhang W, Xu Y. Structure-based rational design of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases for improving and diversifying steroid synthesis. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022:1-17. [PMID: 35834355 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2054770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A group of steroidogenic enzymes, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases are involved in steroid metabolism which is very important in the cell: signaling, growth, reproduction, and energy homeostasis. The enzymes show an inherent function in the interconversion of ketosteroids and hydroxysteroids in a position- and stereospecific manner on the steroid nucleus and side-chains. However, the biocatalysis of steroids reaction is a vital and demanding, yet challenging, task to produce the desired enantiopure products with non-natural substrates or non-natural cofactors, and/or in non-physiological conditions. This has driven the use of protein design strategies to improve their inherent biosynthetic efficiency or activate their silent catalytic ability. In this review, the innate features and catalytic characteristics of enzymes based on sequence-structure-function relationships of steroidogenic enzymes are reviewed. Combining structure information and catalytic mechanisms, progress in protein redesign to stimulate potential function, for example, substrate specificity, cofactor dependence, and catalytic stability are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Rongzhen Zhang
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenchi Zhang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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5
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Carr SC, Torres MA, Morris JS, Facchini PJ, Ng KKS. Structural studies of codeinone reductase reveal novel insights into aldo-keto reductase function in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101211. [PMID: 34547292 PMCID: PMC8524200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are a class of specialized metabolites with a diverse range of chemical structures and physiological effects. Codeine and morphine are two closely related BIAs with particularly useful analgesic properties. The aldo-keto reductase (AKR) codeinone reductase (COR) catalyzes the final and penultimate steps in the biosynthesis of codeine and morphine, respectively, in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). However, the structural determinants that mediate substrate recognition and catalysis are not well defined. Here, we describe the crystal structure of apo-COR determined to a resolution of 2.4 Å by molecular replacement using chalcone reductase as a search model. Structural comparisons of COR to closely related plant AKRs and more distantly related homologues reveal a novel conformation in the β1α1 loop adjacent to the BIA-binding pocket. The proximity of this loop to several highly conserved active-site residues and the expected location of the nicotinamide ring of the NADP(H) cofactor suggest a model for BIA recognition that implies roles for several key residues. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we show that substitutions at Met-28 and His-120 of COR lead to changes in AKR activity for the major and minor substrates codeinone and neopinone, respectively. Our findings provide a framework for understanding the molecular basis of substrate recognition in COR and the closely related 1,2-dehydroreticuline reductase responsible for the second half of a stereochemical inversion that initiates the morphine biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Carr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Megan A Torres
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeremy S Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Peter J Facchini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kenneth K S Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
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6
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Crystallographic Studies of Steroid-Protein Interactions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1135:27-45. [PMID: 31098809 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14265-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Steroid molecules have a wide range of function in eukaryotes, including the control and maintenance of membranes, hormonal control of transcription, and intracellular signaling. X-ray crystallography has served as a successful tool for gaining understanding of the structural and mechanistic aspects of these functions by providing snapshots of steroids in complex with various types of proteins. These proteins include nuclear receptors activated by steroid hormones, several families of enzymes involved in steroid synthesis and metabolism, and proteins involved in signaling and trafficking pathways. Proteins found in some bacteria that bind and metabolize steroids have been investigated as well. A survey of the steroid-protein complexes that have been studied using crystallography and the insight learned from them is presented.
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7
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Chen M, Wangtrakuldee P, Zang T, Duan L, Gathercole LL, Tomlinson JW, Penning TM. Human and murine steroid 5β-reductases (AKR1D1 and AKR1D4): insights into the role of the catalytic glutamic acid. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 305:163-170. [PMID: 30928400 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian steroid 5β-reductases belong to the Aldo-Keto Reductase 1D sub-family and are essential for the formation of A-ring 5β-reduced steroids. Steroid 5β-reduction is required for the biosynthesis of bile-acids and the metabolism of all steroid hormones that contain a Δ4-3-ketosteroid functionally to yield the 5β-reduced metabolites. In mammalian AKR1D enzymes the conserved catalytic tetrad found in all AKRs (Y55, H117, K84 and D50) has changed in that the conserved H117 is replaced with a glutamic acid (E120). E120 may act as a "superacid" to facilitate enolization of the Δ4-ketosteroid. In addition, the absence of the bulky imidazole side chain of histidine in E120 permits the steroid to penetrate deeper into the active site so that hydride transfer can occur to the steroid C5 position. In murine steroid 5β-reductase AKR1D4, we find that there is a long-form, with an 18 amino-acid extension at the N-terminus (AKR1D4L) and a short-form (AKR1D4S), where the latter is recognized as AKR1D4 by the major data-bases. Both enzymes were purified to homogeneity and product profiling was performed. With progesterone and cortisol, AKR1D4L and AKR1D4S catalyzed smooth conversion to the 5β-dihydrosteroids. However, with Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione as substrate, a mixture of products was observed which included, 5β-androstane-3,17-dione (expected) but 3α-hydroxy-5β- androstan-17-one was also formed. The latter compound was distinguished from its isomeric 3β-hydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one by forming picolinic acid derivatives followed by LC-MS. These data show that AKR1D4L and AKR1D4S also act as 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases when presented with Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione and suggest that E120 alters the position the steroid to enable a correct trajectory for hydride transfer and may not act as a "superacid".
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Phumvadee Wangtrakuldee
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tianzhu Zang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ling Duan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Laura L Gathercole
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University, UK
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University, UK
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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8
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Okolo C, Ali MA, Newman M, Chambers SA, Whitt J, Alsharif ZA, Day VW, Alam MA. Hexafluoroisopropanol-Mediated Domino Reaction for the Synthesis of Thiazolo-androstenones: Potent Anticancer Agents. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:17991-18001. [PMID: 30613817 PMCID: PMC6312635 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A cascade reaction of thioamides with 6β-bromoandrostenedione in hexafluoroisopropanol formed substituted thiazolo-androstenones. This is a simple and mild protocol to synthesize novel molecules by using readily available reagents and substrates. Feasibility of the reaction has been rationalized by density functional theory calculations. Moreover, these compounds are potent growth inhibitors of colon, central nervous system, melanoma, ovarian, and renal cancer cell lines with 50% growth inhibition values as low as 1.04 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChrisTina Okolo
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - Mohamad Akbar Ali
- Department
of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Matthew Newman
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - Steven A. Chambers
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - Jedidiah Whitt
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - Zakeyah A. Alsharif
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - Victor W. Day
- Department
of Chemistry, Integrated Science Building, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66046, United States
| | - Mohammad A. Alam
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
- E-mail:
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9
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Cirujano FG, Luz I, Soukri M, Van Goethem C, Vankelecom IFJ, Lail M, De Vos DE. Boosting the Catalytic Performance of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Steroid Transformations by Confinement within a Mesoporous Scaffold. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13302-13306. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco G. Cirujano
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F; 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Ignacio Luz
- RTI International; Research Triangle Park NC 27709-2194 USA
| | | | - Cedric Van Goethem
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F; 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Ivo F. J. Vankelecom
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F; 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Marty Lail
- RTI International; Research Triangle Park NC 27709-2194 USA
| | - Dirk E. De Vos
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F; 3001 Leuven Belgium
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10
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Cirujano FG, Luz I, Soukri M, Van Goethem C, Vankelecom IFJ, Lail M, De Vos DE. Boosting the Catalytic Performance of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Steroid Transformations by Confinement within a Mesoporous Scaffold. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco G. Cirujano
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F; 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Ignacio Luz
- RTI International; Research Triangle Park NC 27709-2194 USA
| | | | - Cedric Van Goethem
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F; 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Ivo F. J. Vankelecom
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F; 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Marty Lail
- RTI International; Research Triangle Park NC 27709-2194 USA
| | - Dirk E. De Vos
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F; 3001 Leuven Belgium
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11
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Identification and functional characterization of four novel aldo/keto reductases in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 by integrating wet lab with in silico approaches. Funct Integr Genomics 2017; 17:413-425. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-017-0547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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12
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Zang T, Tamae D, Mesaros C, Wang Q, Huang M, Blair IA, Penning TM. Simultaneous quantitation of nine hydroxy-androgens and their conjugates in human serum by stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:342-355. [PMID: 27531846 PMCID: PMC5146996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), the fatal form of prostate cancer, remains androgen dependent despite castrate levels of circulating testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). To investigate mechanisms by which the tumor can synthesize its own androgens and develop resistance to abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide, methods to measure a complete androgen profile are imperative. Here, we report the development and validation of a stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (SID-LC-ESI-MS/MS) method to quantify nine human hydroxy-androgens as picolinates, simultaneously with requisite specificity and sensitivity. In the established method, the fragmentation patterns of all nine hydroxy-androgen picolinates were identified, and [13C3]-5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol and [13C3]-5α-androstane-3β, 17β-diol used as internal standards were synthesized enzymatically. Intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy corresponds to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Criteria for Bioanalytical Method Validation. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of nine hydroxy-androgens is 1.0pg to 2.5pg on column. Diols which have been infrequently measured: 5-androstene-3β, 17β-diol and 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol can be determined in serum at values as low as 1.0pg on column. The method also permits the quantitation of conjugated hydroxy-androgens following enzymatic digestion. While direct detection of steroid conjugates by electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry has advantages the detection of unconjugated and conjugated steroids would require separate methods for each set of analytes. Our method was applied to pooled serum from male and female donors to provide reference values for both unconjugated and conjugated hydroxy-androgens. This method will allow us to interrogate the involvement of the conversion of 5-androstene-3β, 17β-diol to T, the backdoor pathway involving the conversion of 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol to DHT and the inactivation of DHT to 5α-androstane-3β, 17β-diol in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Zang
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Daniel Tamae
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Meng Huang
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Ian A Blair
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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13
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Manenda MS, Hamel CJ, Masselot-Joubert L, Picard MÈ, Shi R. Androgen-metabolizing enzymes: A structural perspective. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 161:54-72. [PMID: 26924584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Androgen-metabolizing enzymes convert cholesterol, a relatively inert molecule, into some of the most potent chemical messengers in vertebrates. This conversion involves thermodynamically challenging reactions catalyzed by P450 enzymes and redox reactions catalyzed by Aldo-Keto Reductases (AKRs). This review covers the structures of these enzymes with a focus on active site interactions and proposed mechanisms. Due to their role in a number of diseases, particularly in cancer, androgen-metabolizing enzymes have been targets of drug design. Hence we will also highlight how existing knowledge of structure is being used to this end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahder Seifu Manenda
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Charles Jérémie Hamel
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Loreleï Masselot-Joubert
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Picard
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rong Shi
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Human 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3: structural clues of 5α-DHT reverse binding and enzyme down-regulation decreasing MCF7 cell growth. Biochem J 2016; 473:1037-46. [PMID: 26929402 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human 3α-HSD3 (3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3) plays an essential role in the inactivation of the most potent androgen 5α-DHT (5α-dihydrotestosterone). The present study attempts to obtain the important structure of 3α-HSD3 in complex with 5α-DHT and to investigate the role of 3α-HSD3 in breast cancer cells. We report the crystal structure of human 3α-HSD3·NADP(+)·A-dione (5α-androstane-3,17-dione)/epi-ADT (epiandrosterone) complex, which was obtained by co-crystallization with 5α-DHT in the presence of NADP(+) Although 5α-DHT was introduced during the crystallization, oxidoreduction of 5α-DHT occurred. The locations of A-dione and epi-ADT were identified in the steroid-binding sites of two 3α-HSD3 molecules per crystal asymmetric unit. An overlay showed that A-dione and epi-ADT were oriented upside-down and flipped relative to each other, providing structural clues for 5α-DHT reverse binding in the enzyme with the generation of different products. Moreover, we report the crystal structure of the 3α-HSD3·NADP(+)·4-dione (4-androstene-3,17-dione) complex. When a specific siRNA (100 nM) was used to suppress 3α-HSD3 expression without interfering with 3α-HSD4, which shares a highly homologous active site, the 5α-DHT concentration increased, whereas MCF7 cell growth was suppressed. The present study provides structural clues for 5α-DHT reverse binding within 3α-HSD3, and demonstrates for the first time that down-regulation of 3α-HSD3 decreases MCF7 breast cancer cell growth.
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Rate of steroid double-bond reduction catalysed by the human steroid 5β-reductase (AKR1D1) is sensitive to steroid structure: implications for steroid metabolism and bile acid synthesis. Biochem J 2014; 462:163-71. [PMID: 24894951 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human AKR1D1 (steroid 5β-reductase/aldo-keto reductase 1D1) catalyses the stereospecific reduction of double bonds in Δ4-3-oxosteroids, a unique reaction that introduces a 90° bend at the A/B ring fusion to yield 5β-dihydrosteroids. AKR1D1 is the only enzyme capable of steroid 5β-reduction in humans and plays critical physiological roles. In steroid hormone metabolism, AKR1D1 serves mainly to inactivate the major classes of steroid hormones. AKR1D1 also catalyses key steps of the biosynthetic pathway of bile acids, which regulate lipid emulsification and cholesterol homoeostasis. Interestingly, AKR1D1 displayed a 20-fold variation in the kcat values, with steroid hormone substrates (e.g. aldosterone, testosterone and cortisone) having significantly higher kcat values than steroids with longer side chains (e.g. 7α-hydroxycholestenone, a bile acid precursor). Transient kinetic analysis revealed striking variations up to two orders of magnitude in the rate of the chemistry step (kchem), which resulted in different rate determining steps for the fast and slow substrates. By contrast, similar Kd values were observed for representative fast and slow substrates, suggesting similar rates of release for different steroid products. The release of NADP+ was shown to control the overall turnover for fast substrates, but not for slow substrates. Despite having high kchem values with steroid hormones, the kinetic control of AKR1D1 is consistent with the enzyme catalysing the slowest step in the catabolic sequence of steroid hormone transformation in the liver. The inherent slowness of the conversion of the bile acid precursor by AKR1D1 is also indicative of a regulatory role in bile acid synthesis.
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Chen M, Penning TM. 5β-Reduced steroids and human Δ(4)-3-ketosteroid 5β-reductase (AKR1D1). Steroids 2014; 83:17-26. [PMID: 24513054 PMCID: PMC3971473 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
5β-Reduced steroids are non-planar steroids that have a 90° bend in their structure to create an A/B cis-ring junction. This novel property is required for bile-acids to act as emulsifiers, but in addition 5β-reduced steroids have remarkable physiology and may act as potent tocolytic agents, endogenous cardiac glycosides, neurosteroids, and can act as ligands for orphan and membrane bound receptors. In humans there is only a single 5β-reductase gene AKR1D1, which encodes Δ(4)-3-ketosteroid-5β-reductase (AKR1D1). This enzyme is a member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily, but possesses an altered catalytic tetrad, in which Glu120 replaces the conserved His residue. This predominant liver enzyme generates all 5β-dihydrosteroids in the C19-C27 steroid series. Mutations exist in the AKR1D1 gene, which result in loss of protein stability and are causative in bile-acid deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, United States
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, United States.
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Zhang B, Zhu DW, Hu XJ, Zhou M, Shang P, Lin SX. Human 3-alpha hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (3α-HSD3): the V54L mutation restricting the steroid alternative binding and enhancing the 20α-HSD activity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 141:135-43. [PMID: 24434280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human 3-alpha hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (3α-HSD3) has an essential role in the inactivation of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Notably, human 3α-HSD3 shares 97.8% sequence identity with human 20-alpha hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-HSD) and there is only one amino acid difference (residue 54) that is located in their steroid binding pockets. However, 20α-HSD displays a distinctive ability in transforming progesterone to 20α-hydroxy-progesterone (20α-OHProg). In this study, to understand the role of residue 54 in the steroid binding and discrimination, the V54L mutation in human 3α-HSD3 has been created. We have solved two crystal structures of the 3α-HSD3·NADP(+)·Progesterone complex and the 3α-HSD3 V54L·NADP(+)·progesterone complex. Interestingly, progesterone adopts two different binding modes to form complexes within the wild type enzyme, with one binding mode similar to the orientation of a bile acid (ursodeoxycholate) in the reported ternary complex of human 3α-HSD3·NADP(+)·ursodeoxycholate and the other binding mode resembling the orientation of 20α-OHProg in the ternary complex of human 20α-HSD·NADP(+)·20α-OHProg. However, the V54L mutation directly restricts the steroid binding modes to a unique one, which resembles the orientation of 20α-OHProg within human 20α-HSD. Furthermore, the kinetic study has been carried out. The results show that the V54L mutation significantly decreases the 3α-HSD activity for the reduction of DHT, while this mutation enhances the 20α-HSD activity to convert progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec Research Center (CHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1V4G2, Canada; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Dao-Wei Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec Research Center (CHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1V4G2, Canada
| | - Xiao-Jian Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec Research Center (CHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1V4G2, Canada
| | - Peng Shang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Sheng-Xiang Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec Research Center (CHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1V4G2, Canada; WHO Collaborating Center for Research in Human Reproductive Health, Shanghai 200031, PR China.
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