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Vaughan RA, Henry LK, Foster JD, Brown CR. Post-translational mechanisms in psychostimulant-induced neurotransmitter efflux. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2024; 99:1-33. [PMID: 38467478 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The availability of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain is under the control of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters expressed on the plasma membrane of monoaminergic neurons. By regulating transmitter levels these proteins mediate crucial functions including cognition, attention, and reward, and dysregulation of their activity is linked to mood and psychiatric disorders of these systems. Amphetamine-based transporter substrates stimulate non-exocytotic transmitter efflux that induces psychomotor stimulation, addiction, altered mood, hallucinations, and psychosis, thus constituting a major component of drug neurochemical and behavioral outcomes. Efflux is under the control of transporter post-translational modifications that synergize with other regulatory events, and this review will summarize our knowledge of these processes and their role in drug mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne A Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States.
| | - L Keith Henry
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - James D Foster
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Christopher R Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
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2
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Nepal B, Das S, Reith ME, Kortagere S. Overview of the structure and function of the dopamine transporter and its protein interactions. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1150355. [PMID: 36935752 PMCID: PMC10020207 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1150355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) plays an integral role in dopamine neurotransmission through the clearance of dopamine from the extracellular space. Dysregulation of DAT is central to the pathophysiology of numerous neuropsychiatric disorders and as such is an attractive therapeutic target. DAT belongs to the solute carrier family 6 (SLC6) class of Na+/Cl- dependent transporters that move various cargo into neurons against their concentration gradient. This review focuses on DAT (SCL6A3 protein) while extending the narrative to the closely related transporters for serotonin and norepinephrine where needed for comparison or functional relevance. Cloning and site-directed mutagenesis experiments provided early structural knowledge of DAT but our contemporary understanding was achieved through a combination of crystallization of the related bacterial transporter LeuT, homology modeling, and subsequently the crystallization of drosophila DAT. These seminal findings enabled a better understanding of the conformational states involved in the transport of substrate, subsequently aiding state-specific drug design. Post-translational modifications to DAT such as phosphorylation, palmitoylation, ubiquitination also influence the plasma membrane localization and kinetics. Substrates and drugs can interact with multiple sites within DAT including the primary S1 and S2 sites involved in dopamine binding and novel allosteric sites. Major research has centered around the question what determines the substrate and inhibitor selectivity of DAT in comparison to serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. DAT has been implicated in many neurological disorders and may play a role in the pathology of HIV and Parkinson's disease via direct physical interaction with HIV-1 Tat and α-synuclein proteins respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Nepal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sanjay Das
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maarten E. Reith
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Sandhya Kortagere
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Sandhya Kortagere,
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3
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Huang Y, Huang H, Zhou L, Li J, Chen X, Thomas J, He X, Guo W, Zeng Y, Low BC, Liang F, Zeng J, Ross CA, Tan EK, Smith W, Pei Z. Mutant D620N and VPS35 induces motor dysfunction and impairs DAT-mediated dopamine recycling pathway. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:3886-3896. [PMID: 35766879 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The D620N mutation in vacuolar protein sorting protein 35 (VPS35) gene has been identified to be linked to late onset familial Parkinson disease (PD). However, the pathophysiological roles of VPS35-D620N in PD remain unclear. Here, we generated the transgenic C. elegans overexpressing either human wild type or PD-linked mutant VPS35-D620N in neurons. C. elegans expressing VPS35-D620N, compared with non-transgenic controls, showed movement disorders and dopaminergic neuron loss. VPS35-D620N worms displayed more swimming induced paralysis but showed no defects in BSR assays, thus indicating the disruption of dopamine (DA) recycling back inside neurons. Moreover, VPS35 formed a protein interaction complex with DA transporter (DAT), RAB5, RAB11, and FAM21. In contrast, the VPS35-D620N mutant destabilized these interactions, thus disrupting DAT transport from early endosomes to recycling endosomes, and decreasing DAT at the cell suffice. These effects together increased DA in synaptic clefts, and led to dopaminergic neuron degeneration and motor dysfunction. Treatment with reserpine significantly decreased the swimming induced paralysis in VPS35-D620N worms, as compared with vehicle treated VPS35-D620N worms. Our studies not only provide novel insight into the mechanisms of VPS35-D620N-induced dopaminergic neuron degeneration and motor dysfunction via disruption of DAT function and the DA signaling pathway, but also indicate a potential strategy to treat VPS35-D620N related PD and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Heng Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Leping Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Joseph Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy
| | - Xiaofei He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wenyuan Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yixuan Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Boon Chuan Low
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute
| | - Fengyin Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jinsheng Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Neurobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore. Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Wanli Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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Mannangatti P, Ragu Varman D, Ramamoorthy S, Jayanthi LD. Neurokinin-1 Antagonism Distinguishes the Role of Norepinephrine Transporter from Dopamine Transporter in Mediating Amphetamine Behaviors. Pharmacology 2021; 106:597-605. [PMID: 34515205 DOI: 10.1159/000518033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amphetamine (AMPH) and other psychostimulants act on the norepinephrine (NE) transporter (NET) and the dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) and enhance NE and DA signaling. Both NET and DAT share anatomical and functional characteristics and are regulated similarly by psychostimulants and receptor-linked signaling pathways. We and others have demonstrated that NET and DAT are downregulated by AMPH and substance P/neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R)-mediated protein kinase C pathway. OBJECTIVES Since both NET and DAT are downregulated by AMPH and NK1R activation and share high sequence homology, the objective of the study was to determine the catecholamine transporter specificity in NK1R modulation of AMPH-induced behaviors. METHODS The effect of NK1R antagonism on AMPH-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) as well as AMPH-induced NET and DAT downregulation was examined using NET and DAT knockout mice (NET-KO and DAT-KO) along with their wild-type littermates. RESULTS Aprepitant (5 mg/kg i.p.) significantly attenuated AMPH (2 mg/kg i.p.)-induced CPP in the wild-type and DAT-KO but not in the NET-KO. Locomotor activity measured during the post-conditioning test (in the absence of AMPH) showed higher locomotor activity in DAT-KO compared to wild-type or NET-KO. However, the locomotor activity of all 3 genotypes remained unchanged following aprepitant. Additionally, in the ventral striatum of wild-type, the AMPH-induced downregulation of NET function and surface expression but not that of DAT was attenuated by aprepitant. CONCLUSIONS The results from the current study demonstrate that aprepitant attenuates the expression of AMPH-induced CPP in DAT-KO mice but not in NET-KO mice suggesting a role for NK1R-mediated NET regulation in AMPH-induced behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanabhan Mannangatti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Durairaj Ragu Varman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sammanda Ramamoorthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Lankupalle D Jayanthi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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5
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Christensen M, Nørr SE, Gether U, Rickhag M. Direct-Pathway Spiny Projection Neuron Inhibition Evokes Transient Circuit Imbalance Manifested as Rotational Behavior. Neuroscience 2020; 453:32-42. [PMID: 33253825 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The striatum collects and integrates information from many different areas of the brain and propels this forward to the basal ganglia (BG) output structures. In this way, the striatum is playing a pivotal role in control of voluntary movements and is implicated in debilitating movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. The functional backbone of the striatum is represented by direct pathway (dSPN) Drd1-expressing and indirect pathway (iSPN) Drd2-expressing spiny projection neurons (SPN), exerting opposite effects on movement. In rodent models of striatal function, unilateral dopamine deprivation is known to induce ipsilateral rotational behavior. To further study imbalance of the BG circuit and striatal domain influence on behavioral outcome, we employed a viral approach based on tetanus toxin light chain (TeLC) activity for permanent inhibition of dSPN activity in dorsomedial striatum (DMS). Cre-dependent TeLC injected unilaterally into the DMS of Drd1-Cre mice resulted in robust expression of TeLC in the dSPN cell populations as shown by immunohistochemistry. In the TeLC expressing mice, but not in control mice, we observed ipsilateral rotations that were enhanced upon administration of amphetamine to augment striatal dopamine levels. We argue that the observed single turns of ipsilateral rotations occur because of TeLC-mediated silencing of dSPN activity in one hemisphere, causing unresponsiveness to dopamine transients during movement initiation. This evokes a temporal BG circuit imbalance manifested as short bursts of rotations, particular evident during extrinsic dopaminergic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Christensen
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Emil Nørr
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; H. Lundbeck A/S, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Gether
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mattias Rickhag
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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6
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Rosenbaum MI, Clemmensen LS, Bredt DS, Bettler B, Strømgaard K. Targeting receptor complexes: a new dimension in drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:884-901. [PMID: 33177699 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Targeting receptor proteins, such as ligand-gated ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors, has directly enabled the discovery of most drugs developed to modulate receptor signalling. However, as the search for novel and improved drugs continues, an innovative approach - targeting receptor complexes - is emerging. Receptor complexes are composed of core receptor proteins and receptor-associated proteins, which have profound effects on the overall receptor structure, function and localization. Hence, targeting key protein-protein interactions within receptor complexes provides an opportunity to develop more selective drugs with fewer side effects. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of ligand-gated ion channel and G protein-coupled receptor complexes and discuss strategies for their pharmacological modulation. Although such strategies are still in preclinical development for most receptor complexes, they exemplify how receptor complexes can be drugged, and lay the groundwork for this nascent area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Ishøy Rosenbaum
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise S Clemmensen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David S Bredt
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bernhard Bettler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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Jayaraman K, Das AK, Luethi D, Szöllősi D, Schütz GJ, Reith MEA, Sitte HH, Stockner T. SLC6 transporter oligomerization. J Neurochem 2020; 157:919-929. [PMID: 32767560 PMCID: PMC8247324 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transporters of the solute carrier 6 (SLC6) family mediate the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, and glycine. SLC6 family members are 12 transmembrane helix‐spanning proteins that operate using the transmembrane sodium gradient for transport. These transporters assume various quaternary arrangements ranging from monomers to complex stoichiometries with multiple subunits. Dopamine and serotonin transporter oligomerization has been implicated in trafficking of newly formed proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane with a pre‐fixed assembly. Once at the plasma membrane, oligomers are kept fixed in their quaternary assembly by interaction with phosphoinositides. While it remains unclear how oligomer formation precisely affects physiological transporter function, it has been shown that oligomerization supports the activity of release‐type psychostimulants. Most recently, single molecule microscopy experiments unveiled that the stoichiometry differs between individual members of the SLC6 family. The present overview summarizes our understanding of the influence of plasma membrane constituents on transporter oligomerization, describes the known interfaces between protomers and discusses open questions. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumaresan Jayaraman
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anand K Das
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dino Luethi
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dániel Szöllősi
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard J Schütz
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maarten E A Reith
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Harald H Sitte
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Stockner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Christensen NR, Čalyševa J, Fernandes EFA, Lüchow S, Clemmensen LS, Haugaard‐Kedström LM, Strømgaard K. PDZ Domains as Drug Targets. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019; 2:1800143. [PMID: 32313833 PMCID: PMC7161847 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions within protein networks shape the human interactome, which often is promoted by specialized protein interaction modules, such as the postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), discs-large, zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) (PDZ) domains. PDZ domains play a role in several cellular functions, from cell-cell communication and polarization, to regulation of protein transport and protein metabolism. PDZ domain proteins are also crucial in the formation and stability of protein complexes, establishing an important bridge between extracellular stimuli detected by transmembrane receptors and intracellular responses. PDZ domains have been suggested as promising drug targets in several diseases, ranging from neurological and oncological disorders to viral infections. In this review, the authors describe structural and genetic aspects of PDZ-containing proteins and discuss the current status of the development of small-molecule and peptide modulators of PDZ domains. An overview of potential new therapeutic interventions in PDZ-mediated protein networks is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj R. Christensen
- Center for BiopharmaceuticalsDepartment of Drug Design and PharmacologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 22100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jelena Čalyševa
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)Structural and Computational Biology UnitMeyerhofstraße 169117HeidelbergGermany
- EMBL International PhD ProgrammeFaculty of BiosciencesEMBL–Heidelberg UniversityGermany
| | - Eduardo F. A. Fernandes
- Center for BiopharmaceuticalsDepartment of Drug Design and PharmacologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 22100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Susanne Lüchow
- Department of Chemistry – BMCUppsala UniversityBox 576SE75123UppsalaSweden
| | - Louise S. Clemmensen
- Center for BiopharmaceuticalsDepartment of Drug Design and PharmacologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 22100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Linda M. Haugaard‐Kedström
- Center for BiopharmaceuticalsDepartment of Drug Design and PharmacologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 22100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Center for BiopharmaceuticalsDepartment of Drug Design and PharmacologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 22100CopenhagenDenmark
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9
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Abstract
Cell nutrition, detoxification, signalling, homeostasis and response to drugs, processes related to cell growth, differentiation and survival are all mediated by plasma membrane (PM) proteins called transporters. Despite their distinct fine structures, mechanism of function, energetic requirements, kinetics and substrate specificities, all transporters are characterized by a main hydrophobic body embedded in the PM as a series of tightly packed, often intertwined, α-helices that traverse the lipid bilayer in a zigzag mode, connected with intracellular or extracellular loops and hydrophilic N- and C-termini. Whereas longstanding genetic, biochemical and biophysical evidence suggests that specific transmembrane segments, and also their connecting loops, are responsible for substrate recognition and transport dynamics, emerging evidence also reveals the functional importance of transporter N- and C-termini, in respect to transport catalysis, substrate specificity, subcellular expression, stability and signalling. This review highlights selected prototypic examples of transporters in which their termini play important roles in their functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Mikros
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - George Diallinas
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15781 Athens, Greece
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10
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G protein-coupled receptor signaling in VTA dopaminergic neurons bidirectionally regulates the acute locomotor response to amphetamine but does not affect behavioral sensitization. Neuropharmacology 2019; 161:107663. [PMID: 31173760 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH) acts as a substrate of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and causes a dramatic increase in extracellular dopamine (DA). Upon entering DA neurons, AMPH promotes DA efflux via DAT through a mechanism implicating depletion of DA from vesicular stores, activation of kinase pathways and transporter phosphorylation. Despite the role of intracellular signaling for AMPH action, it remains elusive how the response to AMPH is affected in vivo by metabotropic regulation via G protein coupled receptor signaling pathways. Here, we show by employment of Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) that the acute hyperlocomotor response to AMPH is bidirectionally regulated by metabotropic input to VTA DA neurons with a markedly enhanced response upon activation of a Gs-coupled pathway and a markedly decreased locomotor response upon activation of a Gi-coupled pathway. The unique mechanism of action for AMPH was underlined by the absence of an effect of Gs activation on the locomotor response to the DAT inhibitor cocaine. Regardless of the profound effect on the acute AMPH response, repeated Gs activation or Gi activation did not affect development of AMPH sensitization. Furthermore, activation of a Gs-pathway or activation of a Gi-pathway in DA neurons did not have any effect on the AMPH-induced locomotor response in the AMPH sensitized mice. This suggests induction of alterations in DA neuronal functions that overrule the stimulatory or inhibitory effect of metabotropic input seen in drug-naïve mice. The data thereby underline the remarkable strength of maladaptive changes that occur upon intake of strong psychostimulants. This article is part of the issue entitled 'Special Issue on Neurotransmitter Transporters'.
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11
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Abstract
There is a plethora of amphetamine derivatives exerting stimulant, euphoric, anti-fatigue, and hallucinogenic effects; all structural properties allowing these effects are contained within the amphetamine structure. In the first part of this review, the interaction of amphetamine with the dopamine transporter (DAT), crucially involved in its behavioral effects, is covered, as well as the role of dopamine synthesis, the vesicular monoamine transporter VMAT2, and organic cation 3 transporter (OCT3). The second part deals with requirements in amphetamine's effect on the kinases PKC, CaMKII, and ERK, whereas the third part focuses on where we are in developing anti-amphetamine therapeutics. Thus, treatments are discussed that target DAT, VMAT2, PKC, CaMKII, and OCT3. As is generally true for the development of therapeutics for substance use disorder, there are multiple preclinically promising specific compounds against (meth)amphetamine, for which further development and clinical trials are badly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten E A Reith
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Margaret E Gnegy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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12
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Hasenhuetl PS, Bhat S, Freissmuth M, Sandtner W. Functional Selectivity and Partial Efficacy at the Monoamine Transporters: A Unified Model of Allosteric Modulation and Amphetamine-Induced Substrate Release. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 95:303-312. [PMID: 30567955 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.114793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
All clinically approved drugs targeting the plasmalemmal transporters for dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin act either as competitive uptake inhibitors or as amphetamine-like releasers. Monoamine transporter (MAT) ligands that allosterically affect MAT-mediated substrate uptake, release, or both were recently discovered. Their modes of action have not yet been explained in a unified framework. Here, we go beyond competitive inhibitors and classic amphetamines and introduce concepts for partial efficacy at and allosteric modulation of MATs. After we elaborate on a kinetic account for amphetamine action, we provide an explanation for partial release (i.e., the observation that some amphetamines are less efficacious than others in inducing monoamine efflux). We then elucidate mechanisms of allosteric inhibition and stimulation of MATs, which can be functionally selective for either substrate uptake or amphetamine-induced release. These concepts are integrated into a parsimonious kinetic framework, which relies exclusively on physiologic transport modes (without any deviation from an alternating access mechanism). The model posits cooperative substrate and Na+ binding and functional selectivity by conformational selection (i.e., preference of the allosteric modulators for the substrate-loaded or substrate-free states of the transporter). Thus, current knowledge about the kinetics of monoamine transport is sufficiently detailed to provide a quantitative description of the releasing action of amphetamines, of substrate uptake, and of selective modulation thereof by allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Hasenhuetl
- Institute of Pharmacology, Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shreyas Bhat
- Institute of Pharmacology, Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Freissmuth
- Institute of Pharmacology, Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Sandtner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Efimova EV, Gainetdinov RR, Budygin EA, Sotnikova TD. Dopamine transporter mutant animals: a translational perspective. J Neurogenet 2017; 30:5-15. [PMID: 27276191 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2016.1144751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) plays an important homeostatic role in the control of both the extracellular and intraneuronal concentrations of dopamine, thereby providing effective control over activity of dopaminergic transmission. Since brain dopamine is known to be involved in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders, investigations using mice with genetically altered DAT function and thus intensity of dopamine-mediated signaling have provided numerous insights into the pathology of these disorders and novel pathological mechanisms that could be targeted to provide new therapeutic approaches for these disorders. In this brief overview, we discuss recent investigations involving animals with genetically altered DAT function, particularly focusing on translational studies providing new insights into pathology and pharmacology of dopamine-related disorders. Perspective applications of these and newly developed models of DAT dysfunction are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya V Efimova
- a Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg , Russia ;,b Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Skolkovo , Moscow Region , Russia
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- a Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg , Russia ;,b Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Skolkovo , Moscow Region , Russia
| | - Evgeny A Budygin
- a Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg , Russia ;,c Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA
| | - Tatyana D Sotnikova
- a Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg , Russia
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14
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Mannangatti P, Ramamoorthy S, Jayanthi LD. Interference of norepinephrine transporter trafficking motif attenuates amphetamine-induced locomotor hyperactivity and conditioned place preference. Neuropharmacology 2017; 128:132-141. [PMID: 28986281 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH)-mediated norepinephrine transporter (NET) downregulation requires NET-T258/S259 trafficking motif. The present study utilizes cell permeable NET-T258/S259 motif interfering peptide, which blocks AMPH-induced NET downregulation, to explore the role of this form of NET regulation in AMPH-mediated behaviors. In rats receiving intra-accumbal microinjections of TAT-conjugated peptides encompassing NET-T258/S259 motif, acute systemic AMPH failed to inhibit NE transport in the TAT-NET-T258/S259 wild-type (WT) peptide injected hemisphere but not in the vehicle or scrambled peptide injected hemisphere. Acute AMPH-induced hyperactivity was significantly reduced in rats receiving intra-accumbal TAT-NET-T258/S259 WT peptide compared to those receiving intra-accumbal vehicle or TAT-NET-T258A/S259A mutant peptide or corresponding TAT-conjugated scrambled peptide. Basal locomotor activity was not altered by peptide infusions alone. Similarly AMPH-induced locomotor sensitization was significantly reduced in rats receiving intra-accumbal TAT-NET-T258/S259 WT peptide prior to AMPH challenge and not in rats receiving the mutant or scrambled peptide. In conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm, a single bilateral intra-accumbal microinjection of TAT-NET-T258/S259 WT peptide prior to CPP testing significantly reduced AMPH-induced CPP expression. Likewise, a single bilateral intra-accumbal microinjection of TAT-NET-T258/S259 WT peptide prior to drug-challenge significantly attenuated AMPH-primed CPP reinstatement. On the other hand, bilateral intra-accumbal microinjection of scrambled peptide did not affect AMPH-induced CPP expression or reinstatement. These data demonstrate a role for T258/S259-dependent NET regulation in AMPH-induced hyperactivity and sensitization as well as AMPH-induced CPP expression and reinstatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanabhan Mannangatti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Sammanda Ramamoorthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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15
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Sweeney CG, Tremblay BP, Stockner T, Sitte HH, Melikian HE. Dopamine Transporter Amino and Carboxyl Termini Synergistically Contribute to Substrate and Inhibitor Affinities. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1302-1309. [PMID: 27986813 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.762872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular dopamine and serotonin concentrations are determined by the presynaptic dopamine (DAT) and serotonin (SERT) transporters, respectively. Numerous studies have investigated the DAT and SERT structural elements contributing to inhibitor and substrate binding. To date, crystallographic studies have focused on conserved transmembrane domains, where multiple substrate binding and translocation features are conserved. However, it is unknown what, if any, role the highly divergent intracellular N and C termini contribute to these processes. Here, we used chimeric proteins to test whether DAT and SERT N and C termini contribute to transporter substrate and inhibitor affinities. Replacing the DAT N terminus with that of SERT had no effect on DA transport Vmax but significantly decreased DAT substrate affinities for DA and amphetamine. Similar losses in uptake inhibition were observed for small DAT inhibitors, whereas substituting the DAT C terminus with that of SERT affected neither substrate nor inhibitor affinities. In contrast, the N-terminal substitution was completely tolerated by the larger DAT inhibitors, which exhibited no loss in apparent affinity. Remarkably, all affinity losses were rescued in DAT chimeras encoding both SERT N and C termini. The sensitivity to amino-terminal substitution was specific for DAT, because replacing the SERT N and/or C termini affected neither substrate nor inhibitor affinities. Taken together, these findings provide compelling experimental evidence that DAT N and C termini synergistically contribute to substrate and inhibitor affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn G Sweeney
- From the Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01604 and
| | - Bradford P Tremblay
- From the Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01604 and
| | - Thomas Stockner
- the Institute for Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald H Sitte
- the Institute for Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Haley E Melikian
- From the Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01604 and
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16
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Bermingham DP, Blakely RD. Kinase-dependent Regulation of Monoamine Neurotransmitter Transporters. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:888-953. [PMID: 27591044 PMCID: PMC5050440 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.012260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of neurotransmission by the monoamines dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT) is critical for normal nervous system function. Precise temporal and spatial control of this signaling in mediated in large part by the actions of monoamine transporters (DAT, NET, and SERT, respectively). These transporters act to recapture their respective neurotransmitters after release, and disruption of clearance and reuptake has significant effects on physiology and behavior and has been linked to a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. To ensure adequate and dynamic control of these transporters, multiple modes of control have evolved to regulate their activity and trafficking. Central to many of these modes of control are the actions of protein kinases, whose actions can be direct or indirectly mediated by kinase-modulated protein interactions. Here, we summarize the current state of our understanding of how protein kinases regulate monoamine transporters through changes in activity, trafficking, phosphorylation state, and interacting partners. We highlight genetic, biochemical, and pharmacological evidence for kinase-linked control of DAT, NET, and SERT and, where applicable, provide evidence for endogenous activators of these pathways. We hope our discussion can lead to a more nuanced and integrated understanding of how neurotransmitter transporters are controlled and may contribute to disorders that feature perturbed monoamine signaling, with an ultimate goal of developing better therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Bermingham
- Department of Pharmacology (D.P.B., R.D.B.) and Psychiatry (R.D.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida (R.D.B.)
| | - Randy D Blakely
- Department of Pharmacology (D.P.B., R.D.B.) and Psychiatry (R.D.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida (R.D.B.)
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17
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Golovko AI, Bonitenko EY, Ivanov MB, Barinov VA, Zatsepin EP. The neurochemical bases of the pharmacological activity of ligands of monoamine-transport systems. NEUROCHEM J+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712416030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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German CL, Baladi MG, McFadden LM, Hanson GR, Fleckenstein AE. Regulation of the Dopamine and Vesicular Monoamine Transporters: Pharmacological Targets and Implications for Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 67:1005-24. [PMID: 26408528 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.010397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) plays a well recognized role in a variety of physiologic functions such as movement, cognition, mood, and reward. Consequently, many human disorders are due, in part, to dysfunctional dopaminergic systems, including Parkinson's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and substance abuse. Drugs that modify the DA system are clinically effective in treating symptoms of these diseases or are involved in their manifestation, implicating DA in their etiology. DA signaling and distribution are primarily modulated by the DA transporter (DAT) and by vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)-2, which transport DA into presynaptic terminals and synaptic vesicles, respectively. These transporters are regulated by complex processes such as phosphorylation, protein-protein interactions, and changes in intracellular localization. This review provides an overview of 1) the current understanding of DAT and VMAT2 neurobiology, including discussion of studies ranging from those conducted in vitro to those involving human subjects; 2) the role of these transporters in disease and how these transporters are affected by disease; and 3) and how selected drugs alter the function and expression of these transporters. Understanding the regulatory processes and the pathologic consequences of DAT and VMAT2 dysfunction underlies the evolution of therapeutic development for the treatment of DA-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L German
- School of Dentistry (C.L.G., M.G.B., G.R.H., A.E.F.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (L.M.M., G.R.H.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Michelle G Baladi
- School of Dentistry (C.L.G., M.G.B., G.R.H., A.E.F.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (L.M.M., G.R.H.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Lisa M McFadden
- School of Dentistry (C.L.G., M.G.B., G.R.H., A.E.F.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (L.M.M., G.R.H.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Glen R Hanson
- School of Dentistry (C.L.G., M.G.B., G.R.H., A.E.F.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (L.M.M., G.R.H.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Annette E Fleckenstein
- School of Dentistry (C.L.G., M.G.B., G.R.H., A.E.F.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (L.M.M., G.R.H.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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19
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Membrane potential shapes regulation of dopamine transporter trafficking at the plasma membrane. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10423. [PMID: 26804245 PMCID: PMC4737753 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic system is essential for cognitive processes, including reward, attention and motor control. In addition to DA release and availability of synaptic DA receptors, timing and magnitude of DA neurotransmission depend on extracellular DA-level regulation by the dopamine transporter (DAT), the membrane expression and trafficking of which are highly dynamic. Data presented here from real-time TIRF (TIRFM) and confocal microscopy coupled with surface biotinylation and electrophysiology suggest that changes in the membrane potential alone, a universal yet dynamic cellular property, rapidly alter trafficking of DAT to and from the surface membrane. Broadly, these findings suggest that cell-surface DAT levels are sensitive to membrane potential changes, which can rapidly drive DAT internalization from and insertion into the cell membrane, thus having an impact on the capacity for DAT to regulate extracellular DA levels. The dopaminergic system has important roles in a number of cognitive process. Here, the authors use detailed analysis of dopamine transporter trafficking to show its levels at the cell surface are sensitive to changes in membrane potential.
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20
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Tracer Flux Measurements to Study Outward Transport by Monoamine Neurotransmitter Transporters. NEUROMETHODS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3765-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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Apuschkin M, Stilling S, Rahbek-Clemmensen T, Sørensen G, Fortin G, Herborg Hansen F, Eriksen J, Trudeau LE, Egerod K, Gether U, Rickhag M. A novel dopamine transporter transgenic mouse line for identification and purification of midbrain dopaminergic neurons reveals midbrain heterogeneity. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:2438-54. [PMID: 26286107 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons are a heterogeneous cell group, composed of functionally distinct cell populations projecting to the basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex and limbic system. Despite their functional significance, the midbrain population of DAergic neurons is sparse, constituting only 20 000-30 000 neurons in mice, and development of novel tools to identify these cells is warranted. Here, a bacterial artificial chromosome mouse line [Dat1-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)] from the Gene Expression Nervous System Atlas (GENSAT) that expresses eGFP under control of the dopamine transporter (DAT) promoter was characterized. Confocal microscopy analysis of brain sections showed strong eGFP signal reporter in midbrain regions and striatal terminals that co-localized with the DAergic markers DAT and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Thorough quantification of co-localization of the eGFP reporter signal with DAT and TH in the ventral midbrain showed that a vast majority of eGFP-expressing neurons are DAergic. Importantly, expression profiles also revealed DAergic heterogeneity when comparing substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Dat1-eGFP mice showed neither change in synaptosomal DA uptake nor altered levels of DAT and TH in both striatum and midbrain. No behavioural difference between Dat1-eGFP and wild-type was found, suggesting that the strain is not aberrant. Finally, cell populations highly enriched in DAergic neurons can be obtained from postnatal mice by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and the sorted neurons can be cultured in vitro. The current investigation demonstrates that eGFP expression in this mouse line is selective for DAergic neurons, suggesting that the Dat1-eGFP mouse strain constitutes a promising tool for delineating new aspects of DA biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Apuschkin
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Lundbeck Foundation Center for Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Stilling
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Lundbeck Foundation Center for Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Troels Rahbek-Clemmensen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Lundbeck Foundation Center for Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Sørensen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Lundbeck Foundation Center for Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guillaume Fortin
- Department of Pharmacology and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Freja Herborg Hansen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Lundbeck Foundation Center for Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Eriksen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Lundbeck Foundation Center for Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louis-Eric Trudeau
- Department of Pharmacology and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kristoffer Egerod
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Gether
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Lundbeck Foundation Center for Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mattias Rickhag
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Lundbeck Foundation Center for Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Amphetamine action at the cocaine- and antidepressant-sensitive serotonin transporter is modulated by αCaMKII. J Neurosci 2015; 35:8258-71. [PMID: 26019340 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4034-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonergic neurotransmission is terminated by reuptake of extracellular serotonin (5-HT) by the high-affinity serotonin transporter (SERT). Selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine or escitalopram inhibit SERT and are currently the principal treatment for depression and anxiety disorders. In addition, SERT is a major molecular target for psychostimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines. Amphetamine-induced transport reversal at the closely related dopamine transporter (DAT) has been shown previously to be contingent upon modulation by calmodulin kinase IIα (αCaMKII). Here, we show that not only DAT, but also SERT, is regulated by αCaMKII. Inhibition of αCaMKII activity markedly decreased amphetamine-triggered SERT-mediated substrate efflux in both cells coexpressing SERT and αCaMKII and brain tissue preparations. The interaction between SERT and αCaMKII was verified using biochemical assays and FRET analysis and colocalization of the two molecules was confirmed in primary serotonergic neurons in culture. Moreover, we found that genetic deletion of αCaMKII impaired the locomotor response of mice to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (also known as "ecstasy") and blunted d-fenfluramine-induced prolactin release, substantiating the importance of αCaMKII modulation for amphetamine action at SERT in vivo as well. SERT-mediated substrate uptake was neither affected by inhibition of nor genetic deficiency in αCaMKII. This finding supports the concept that uptake and efflux at monoamine transporters are asymmetric processes that can be targeted separately. Ultimately, this may provide a molecular mechanism for putative drug developments to treat amphetamine addiction.
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23
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Mannangatti P, NarasimhaNaidu K, Damaj MI, Ramamoorthy S, Jayanthi LD. A Role for p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase-mediated Threonine 30-dependent Norepinephrine Transporter Regulation in Cocaine Sensitization and Conditioned Place Preference. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:10814-27. [PMID: 25724654 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The noradrenergic and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) systems are implicated in cocaine-elicited behaviors. Previously, we demonstrated a role for p38 MAPK-mediated norepinephrine transporter (NET) Thr(30) phosphorylation in cocaine-induced NET up-regulation (Mannangatti, P., Arapulisamy, O., Shippenberg, T. S., Ramamoorthy, S., and Jayanthi, L. D. (2011) J. Biol. Chem. 286, 20239-20250). The present study explored the functional interaction between p38 MAPK-mediated NET regulation and cocaine-induced behaviors. In vitro cocaine treatment of mouse prefrontal cortex synaptosomes resulted in enhanced NET function, surface expression, and phosphorylation. Pretreatment with PD169316, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, completely blocked cocaine-mediated NET up-regulation and phosphorylation. In mice, in vivo administration of p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 completely blocked cocaine-induced NET up-regulation and p38 MAPK activation in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. When tested for cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference (CPP), mice receiving SB203580 on cocaine challenge day or on postconditioning test day exhibited significantly reduced cocaine sensitization and CPP. A transactivator of transcription (TAT) peptide strategy was utilized to test the involvement of the NET-Thr(30) motif. In vitro treatment of synaptosomes with TAT-NET-Thr(30) (wild-type peptide) completely blocked cocaine-mediated NET up-regulation and phosphorylation. In vivo administration of TAT-NET-Thr(30) peptide but not TAT-NET-T30A (mutant peptide) completely blocked cocaine-mediated NET up-regulation and phosphorylation. In the cocaine CPP paradigm, mice receiving TAT-NET-Thr(30) but not TAT-NET-T30A on postconditioning test day exhibited significantly reduced cocaine CPP. Following extinction, TAT-NET-Thr(30) when given prior to cocaine challenge significantly reduced reinstatement of cocaine CPP. These results demonstrate that the direct inhibition of p38 MAPK or the manipulation of NET-Thr(30) motif/phosphorylation via a TAT peptide strategy prevents cocaine-induced NET up-regulation, locomotor sensitization, and CPP, suggesting a role for Thr(30)-linked NET regulation in cocaine-elicited behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanabhan Mannangatti
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | | | - Mohamad Imad Damaj
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Sammanda Ramamoorthy
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
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24
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Sitte HH, Freissmuth M. Amphetamines, new psychoactive drugs and the monoamine transporter cycle. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 36:41-50. [PMID: 25542076 PMCID: PMC4502921 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In monoaminergic neurons, the vesicular transporters and the plasma membrane transporters operate in a relay. Amphetamine and its congeners target this relay to elicit their actions: most amphetamines are substrates, which pervert the relay to elicit efflux of monoamines into the synaptic cleft. However, some amphetamines act as transporter inhibitors. Both compound classes elicit profound psychostimulant effects, which render them liable to recreational abuse. Currently, a surge of new psychoactive substances occurs on a global scale. Chemists bypass drug bans by ingenuous structural variations, resulting in a rich pharmacology. A credible transport model must account for their distinct mode of action and link this to subtle differences in activity and undesired, potentially deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald H Sitte
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 13A, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Center for Addiction Research and Science (AddRess), Medical University Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 13A, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Freissmuth
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 13A, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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25
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Steinkellner T, Mus L, Eisenrauch B, Constantinescu A, Leo D, Konrad L, Rickhag M, Sørensen G, Efimova EV, Kong E, Willeit M, Sotnikova TD, Kudlacek O, Gether U, Freissmuth M, Pollak DD, Gainetdinov RR, Sitte HH. In vivo amphetamine action is contingent on αCaMKII. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2681-93. [PMID: 24871545 PMCID: PMC4207348 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Addiction to psychostimulants (ie, amphetamines and cocaine) imposes a major socioeconomic burden. Prevention and treatment represent unmet medical needs, which may be addressed, if the mechanisms underlying psychostimulant action are understood. Cocaine acts as a blocker at the transporters for dopamine (DAT), serotonin (SERT), and norepinephrine (NET), but amphetamines are substrates that do not only block the uptake of monoamines but also induce substrate efflux by promoting reverse transport. Reverse transport has been a focus of research for decades but its mechanistic basis still remains enigmatic. Recently, transporter-interacting proteins were found to regulate amphetamine-triggered reverse transport: calmodulin kinase IIα (αCaMKII) is a prominent example, because it binds the carboxyl terminus of DAT, phosphorylates its amino terminus, and supports amphetamine-induced substrate efflux in vitro. Here, we investigated whether, in vivo, the action of amphetamine was contingent on the presence of αCaMKII by recording the behavioral and neurochemical effects of amphetamine. Measurement of dopamine efflux in the dorsal striatum by microdialysis revealed that amphetamine induced less dopamine efflux in mice lacking αCaMKII. Consistent with this observation, the acute locomotor responses to amphetamine were also significantly blunted in αCaMKII-deficient mice. In addition, while the rewarding properties of amphetamine were preserved in αCaMKII-deficient mice, their behavioral sensitization to amphetamine was markedly reduced. Our findings demonstrate that amphetamine requires the presence of αCaMKII to elicit a full-fledged effect on DAT in vivo: αCaMKII does not only support acute amphetamine-induced dopamine efflux but is also important in shaping the chronic response to amphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Steinkellner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for
Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Strasse,
Vienna, Austria
| | - Liudmilla Mus
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain
Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego,
Genova, Italy,Department of Psychopharmacology,
Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov Medical University, St
Petersburg, Russia
| | - Birgit Eisenrauch
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for
Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Strasse,
Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreea Constantinescu
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for
Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Strasse,
Vienna, Austria
| | - Damiana Leo
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain
Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego,
Genova, Italy
| | - Lisa Konrad
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for
Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Strasse,
Vienna, Austria
| | - Mattias Rickhag
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics
Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and
Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen,
Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Sørensen
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics
Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and
Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen,
Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Evgenia V Efimova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and
Technology (Skoltech), Skolkovo, Moscow,
Russia
| | - Eryan Kong
- Department of Neurophysiology and
Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University
Vienna, Waehringer Strasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthäus Willeit
- Department of Psychiatry and
Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel,
Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatyana D Sotnikova
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain
Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego,
Genova, Italy
| | - Oliver Kudlacek
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for
Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Strasse,
Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrik Gether
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics
Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and
Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen,
Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Freissmuth
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for
Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Strasse,
Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela D Pollak
- Department of Neurophysiology and
Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University
Vienna, Waehringer Strasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain
Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego,
Genova, Italy,Skolkovo Institute of Science and
Technology (Skoltech), Skolkovo, Moscow,
Russia,Faculty of Biology and Soil Science, St
Petersburg State University, St Petersburg,
Russia
| | - Harald H Sitte
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for
Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Strasse,
Vienna, Austria,Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and
Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 13A,
Vienna
1090, Austria, Tel: +43 1 40160 31323, Fax: +43 1
40160 931300, E-mail:
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