1
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Chen Y, Kokic G, Dienemann C, Dybkov O, Urlaub H, Cramer P. Structure of the transcribing RNA polymerase II-Elongin complex. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:1925-1935. [PMID: 37932450 PMCID: PMC10716050 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01138-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Elongin is a heterotrimeric elongation factor for RNA polymerase (Pol) II transcription that is conserved among metazoa. Here, we report three cryo-EM structures of human Elongin bound to transcribing Pol II. The structures show that Elongin subunit ELOA binds the RPB2 side of Pol II and anchors the ELOB-ELOC subunit heterodimer. ELOA contains a 'latch' that binds between the end of the Pol II bridge helix and funnel helices, thereby inducing a conformational change near the polymerase active center. The latch is required for the elongation-stimulatory activity of Elongin, but not for Pol II binding, indicating that Elongin functions by allosterically regulating the conformational mobility of the polymerase active center. Elongin binding to Pol II is incompatible with association of the super elongation complex, PAF1 complex and RTF1, which also contain an elongation-stimulatory latch element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Goran Kokic
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Dienemann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olexandr Dybkov
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Bioanalytics Group, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence 'Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells' (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Cramer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
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2
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Pal S, Biswas D. Promoter-proximal regulation of gene transcription: Key factors involved and emerging role of general transcription factors in assisting productive elongation. Gene 2023:147571. [PMID: 37331491 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The pausing of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) at the promoter-proximal sites is a key rate-limiting step in gene expression. Cells have dedicated a specific set of proteins that sequentially establish pause and then release the Pol II from promoter-proximal sites. A well-controlled pausing and subsequent release of Pol II is crucial for thefine tuning of expression of genes including signal-responsive and developmentally-regulated ones. The release of paused Pol II broadly involves its transition from initiation to elongation. In this review article, we will discuss the phenomenon of Pol II pausing, the underlying mechanism, and also the role of different known factors, with an emphasis on general transcription factors, involved in this overall regulation. We will further discuss some recent findings suggesting a possible role (underexplored) of initiation factors in assisting the transition of transcriptionally-engaged paused Pol II into productive elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Pal
- Laboratory of Transcription Biology, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata - 32, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Debabrata Biswas
- Laboratory of Transcription Biology, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata - 32, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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3
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Wang X, Cheng H, Zhao J, Li J, Chen Y, Cui K, Tian L, Zhang J, Li C, Sun S, Feng Y, Yao S, Bian Z, Huang S, Fei B, Huang Z. Long noncoding RNA DLGAP1-AS2 promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis by regulating the Trim21/ELOA/LHPP axis in colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:210. [PMID: 36376892 PMCID: PMC9664729 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01675-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have driven research focused on their effects as oncogenes or tumor suppressors involved in carcinogenesis. However, the functions and mechanisms of most lncRNAs in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear. Methods The expression of DLGAP1-AS2 was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR in multiple CRC cohorts. The impacts of DLGAP1-AS2 on CRC growth and metastasis were evaluated by a series of in vitro and in vivo assays. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism of DLGAP1-AS2 in CRC was revealed by RNA pull down, RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA sequencing, luciferase assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and rescue experiments. Results We discovered that DLGAP1-AS2 promoted CRC tumorigenesis and metastasis by physically interacting with Elongin A (ELOA) and inhibiting its protein stability by promoting tripartite motif containing 21 (Trim21)-mediated ubiquitination modification and degradation of ELOA. In particular, we revealed that DLGAP1-AS2 decreases phospholysine phosphohistidine inorganic pyrophosphate phosphatase (LHPP) expression by inhibiting ELOA-mediated transcriptional activating of LHPP and thus blocking LHPP-dependent suppression of the AKT signaling pathway. In addition, we also demonstrated that DLGAP1-AS2 was bound and stabilized by cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF2) and cleavage stimulation factor (CSTF3). Conclusions The discovery of DLGAP1-AS2, a promising prognostic biomarker, reveals a new dimension into the molecular pathogenesis of CRC and provides a prospective treatment target for this disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12943-022-01675-w.
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4
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Hu L, Zhang W, Xiang Z, Wang Y, Zeng C, Wang X, Tan C, Zhang Y, Li F, Xiao Y, Zhou L, Li J, Wu C, Xiang Y, Xiang L, Zhang X, Wang X, Yang W, Chen M, Ran Q, Li Z, Chen L. EloA promotes HEL polyploidization upon PMA stimulation through enhanced ERK1/2 activity. Platelets 2021; 33:755-763. [PMID: 34697988 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.1988548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Megakaryocytes (MKs) are the unique non-pathological cells that undergo polyploidization in mammals. The polyploid formation is critical for understanding the MK biology, and transcriptional regulation is involved in the differentiation and maturation of MKs. However, little is known about the functions of transcriptional elongation factors in the MK polyploidization. In this study, we investigated the role of transcription elongation factor EloA in the polyploidy formation during the MK differentiation. We found that EloA was highly expressed in the erythroleukemia cell lines HEL and K562. Knockdown of EloA in HEL cell line was shown to impair the phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) induced polyploidization process, which was used extensively to model megakaryocytic differentiation. Selective over-expression of EloA mutants with Pol II elongation activity partially restored the polyploidization. RNA-sequencing revealed that knockdown of EloA decelerated the transcription of genes enriched in the ERK1/2 cascade pathway. The phosphorylation activity of ERK1/2 decreased upon the EloA inhibition, and the polyploidization process of HEL was hindered when ERK1/2 phosphorylation was inhibited by PD0325901 or SCH772984. This study evidenced a positive role of EloA in HEL polyploidization upon PMA stimulation through enhanced ERK1/2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanyue Hu
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengning Tan
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengjie Li
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanni Xiao
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luping Zhou
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiuxuan Li
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun Wu
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lixin Xiang
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wuchen Yang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maoshan Chen
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases (Acbd), Clinical Central School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Qian Ran
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongjun Li
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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5
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Elongin functions as a loading factor for Mediator at ATF6α-regulated ER stress response genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2108751118. [PMID: 34544872 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108751118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The bZIP transcription factor ATF6α is a master regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response genes. In this report, we identify the multifunctional RNA polymerase II transcription factor Elongin as a cofactor for ATF6α-dependent transcription activation. Biochemical studies reveal that Elongin functions at least in part by facilitating ATF6α-dependent loading of Mediator at the promoters and enhancers of ER stress response genes. Depletion of Elongin from cells leads to impaired transcription of ER stress response genes and to defects in the recruitment of Mediator and its CDK8 kinase subunit. Taken together, these findings bring to light a role for Elongin as a loading factor for Mediator during the ER stress response.
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6
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Linzer N, Trumbull A, Nar R, Gibbons MD, Yu DT, Strouboulis J, Bungert J. Regulation of RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation and Elongation by Transcription Factor TFII-I. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:681550. [PMID: 34055891 PMCID: PMC8155576 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.681550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is regulated by different processes, including alterations in chromatin structure, interactions between distal regulatory elements and promoters, formation of transcription domains enriched for Pol II and co-regulators, and mechanisms involved in the initiation, elongation, and termination steps of transcription. Transcription factor TFII-I, originally identified as an initiator (INR)-binding protein, contains multiple protein–protein interaction domains and plays diverse roles in the regulation of transcription. Genome-wide analysis revealed that TFII-I associates with expressed as well as repressed genes. Consistently, TFII-I interacts with co-regulators that either positively or negatively regulate the transcription. Furthermore, TFII-I has been shown to regulate transcription pausing by interacting with proteins that promote or inhibit the elongation step of transcription. Changes in TFII-I expression in humans are associated with neurological and immunological diseases as well as cancer. Furthermore, TFII-I is essential for the development of mice and represents a barrier for the induction of pluripotency. Here, we review the known functions of TFII-I related to the regulation of Pol II transcription at the stages of initiation and elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Linzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alexis Trumbull
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rukiye Nar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Matthew D Gibbons
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - David T Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - John Strouboulis
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jörg Bungert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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7
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Ardehali MB, Damle M, Perea-Resa C, Blower MD, Kingston RE. Elongin A associates with actively transcribed genes and modulates enhancer RNA levels with limited impact on transcription elongation rate in vivo. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100202. [PMID: 33334895 PMCID: PMC7948453 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Elongin A (EloA) is an essential transcription factor that stimulates the rate of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription elongation in vitro. However, its role as a transcription factor in vivo has remained underexplored. Here we show that in mouse embryonic stem cells, EloA localizes to both thousands of Pol II transcribed genes with preference for transcription start site and promoter regions and a large number of active enhancers across the genome. EloA deletion results in accumulation of transcripts from a subset of enhancers and their adjacent genes. Notably, EloA does not substantially enhance the elongation rate of Pol II in vivo. We also show that EloA localizes to the nucleoli and associates with RNA polymerase I transcribed ribosomal RNA gene, Rn45s. EloA is a highly disordered protein, which we demonstrate forms phase-separated condensates in vitro, and truncation mutations in the intrinsically disordered regions (IDR) of EloA interfere with its targeting and localization to the nucleoli. We conclude that EloA broadly associates with transcribed regions, tunes RNA Pol II transcription levels via impacts on enhancer RNA synthesis, and interacts with the rRNA producing/processing machinery in the nucleolus. Our work opens new avenues for further investigation of the role of this functionally multifaceted transcription factor in enhancer and ribosomal RNA biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Behfar Ardehali
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manashree Damle
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlos Perea-Resa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael D Blower
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert E Kingston
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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8
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Wang Y, Hou L, Ardehali MB, Kingston RE, Dynlacht BD. Elongin A regulates transcription in vivo through enhanced RNA polymerase processivity. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100170. [PMID: 33298525 PMCID: PMC7948402 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elongin is an RNA polymerase II (RNAPII)-associated factor that has been shown to stimulate transcriptional elongation in vitro. The Elongin complex is thought to be required for transcriptional induction in response to cellular stimuli and to ubiquitinate RNAPII in response to DNA damage. Yet, the impact of the Elongin complex on transcription in vivo has not been well studied. Here, we performed comprehensive studies of the role of Elongin A, the largest subunit of the Elongin complex, on RNAPII transcription genome-wide. Our results suggest that Elongin A localizes to actively transcribed regions and potential enhancers, and the level of recruitment correlated with transcription levels. We also identified a large group of factors involved in transcription as Elongin A-associated factors. In addition, we found that loss of Elongin A leads to dramatically reduced levels of serine2-phosphorylated, but not total, RNAPII, and cells depleted of Elongin A show stronger promoter RNAPII pausing, suggesting that Elongin A may be involved in the release of paused RNAPII. Our RNA-seq studies suggest that loss of Elongin A did not alter global transcription, and unlike prior in vitro studies, we did not observe a dramatic impact on RNAPII elongation rates in our cell-based nascent RNA-seq experiments upon Elongin A depletion. Taken together, our studies provide the first comprehensive analysis of the role of Elongin A in regulating transcription in vivo. Our studies also revealed that unlike prior in vitro findings, depletion of Elongin A has little impact on global transcription profiles and transcription elongation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Wang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Liming Hou
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - M Behfar Ardehali
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert E Kingston
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian D Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
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9
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Myers S, Ortega JA, Cavalli A. Synthetic Lethality through the Lens of Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14151-14183. [PMID: 33135887 PMCID: PMC8015234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Personalized medicine and therapies represent the goal of modern medicine, as drug discovery strives to move away from one-cure-for-all and makes use of the various targets and biomarkers within differing disease areas. This approach, especially in oncology, is often undermined when the cells make use of alternative survival pathways. As such, acquired resistance is unfortunately common. In order to combat this phenomenon, synthetic lethality is being investigated, making use of existing genetic fragilities within the cancer cell. This Perspective highlights exciting targets within synthetic lethality, (PARP, ATR, ATM, DNA-PKcs, WEE1, CDK12, RAD51, RAD52, and PD-1) and discusses the medicinal chemistry programs being used to interrogate them, the challenges these programs face, and what the future holds for this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel
H. Myers
- Computational
& Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Jose Antonio Ortega
- Computational
& Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Computational
& Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University
of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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10
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Blondelle J, Biju A, Lange S. The Role of Cullin-RING Ligases in Striated Muscle Development, Function, and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7936. [PMID: 33114658 PMCID: PMC7672578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The well-orchestrated turnover of proteins in cross-striated muscles is one of the fundamental processes required for muscle cell function and survival. Dysfunction of the intricate protein degradation machinery is often associated with development of cardiac and skeletal muscle myopathies. Most muscle proteins are degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The UPS involves a number of enzymes, including E3-ligases, which tightly control which protein substrates are marked for degradation by the proteasome. Recent data reveal that E3-ligases of the cullin family play more diverse and crucial roles in cross striated muscles than previously anticipated. This review highlights some of the findings on the multifaceted functions of cullin-RING E3-ligases, their substrate adapters, muscle protein substrates, and regulatory proteins, such as the Cop9 signalosome, for the development of cross striated muscles, and their roles in the etiology of myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Blondelle
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrea Biju
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephan Lange
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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The hunt for RNA polymerase II elongation factors: a historical perspective. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:771-776. [PMID: 31439940 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the three eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerases paved the way for serious biochemical investigations of eukaryotic transcription and the identification of eukaryotic transcription factors. Here we describe this adventure from our vantage point, with a focus on the hunt for factors that regulate elongation by RNA polymerase II.
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12
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Levy D. Lysine methylation signaling of non-histone proteins in the nucleus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2873-2883. [PMID: 31123776 PMCID: PMC11105312 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysine methylation, catalyzed by protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs), is a central post-translational modification regulating many signaling pathways. It has direct and indirect effects on chromatin structure and transcription. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulation of PKMT activity has a fundamental impact on the development of many pathologies. While most of these works involve in-depth analysis of methylation events in the context of histones, in recent years, it has become evident that methylation of non-histone proteins also plays a pivotal role in cell processes. This review highlights the importance of non-histone methylation, with focus on methylation events taking place in the nucleus. Known experimental platforms which were developed to identify new methylation events, as well as examples of specific lysine methylation signaling events which regulate key transcription factors, are presented. In addition, the role of these methylation events in normal and disease states is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Levy
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beersheba, Israel.
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beersheba, Israel.
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13
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Li J, Lu L, Zhang YH, Liu M, Chen L, Huang T, Cai YD. Identification of synthetic lethality based on a functional network by using machine learning algorithms. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:405-416. [PMID: 30125975 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic lethality is the synthesis of mutations leading to cell death. Tumor-specific synthetic lethality has been targeted in research to improve cancer therapy. With the advances of techniques in molecular biology, such as RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, efforts have been made to systematically identify synthetic lethal interactions, especially for frequently mutated genes in cancers. However, elucidating the mechanism of synthetic lethality remains a challenge because of the complexity of its influencing conditions. In this study, we proposed a new computational method to identify critical functional features that can accurately predict synthetic lethal interactions. This method incorporates several machine learning algorithms and encodes protein-coding genes by an enrichment system derived from gene ontology terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways to represent their functional features. We built a random forest-based prediction engine by using 2120 selected features and obtained a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.532. We examined the top 15 features and found that most of them have potential roles in synthetic lethality according to previous studies. These results demonstrate the ability of our proposed method to predict synthetic lethal interactions and provide a basis for further characterization of these particular genetic combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaRui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
| | - Yu-Hang Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Inoue M, Uchida Y, Edagawa M, Hirata M, Mitamura J, Miyamoto D, Taketani K, Sekine S, Kawauchi J, Kitajima S. The stress response gene ATF3 is a direct target of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and inhibits the invasion and migration of HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194160. [PMID: 29966001 PMCID: PMC6028230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling is implicated in tumorigenesis and the progression of human colorectal cancers, and mutations in the components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway are observed in the majority of patients. Therefore, extensive studies on the Wnt signaling pathway and its target genes are crucial to understand the molecular events of tumorigenesis and develop an efficacious therapy. In this study, we showed that the stress response gene ATF3 is transcriptionally activated by the binding of β-catenin and TCF4 to the redundant TCF4 site at the proximal promoter region of the ATF3 gene, indicating that ATF3 is a direct target of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The loss of function or overexpression studies showed that ATF3 inhibited the migration or invasion of HCT116 cells. The expression of some MMP and TIMP genes and the ratio of MMP2/9 to TIMP3/4 mRNAs was differentially regulated by ATF3. Therefore, though ATF3 is activated downstream of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, it acts as a negative regulator of the migration and invasion of HCT116 human colon cancer cells exhibiting aberrant Wnt/β-catenin activity. ATF3 is a candidate biomarker and target for human colorectal cancer treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Inoue
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Uchida
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Edagawa
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Manabu Hirata
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Mitamura
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiki Miyamoto
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Taketani
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeki Sekine
- Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junya Kawauchi
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Kitajima
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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15
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Def1 interacts with TFIIH and modulates RNA polymerase II transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:13230-13235. [PMID: 29180430 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707955114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response is an essential process for the survival of living cells. In a subset of stress-responsive genes in humans, Elongin controls transcription in response to multiple stimuli, such as DNA damage, oxidative stress, and heat shock. Yeast Elongin (Ela1-Elc1), along with Def1, is known to facilitate ubiquitylation and degradation of RNA polymerase II (pol II) in response to multiple stimuli, yet transcription activity has not been examined. We have found that Def1 copurifies from yeast whole-cell extract with TFIIH, the largest general transcription factor required for transcription initiation and nucleotide excision repair. The addition of recombinant Def1 and Ela1-Elc1 enhanced transcription initiation in an in vitro reconstituted system including pol II, the general transcription factors, and TFIIS. Def1 also enhanced transcription restart from TFIIS-induced cleavage in a pol II transcribing complex. In the Δdef1 strain, heat shock genes were misregulated, indicating that Def1 is required for induction of some stress-responsive genes in yeast. Taken together, our results extend the understanding of the molecular mechanism of transcription regulation on cellular stress and reveal functional similarities to the mammalian system.
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16
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Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Methylates Elongin A to Regulate Transcription. Mol Cell 2017; 68:872-884.e6. [PMID: 29153392 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2-EZH2) methylates histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27) and is required to maintain gene repression during development. Misregulation of PRC2 is linked to a range of neoplastic malignancies, which is believed to involve methylation of H3K27. However, the full spectrum of non-histone substrates of PRC2 that might also contribute to PRC2 function is not known. We characterized the target recognition specificity of the PRC2 active site and used the resultant data to screen for uncharacterized potential targets. The RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription elongation factor, Elongin A (EloA), is methylated by PRC2 in vivo. Mutation of the methylated EloA residue decreased repression of a subset of PRC2 target genes as measured by both steady-state and nascent RNA levels and perturbed embryonic stem cell differentiation. We propose that PRC2 modulates transcription of a subset of low expression target genes in part via methylation of EloA.
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17
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Weems JC, Slaughter BD, Unruh JR, Boeing S, Hall SM, McLaird MB, Yasukawa T, Aso T, Svejstrup JQ, Conaway JW, Conaway RC. Cockayne syndrome B protein regulates recruitment of the Elongin A ubiquitin ligase to sites of DNA damage. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:6431-6437. [PMID: 28292928 PMCID: PMC5399097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c117.777946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Elongin A performs dual functions as the transcriptionally active subunit of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) elongation factor Elongin and as the substrate recognition subunit of a Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitylates Pol II in response to DNA damage. Assembly of the Elongin A ubiquitin ligase and its recruitment to sites of DNA damage is a tightly regulated process induced by DNA-damaging agents and α-amanitin, a drug that induces Pol II stalling. In this study, we demonstrate (i) that Elongin A and the ubiquitin ligase subunit CUL5 associate in cells with the Cockayne syndrome B (CSB) protein and (ii) that this interaction is also induced by DNA-damaging agents and α-amanitin. In addition, we present evidence that the CSB protein promotes stable recruitment of the Elongin A ubiquitin ligase to sites of DNA damage. Our findings are consistent with the model that the Elongin A ubiquitin ligase and the CSB protein function together in a common pathway in response to Pol II stalling and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juston C Weems
- From the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Brian D Slaughter
- From the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Jay R Unruh
- From the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Stefan Boeing
- the Mechanisms of Transcription Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms EN6 3LD, United Kingdom
| | - Shawn M Hall
- From the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Merry B McLaird
- From the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Takashi Yasukawa
- the Department of Functional Genomics, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Teijiro Aso
- the Department of Functional Genomics, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Jesper Q Svejstrup
- the Mechanisms of Transcription Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms EN6 3LD, United Kingdom
| | - Joan W Conaway
- From the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110,
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, and
| | - Ronald C Conaway
- From the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110,
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, and
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18
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Weems JC, Slaughter BD, Unruh JR, Hall SM, McLaird MB, Gilmore JM, Washburn MP, Florens L, Yasukawa T, Aso T, Conaway JW, Conaway RC. Assembly of the Elongin A Ubiquitin Ligase Is Regulated by Genotoxic and Other Stresses. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15030-41. [PMID: 25878247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.632794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Elongin A performs dual functions in cells as a component of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription elongation factor Elongin and as the substrate recognition subunit of a Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase that has been shown to target Pol II stalled at sites of DNA damage. Here we investigate the mechanism(s) governing conversion of the Elongin complex from its elongation factor to its ubiquitin ligase form. We report the discovery that assembly of the Elongin A ubiquitin ligase is a tightly regulated process. In unstressed cells, Elongin A is predominately present as part of Pol II elongation factor Elongin. Assembly of Elongin A into the ubiquitin ligase is strongly induced by genotoxic stress; by transcriptional stresses that lead to accumulation of stalled Pol II; and by other stimuli, including endoplasmic reticulum and nutrient stress and retinoic acid signaling, that activate Elongin A-dependent transcription. Taken together, our findings shed new light on mechanisms that control the Elongin A ubiquitin ligase and suggest that it may play a role in Elongin A-dependent transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juston C Weems
- From the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Brian D Slaughter
- From the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Jay R Unruh
- From the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Shawn M Hall
- From the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Merry B McLaird
- From the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Joshua M Gilmore
- From the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Michael P Washburn
- From the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | - Laurence Florens
- From the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Takashi Yasukawa
- the Department of Functional Genomics, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Teijiro Aso
- the Department of Functional Genomics, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Joan W Conaway
- From the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, and
| | - Ronald C Conaway
- From the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, and
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19
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Fan AX, Papadopoulos GL, Hossain MA, Lin IJ, Hu J, Tang TM, Kilberg MS, Renne R, Strouboulis J, Bungert J. Genomic and proteomic analysis of transcription factor TFII-I reveals insight into the response to cellular stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:7625-41. [PMID: 24875474 PMCID: PMC4081084 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed transcription factor TFII-I exerts both positive and negative effects on transcription. Using biotinylation tagging technology and high-throughput sequencing, we determined sites of chromatin interactions for TFII-I in the human erythroleukemia cell line K562. This analysis revealed that TFII-I binds upstream of the transcription start site of expressed genes, both upstream and downstream of the transcription start site of repressed genes, and downstream of RNA polymerase II peaks at the ATF3 and other stress responsive genes. At the ATF3 gene, TFII-I binds immediately downstream of a Pol II peak located 5 kb upstream of exon 1. Induction of ATF3 expression increases transcription throughout the ATF3 gene locus which requires TFII-I and correlates with increased association of Pol II and Elongin A. Pull-down assays demonstrated that TFII-I interacts with Elongin A. Partial depletion of TFII-I expression caused a reduction in the association of Elongin A with and transcription of the DNMT1 and EFR3A genes without a decrease in Pol II recruitment. The data reveal different interaction patterns of TFII-I at active, repressed, or inducible genes, identify novel TFII-I interacting proteins, implicate TFII-I in the regulation of transcription elongation and provide insight into the role of TFII-I during the response to cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Xiucheng Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Giorgio L Papadopoulos
- Departmentof Biology, University of Crete, GR1409 Heraklion, Greece Divisionof Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari GR 16672, Greece
| | - Mir A Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - I-Ju Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jianhong Hu
- Departmentof Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Tommy Ming Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael S Kilberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Rolf Renne
- Divisionof Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari GR 16672, Greece
| | - John Strouboulis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA Departmentof Biology, University of Crete, GR1409 Heraklion, Greece Divisionof Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari GR 16672, Greece Departmentof Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Jörg Bungert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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20
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Kumari G, Ulrich T, Krause M, Finkernagel F, Gaubatz S. Induction of p21CIP1 protein and cell cycle arrest after inhibition of Aurora B kinase is attributed to aneuploidy and reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:16072-84. [PMID: 24782314 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.555060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle progression requires a series of highly coordinated events that ultimately lead to faithful segregation of chromosomes. Aurora B is an essential mitotic kinase, which is involved in regulation of microtubule-kinetochore attachments and cytokinesis. Inhibition of Aurora B results in stabilization of p53 and induction of p53-target genes such as p21 to inhibit proliferation. We have previously demonstrated that induction of p21 by p53 after inhibition of Aurora B is dependent on the p38 MAPK, which promotes transcriptional elongation of p21 by RNA Pol II. In this study, we show that a subset of p53-target genes are induced in a p38-dependent manner upon inhibition of Aurora B. We also demonstrate that inhibition of Aurora B results in down-regulation of E2F-mediated transcription and that the cell cycle arrest after Aurora B inhibition depends on p53 and pRB tumor suppressor pathways. In addition, we report that activation of p21 after inhibition of Aurora B is correlated with increased chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy but not with binucleation or tetraploidy. We provide evidence that p21 is activated in aneuploid cells by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and p38 MAPK. Finally, we demonstrate that certain drugs that act on aneuploid cells synergize with inhibitors of Aurora B to inhibit colony formation and oncogenic transformation. These findings provide an important link between aneuploidy and the stress pathways activated by Aurora B inhibition and also support the use of Aurora B inhibitors in combination therapy for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Kumari
- From the Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany and
| | - Tanja Ulrich
- From the Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany and
| | - Michael Krause
- the Institute for Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), University of Marburg, Emil-Mannkopffstrasse 2, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Finkernagel
- the Institute for Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), University of Marburg, Emil-Mannkopffstrasse 2, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gaubatz
- From the Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany and
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