1
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Salichos L, Thayavally R, Kloen P, Hadjiargyrou M. Human nonunion tissues display differential gene expression in comparison to physiological fracture callus. Bone 2024; 183:117091. [PMID: 38570121 PMCID: PMC11023750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The healing of bone fractures can become aberrant and lead to nonunions which in turn have a negative impact on patient health. Understanding why a bone fails to normally heal will enable us to make a positive impact in a patient's life. While we have a wealth of molecular data on rodent models of fracture repair, it is not the same with humans. As such, there is still a lack of information regarding the molecular differences between normal physiological repair and nonunions. This study was designed to address this gap in our molecular knowledge of the human repair process by comparing differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between physiological fracture callus and two different nonunion types, hypertrophic (HNU) and oligotrophic (ONU). RNA sequencing data revealed over ∼18,000 genes in each sample. Using the physiological callus as the control and the nonunion samples as the experimental groups, bioinformatic analyses identified 67 and 81 statistically significant DEGs for HNU and ONU, respectively. Out of the 67 DEGs for the HNU, 34 and 33 were up and down-regulated, respectively. Similarly, out of the 81 DEGs for the ONU, 48 and 33 were up and down-regulated, respectively. Additionally, we also identified common genes between the two nonunion samples; 8 (10.8 %) upregulated and 12 (22.2 %) downregulated. We further identified many biological processes, with several statistically significant ones. Some of these were related to muscle and were common between the two nonunion samples. This study represents the first comprehensive attempt to understand the global molecular events occurring in human nonunion biology. With further research, we can perhaps decipher new molecular pathways involved in aberrant healing of human bone fractures that can be therapeutically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas Salichos
- Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA; Center for Biomedical Data Science, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA
| | - Rishika Thayavally
- Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA; Center for Biomedical Data Science, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA
| | - Peter Kloen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location, Meibergdreef 9, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Movement Sciences, (Tissue Function and Regeneration), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- Center for Biomedical Data Science, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA; Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY, 11568, USA.
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2
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The Role of GILZ in Lipid Metabolism and Adipocyte Biology. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2022; 163:106668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2022.106668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Nataraja C, Flynn J, Dankers W, Northcott M, Zhu W, Sherlock R, Bennett TJ, Russ BE, Miceli I, Pervin M, D'Cruz A, Harris J, Morand EF, Jones SA. GILZ regulates type I interferon release and sequesters STAT1. J Autoimmun 2022; 131:102858. [PMID: 35810690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids remain a mainstay of modern medicine due to their ability to broadly suppress immune activation. However, they cause severe adverse effects that warrant urgent development of a safer alternative. The glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) gene, TSC22D3, is one of the most highly upregulated genes in response to glucocorticoid treatment, and reduced GILZ mRNA and protein levels are associated with increased severity of inflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Ulcerative Colitis, Psoriasis, and other autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases. Here, we demonstrate that low GILZ permits expression of a type I interferon (IFN) signature, which is exacerbated in response to TLR7 and TLR9 stimulation. Conversely, overexpression of GILZ prevents IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) up-regulation in response to IFNα. Moreover, GILZ directly binds STAT1 and prevents its nuclear translocation, thereby negatively regulating IFN-induced gene expression and the auto-amplification loop of the IFN response. Thus, GILZ powerfully regulates both the expression and action of type I IFN, suggesting restoration of GILZ as an attractive therapeutic strategy for reducing reliance on glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Champa Nataraja
- Rheumatology Research Group, Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, 3168, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Flynn
- Rheumatology Research Group, Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, 3168, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wendy Dankers
- Rheumatology Research Group, Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, 3168, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa Northcott
- Rheumatology Research Group, Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, 3168, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wendy Zhu
- Rheumatology Research Group, Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, 3168, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rochelle Sherlock
- Rheumatology Research Group, Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, 3168, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Taylah J Bennett
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Brendan E Russ
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Iolanda Miceli
- Rheumatology Research Group, Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, 3168, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mehnaz Pervin
- Rheumatology Research Group, Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, 3168, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Akshay D'Cruz
- Rheumatology Research Group, Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, 3168, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James Harris
- Rheumatology Research Group, Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, 3168, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eric F Morand
- Rheumatology Research Group, Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, 3168, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah A Jones
- Rheumatology Research Group, Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, 3168, Melbourne, Australia.
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4
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Bruscoli S, Riccardi C, Ronchetti S. GILZ as a Regulator of Cell Fate and Inflammation. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010122. [PMID: 35011684 PMCID: PMC8750894 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the human body’s initial responses to stress is the adrenal response, involving the release of mediators that include adrenaline and glucocorticoids (GC). GC are involved in controlling the inflammatory and immune response mechanisms. Of these, the molecular mechanisms that contribute to anti-inflammatory effects warrant more investigation. Previously, we found that GC induced GILZ (glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper) quickly and widely in thymocytes, T lymphocytes, and other leukocytes. GILZ regulates the activation of cells and is an essential mediator of endogenous GC and the majority of GC anti-inflammatory effects. Further research in this regard could lead to the development of an anti-inflammatory treatment that yields the therapeutic outcomes of GC but without their characteristic adverse effects. Here, we examine the mechanisms of GILZ in the context of GC. Specifically, we review its role in the proliferation and differentiation of cells and in apoptosis. We also examine its involvement in immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes), and in non-immune cells, including cancer cells. In conclusion, GILZ is an anti-inflammatory molecule that could mediate the immunomodulatory activities of GC, with less adverse effects, and could be a target molecule for designing new therapies to treat inflammatory diseases.
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5
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Cao J, Ding K, Pan G, Rosario R, Su Y, Bao Y, Zhou H, Xu J, McGee Lawrence ME, Hamrick MW, Isales CM, Shi X. Deletion of PPARγ in Mesenchymal Lineage Cells Protects Against Aging-Induced Cortical Bone Loss in Mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:826-834. [PMID: 32060555 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone loss in aging is linked with chronic low-grade inflammation and the accumulation of marrowfat in animals and humans. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), an adipogenic regulator, plays key roles in these biological processes. However, studies of the roles of PPARγ in age-related bone loss and inflammation are lacking. We hypothesized that deletion of PPARγ in bone marrow mesenchymal lineage cells would reduce bone loss with aging, potentially through a reduction in fat-generated inflammatory responses and an increase in osteoblastic activity. In the present study, we show that mice deficient of PPARγ in Dermo1-expressing mesenchymal lineage cells (Dermo1-Cre:PPARγ fl/fl) have reduced fat mass and increased cortical bone thickness but that deficiency of PPARγ had limited effect on protection of trabecular bone with aging as demonstrated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, µCT, and histomorphometric analyses. Conditional knockout of PPARγ reduced serum concentrations of adipokines, including adiponectin, resistin, and leptin, and reduced marrow stromal cell expression levels of inflammation-related genes. Inflammation genes involved in the interferon signaling pathway were reduced the most. These results demonstrate that disruption of the master adipogenic regulator, PPARγ, has a certain protective effect on aging-induced bone loss, suggesting that regulation of adipose function and modulation of interferon signaling are among the key mechanisms by which PPARγ regulates bone homeostasis during aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Cao
- USDA-ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Kehong Ding
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Georgia.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Georgia
| | - Guodong Pan
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Georgia
| | - Raysa Rosario
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Georgia
| | - Yun Su
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Georgia.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Georgia
| | - Yonggang Bao
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Georgia
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Georgia
| | - Jianru Xu
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Georgia.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Georgia
| | - Meghan E McGee Lawrence
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Georgia.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Georgia
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Georgia.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Georgia
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Georgia.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Georgia.,Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Georgia
| | - Xingming Shi
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Georgia.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Georgia.,Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Georgia
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6
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He YJ, Xu JQ, Sun MM, Fang XZ, Peng ZK, Pan SW, Zhou T, Wang YX, Shang Y. Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper: A Promising Marker for Monitoring and Treating Sepsis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:606649. [PMID: 33424852 PMCID: PMC7793647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a clinical syndrome that resulting from a dysregulated inflammatory response to infection that leads to organ dysfunction. The dysregulated inflammatory response transitions from a hyper-inflammatory phase to a hypo-inflammatory or immunosuppressive phase. Currently, no phase-specific molecular-based therapies are available for monitoring the complex immune response and treating sepsis due to individual variations in the timing and overlap of the dysregulated immune response in most patients. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), is broadly present in multiple tissues and circumvent glucocorticoid resistance (GCR) or unwanted side effects. Recently, the characteristics of GILZ downregulation during acute hyperinflammation and GILZ upregulation during the immunosuppressive phase in various inflammatory diseases have been well documented, and the protective effects of GILZ have gained attention in the field of sepsis. However, whether GILZ could be a promising candidate biomarker for monitoring and treating septic patients remains unknown. Here, we discuss the effect of GILZ in sepsis and sepsis-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji-Qian Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao-Miao Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang-Zhi Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe-Kang Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shang-Wen Pan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Xin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - You Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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7
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Vandewalle J, Libert C. GILZ in sepsis: "Poor is the pupil who does not surpass his master". Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:490-493. [PMID: 32103492 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
With the legendary saying of Leonardo da Vinci in the title, we suggest that Glucocorticoid Induced Leucine Zipper (GILZ) may have more promising effects against polymicrobial sepsis, than glucocorticoids (GC). Indeed, the use of GCs in sepsis remains a matter of debate. The rationale for their use in sepsis is to modulate the exaggerated inflammatory response while maintaining innate immunity. However, GC resistance and side-effects limit their therapeutic value in sepsis. Hence, there is a growing interest in understanding the mechanisms by which GCs modulate immune responses upon infection. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Ellouze et al. provide data demonstrating that deregulated expression of GILZ, a GC-induced protein, in monocytes/macrophages (M/M) recovered from septic shock patients may contribute to the pathogenesis. Furthermore, the authors demonstrate that GILZ overexpression in M/M improves outcome in septic animals by limiting systemic inflammation while increasing bacterial clearance. Overall, these data provide evidence that GCs may modulate immune responses via GILZ and that GILZ is a valuable alternative for GC therapy in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Vandewalle
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Shu P, Sun DL, Shu ZX, Tian S, Pan Q, Wen CJ, Xi JY, Ye SN. Therapeutic Applications of Genes and Gene-Engineered Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Femoral Head Necrosis. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:286-296. [PMID: 32013585 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a common and disabling joint disease. Although there is no clear consensus on the complex pathogenic mechanism of ONFH, trauma, abuse of glucocorticoids, and alcoholism are implicated in its etiology. The therapeutic strategies are still limited, and the clinical outcomes are not satisfactory. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to exert a positive impact on ONFH in preclinical experiments and clinical trials. The beneficial properties of MSCs are due, at least in part, to their ability to home to the injured tissue, secretion of paracrine signaling molecules, and multipotentiality. Nevertheless, the regenerative capacity of transplanted cells is impaired by the hostile environment of necrotic tissue in vivo, limiting their clinical efficacy. Recently, genetic engineering has been introduced as an attractive strategy to improve the regenerative properties of MSCs in the treatment of early-stage ONFH. This review summarizes the function of several genes used in the engineering of MSCs for the treatment of ONFH. Further, current challenges and future perspectives of genetic manipulation of MSCs are discussed. The notion of genetically engineered MSCs functioning as a "factory" that can produce a significant amount of multipotent and patient-specific therapeutic product is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Deng Long Sun
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Zi Xing Shu
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuo Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cen Jin Wen
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiao Ya Xi
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Shu Nan Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Wang T, Yu X, He C. Pro-inflammatory Cytokines: Cellular and Molecular Drug Targets for Glucocorticoid-induced-osteoporosis via Osteocyte. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1-15. [PMID: 29618305 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180405094046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used to treat varieties of allergic and autoimmune diseases, however, long-term application results in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP). Inflammatory cytokines: tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) play important regulatory roles in bone metabolism, but their roles in GIOP remain largely unknown. Osteocytes can modulate the formation and function of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts, directly via gap junctions, or indirectly by transferring molecule signaling. Apoptotic osteocytes release RANKL, HMGB1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines to stimulate osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, osteocytes can secrete FGF23 to regulate bone metabolism. Exposure to high levels of GCs can drive osteocyte apoptosis and influence gap junctions, leading to bone loss. GCs treatment is regarded to produce more FGF23 to inhibit bone mineralization. GCs also disrupt the vascular to decrease osteocyte feasibility and mineral appositional rate, resulting in a decline in bone strength. Apoptotic bodies from osteocytes induced by GCs treatment can enhance production of TNF-α and IL-6. On the other hand, TNF-α and IL-6 show synergistic effects by altering osteocytes signaling towards osteoclasts and osteoblasts. In addition, TNF-α can induce osteocyte apoptosis and attribute to a worsened bone quality in GCs. IL-6 and osteocytes may interact with each other. Therefore, we hypothesize that GCs regulate osteocyteogenesis through TNF-α and IL-6, which are highly expressed around osteocyte undergoing apoptosis. In the present review, we summarized the roles of osteocytes in regulating osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Furthermore, the mechanism of GCs altered relationship between osteocytes and osteoblasts/osteoclasts. In addition, we discussed the roles of TNF-α and IL-6 in GIOP by modulating osteocytes. Lastly, we discussed the possibility of using pro-inflammatory signaling pathway as therapeutic targets to develop drugs for GIOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.,Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology, National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, China
| | - Xijie Yu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology, National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, China
| | - Chengqi He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
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10
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Ellouze M, Vigouroux L, Tcherakian C, Woerther PL, Guguin A, Robert O, Surenaud M, Tran T, Calmette J, Barbin T, Perlemuter G, Cassard AM, Launay P, Maxime V, Annane D, Levy Y, Godot V. Overexpression of GILZ in macrophages limits systemic inflammation while increasing bacterial clearance in sepsis in mice. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:589-602. [PMID: 31840802 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies support the beneficial effects of glucocorticoids (GCs) during septic shock, steering research toward the potential role of GC-induced proteins in controlling excessive inflammatory responses. GILZ is a glucocorticoid-induced protein involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of GCs. We investigated whether the overexpression of GILZ specifically limited to monocytes and macrophages (M/M) alone could control inflammation, thus improving the outcome of septic shock in animal models. We also monitored the expression of GILZ in M/M from septic mice and septic-shock patients. M/M from patients and septic mice displayed significantly lower expression of GILZ than those isolated from controls. Furthermore, transgenic mice (Tg-mice) experiencing sepsis, with increased expression of GILZ restricted to M/M, showed lower frequencies of inflammatory monocytes than their littermates and lower plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines. Tg-mice also had lower blood bacterial counts. We further established that the upregulation of GILZ in M/M enhanced their phagocytic capacity in in vivo assays. The increase of GILZ in M/M was also sufficient to improve the survival rates of septic mice. These results provide evidence for a central role of both GILZ and M/M in the pathophysiology of septic shock and a possible clue for the modulation of inflammation in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ellouze
- Faculty of Medicine, Univ. Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France.,Vaccine Research Institute-VRI, Créteil, France.,INSERM U955-Team 16, Créteil, France
| | - Lola Vigouroux
- Faculty of Medicine, Univ. Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France.,Vaccine Research Institute-VRI, Créteil, France.,INSERM U955-Team 16, Créteil, France
| | | | - Paul-Louis Woerther
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Henri-Mondor Hospital, APHP, Créteil, France.,EA 7380 Dynamyc, EnvA, UPEC, Paris-Est University, Créteil, France
| | | | - Olivier Robert
- Faculty of Medicine, Univ. Paris-Sud, France.,INSERM U996, Clamart, France
| | - Mathieu Surenaud
- Faculty of Medicine, Univ. Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France.,Vaccine Research Institute-VRI, Créteil, France.,INSERM U955-Team 16, Créteil, France
| | - Thi Tran
- Faculty of Medicine, Univ. Paris-Sud, France.,INSERM U996, Clamart, France
| | - Joseph Calmette
- Faculty of Medicine, Univ. Paris-Sud, France.,INSERM U996, Clamart, France
| | - Thomas Barbin
- Faculty of Medicine, Univ. Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France.,Vaccine Research Institute-VRI, Créteil, France.,INSERM U955-Team 16, Créteil, France
| | - Gabriel Perlemuter
- Faculty of Medicine, Univ. Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,INSERM U996, Clamart, France.,Service de Gastro-Entérologie, AP-HP, Clamart, France
| | - Anne-Marie Cassard
- Faculty of Medicine, Univ. Paris-Sud, France.,INSERM U996, Clamart, France
| | - Pierre Launay
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, INSERM U1149, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Maxime
- Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré (AP-HP), INSERM U1173, Univ. Versailles SQY, Garches, France
| | - Djillali Annane
- Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré (AP-HP), INSERM U1173, Univ. Versailles SQY, Garches, France
| | - Yves Levy
- Faculty of Medicine, Univ. Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France.,Vaccine Research Institute-VRI, Créteil, France.,INSERM U955-Team 16, Créteil, France
| | - Véronique Godot
- Faculty of Medicine, Univ. Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France.,Vaccine Research Institute-VRI, Créteil, France.,INSERM U955-Team 16, Créteil, France
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11
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The shift in the balance between osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells mediated by glucocorticoid receptor. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:377. [PMID: 31805987 PMCID: PMC6896503 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells capable of differentiating into several tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Glucocorticoids affect a variety of biological processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of various cell types, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, or chondrocytes. Glucocorticoids exert their function by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Physiological concentrations of glucocorticoids stimulate osteoblast proliferation and promote osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. However, pharmacological concentrations of glucocorticoids can not only induce apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteocytes but can also reduce proliferation and inhibit the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells. Several signaling pathways, including the Wnt, TGFβ/BMP superfamily and Notch signaling pathways, transcription factors, post-transcriptional regulators, and other regulators, regulate osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis of MSCs mediated by GR. These signaling pathways target key transcription factors, such as Runx2 and TAZ for osteogenesis and PPARγ and C/EBPs for adipogenesis. Glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis and osteoporosis are caused by various factors including dysfunction of bone marrow MSCs. Transplantation of MSCs is valuable in regenerative medicine for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head, osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, and other skeletal disorders. However, the mechanism of inducing MSCs to differentiate toward the osteogenic lineage is the key to an efficient treatment. Thus, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the imbalance between GR-mediated osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis of MSCs would not only help us to identify the pathogenic causes of glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis and osteoporosis but also promote future clinical applications for stem cell-based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Here, we primarily review the signaling mechanisms involved in adipogenesis and osteogenesis mediated by GR and discuss the factors that control the adipo-osteogenic balance.
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12
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Flynn JK, Dankers W, Morand EF. Could GILZ Be the Answer to Glucocorticoid Toxicity in Lupus? Front Immunol 2019; 10:1684. [PMID: 31379872 PMCID: PMC6652235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are used globally to treat autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Their anti-inflammatory actions are mainly mediated via binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), creating a GC/GR complex, which acts in both the cytoplasm and nucleus to regulate the transcription of a host of target genes. As a result, signaling pathways such as NF-κB and AP-1 are inhibited, and cell activation, differentiation and survival and cytokine and chemokine production are suppressed. However, the gene regulation by GC can also cause severe side effects in patients. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) is a multisystem autoimmune disease, characterized by a poorly regulated immune response leading to chronic inflammation and dysfunction of multiple organs, for which GC is the major current therapy. Long-term GC use, however, can cause debilitating adverse consequences for patients including diabetes, cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis and contributes to irreversible organ damage. To date, there is no alternative treatment which can replicate the rapid effects of GC across multiple immune cell functions, effecting disease control during disease flares. Research efforts have focused on finding alternatives to GC, which display similar immunoregulatory actions, without the devastating adverse metabolic effects. One potential candidate is the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ). GILZ is induced by low concentrations of GC and is shown to mimic the action of GC in several inflammatory processes, reducing immunity and inflammation in in vitro and in vivo studies. Additionally, GILZ has, similar to the GC-GR complex, the ability to bind to both NF-κB and AP-1 as well as DNA directly, to regulate immune cell function, while potentially lacking the GC-related side effects. Importantly, in SLE patients GILZ is under-expressed and correlates negatively with disease activity, suggesting an important regulatory role of GILZ in SLE. Here we provide an overview of the actions and use of GC in lupus, and discuss whether the regulatory mechanisms of GILZ could lead to the development of a novel therapeutic for lupus. Increased understanding of the mechanisms of action of GILZ, and its ability to regulate immune events leading to lupus disease activity has important clinical implications for the development of safer anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K Flynn
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wendy Dankers
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eric F Morand
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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13
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Bereshchenko O, Migliorati G, Bruscoli S, Riccardi C. Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper: A Novel Anti-inflammatory Molecule. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:308. [PMID: 30971930 PMCID: PMC6445858 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the most commonly used drugs for treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Their efficacy is due to their ability to bind cytoplasmic receptors (glucocorticoid receptors, GR) and other cytoplasmic proteins, thus regulating gene expression. Although GCs are potent life-saving drugs, their therapeutic effects are transitory and chronic use of GCs is accompanied by serious side effects. Therefore, new drugs are needed to replace GCs. We have identified a gene, glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ or tsc22d3), that is rapidly and invariably induced by GCs. Human GILZ is a 135-amino acid protein that mediates many GC effects, including inhibition of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Similar to GCs, GILZ exerts anti-inflammatory activity in experimental disease models, including inflammatory bowel diseases and arthritis. While transgenic mice that overexpress GILZ are more resistant, GILZ knockout mice develop worse inflammatory diseases. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effect of GCs is attenuated in GILZ-deficient mice. Importantly, in vivo delivery of recombinant GILZ protein cured colitis and facilitated resolution of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation without apparent toxic effects. A synthetic GILZ-derived peptide, corresponding to the GILZ region that interacts with NF-κB, was able to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Collectively, these findings indicate that GILZ is an anti-inflammatory molecule that may serve as the basis for designing new therapeutic approaches to inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Bereshchenko
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Graziella Migliorati
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Bruscoli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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14
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Wang C, Tanjaya J, Shen J, Lee S, Bisht B, Pan HC, Pang S, Zhang Y, Berthiaume EA, Chen E, Da Lio AL, Zhang X, Ting K, Guo S, Soo C. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Knockdown Impairs Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2-Induced Critical-Size Bone Defect Repair. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:648-664. [PMID: 30593824 PMCID: PMC6412314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration-approved clinical dose (1.5 mg/mL) of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) has been reported to induce significant adverse effects, including cyst-like adipose-infiltrated abnormal bone formation. These undesirable complications occur because of increased adipogenesis, at the expense of osteogenesis, through BMP2-mediated increases in the master regulatory gene for adipogenesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ). Inhibiting PPARγ during osteogenesis has been suggested to drive the differentiation of bone marrow stromal/stem cells toward an osteogenic, rather than an adipogenic, lineage. We demonstrate that knocking down PPARγ while concurrently administering BMP2 can reduce adipogenesis, but we found that it also impairs BMP2-induced osteogenesis and leads to bone nonunion in a mouse femoral segmental defect model. In addition, in vitro studies using the mouse bone marrow stromal cell line M2-10B4 and mouse primary bone marrow stromal cells confirmed that PPARγ knockdown inhibits BMP2-induced adipogenesis; attenuates BMP2-induced cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and osteogenesis; and escalates BMP2-induced cell apoptosis. More important, BMP receptor 2 and 1B expression was also significantly inhibited by the combined BMP2 and PPARγ knockdown treatment. These findings indicate that PPARγ is critical for BMP2-mediated osteogenesis during bone repair. Thus, uncoupling BMP2-mediated osteogenesis and adipogenesis using PPARγ inhibition to combat BMP2's adverse effects may not be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchao Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China; Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Justine Tanjaya
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jia Shen
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Soonchul Lee
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Bharti Bisht
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hsin Chuan Pan
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shen Pang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, and Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Emily A Berthiaume
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric Chen
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew L Da Lio
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kang Ting
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shu Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chia Soo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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15
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Witek E, Hickman D, Lahiri DK, Srinivasan M. Glucocorticoid Induced Leucine Zipper in Lipopolysaccharide Induced Neuroinflammation. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 10:432. [PMID: 30740047 PMCID: PMC6355683 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones secreted as the end-product of the neuroendocrine stress cascade. Both absence and elevated GC mediate neurotoxic responses, suggesting that a narrow window ranging from physiological to slightly high GC mediate protective responses. The beneficial effects of GC are attributed to the transactivation of regulatory proteins and inhibition mediated by glucocorticoid receptor (GR) interactions with other co-factors. The glucocorticoid induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is a gene strongly upregulated by GC and mediates many of the anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects of GC. Although GILZ is constitutively expressed in many tissues including the brain, the expression has been shown to occur with varying dynamics suggesting that the local milieu modulates its expression with consequent effects on cellular responses. Here we investigated the expression profile of GILZ in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mediated neuroinflammation model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our data suggest that the GILZ expression is downregulated in neuroinflammation correlating inversely with the pro-inflammatory cytokines and innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Witek
- Laboratory Animal Resources and Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Debra Hickman
- Laboratory Animal Resources and Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Debomoy K Lahiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Mythily Srinivasan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry and Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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16
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Vétillard M, Schlecht-Louf G. Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper: Fine-Tuning of Dendritic Cells Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1232. [PMID: 29915587 PMCID: PMC5994841 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key antigen-presenting cells that control the induction of both tolerance and immunity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating DCs commitment toward a regulatory- or effector-inducing profile is critical for better designing prophylactic and therapeutic approaches. Initially identified in dexamethasone-treated thymocytes, the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) protein has emerged as a critical factor mediating most, but not all, glucocorticoids effects in both non-immune and immune cells. This intracellular protein exerts pleiotropic effects through interactions with transcription factors and signaling proteins, thus modulating signal transduction and gene expression. GILZ has been reported to control the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of lymphocytes, while its expression confers anti-inflammatory phenotype to monocytes and macrophages. In the past twelve years, a growing set of data has also established that GILZ expression in DCs is a molecular switch controlling their T-cell-priming capacity. Here, after a brief presentation of GILZ isoforms and functions, we summarize current knowledge regarding GILZ expression and regulation in DCs, in both health and disease. We further present the functional consequences of GILZ expression on DCs capacity to prime effector or regulatory T-cell responses and highlight recent findings pointing to a broader role of GILZ in the fine tuning of antigen capture, processing, and presentation by DCs. Finally, we discuss future prospects regarding the possible roles for GILZ in the control of DCs function in the steady state and in the context of infections and chronic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Vétillard
- UMR996-Inflammation, Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Faculté de médecine, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Géraldine Schlecht-Louf
- UMR996-Inflammation, Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Faculté de médecine, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
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17
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Shang G, Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhang S, Sun X, Guan H, Zhao X, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhao G. Long non-coding RNA TCONS_00041960 enhances osteogenesis and inhibits adipogenesis of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell by targeting miR-204-5p and miR-125a-3p. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6041-6051. [PMID: 29319166 PMCID: PMC5947671 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to be involved in diverse biological processes such as cell cycle regulation, embryonic development, and cell differentiation. However, limited knowledge is available concerning the underlying mechanisms of lncRNA functions. In this study, we found down‐regulation of TCONS_00041960 during adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of glucocorticoid‐treated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Furthermore, up‐regulation of TCONS_00041960 promoted expression of osteogenic genes Runx2, osterix, and osteocalcin, and anti‐adipogenic gene glucocorticoid‐induced leucine zipper (GILZ). Conversely, expression of adipocyte‐specific markers was decreased in the presence of over‐expressed TCONS_00041960. Mechanistically, we determined that TCONS_00041960 as a competing endogenous RNA interacted with miR‐204‐5p and miR‐125a‐3p to regulate Runx2 and GILZ, respectively. Overall, we identified a new TCONS_00041960‐miR‐204‐5p/miR‐125a‐3p‐Runx2/GILZ axis involved in regulation of adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of glucocorticoid‐treated BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Shang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shanfeng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoya Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongya Guan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yisheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuebai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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18
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Yang N, Baban B, Isales CM, Shi XM. Role of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) in inflammatory bone loss. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181133. [PMID: 28771604 PMCID: PMC5542557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF-α plays a key role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bone loss. Unfortunately, treatment of RA with anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids (GCs) also causes bone loss resulting in osteoporosis. Our previous studies showed that overexpression of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), a mediator of GC's anti-inflammatory effect, can enhance osteogenic differentiation in vitro and bone acquisition in vivo. To investigate whether GILZ could antagonize TNF-α-induced arthritic inflammation and protect bone in mice, we generated a TNF-α-GILZ double transgenic mouse line (TNF-GILZ Tg) by crossbreeding a TNF-α Tg mouse, which ubiquitously expresses human TNF-α, with a GILZ Tg mouse, which expresses mouse GILZ under the control of a 3.6kb rat type I collagen promoter fragment. Results showed that overexpression of GILZ in bone marrow mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells protected mice from TNF-α-induced inflammatory bone loss and improved bone integrity (TNF-GILZ double Tg vs. TNF-αTg, n = 12-15). However, mesenchymal cell lineage restricted GILZ expression had limited effects on TNF-α-induced arthritic inflammation as indicated by clinical scores and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianlan Yang
- Departments of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Babak Baban
- Departments of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Carlos M. Isales
- Departments of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Xing-Ming Shi
- Departments of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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The role of GILZ in modulation of adaptive immunity in a murine model of myocardial infarction. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 102:408-414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper in Central Nervous System Health and Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8063-8070. [PMID: 27889894 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is a large network of intercommunicating cells that function to maintain tissue health and homeostasis. Considerable evidence suggests that glucocorticoids exert both neuroprotective and neurodegenerative effects on the CNS. Glucocorticoids act by binding two related receptors in the cytoplasm, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The glucocorticoid receptor complex mediates cellular responses by transactivating target genes and by protein: protein interactions. The paradoxical effects of glucocorticoids on neuronal survival and death have been attributed to the concentration and the ratio of mineralocorticoid to glucocorticoid receptor activation. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is a recently identified protein transcriptionally upregulated by glucocorticoids. Constitutively, expressed in many tissues including brain, GILZ mediates many of the actions of glucocorticoids. It mimics the anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects of glucocorticoids but exerts differential effects on stem cell differentiation and lineage development. Recent experimental data on the effects of GILZ following induced stress or trauma suggest potential roles in CNS diseases. Here, we provide a short overview of the role of GILZ in CNS health and discuss three potential rationales for the role of GILZ in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
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21
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Hartmann K, Koenen M, Schauer S, Wittig-Blaich S, Ahmad M, Baschant U, Tuckermann JP. Molecular Actions of Glucocorticoids in Cartilage and Bone During Health, Disease, and Steroid Therapy. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:409-47. [PMID: 26842265 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage and bone are severely affected by glucocorticoids (GCs), steroid hormones that are frequently used to treat inflammatory diseases. Major complications associated with long-term steroid therapy include impairment of cartilaginous bone growth and GC-induced osteoporosis. Particularly in arthritis, GC application can increase joint and bone damage. Contrarily, endogenous GC release supports cartilage and bone integrity. In the last decade, substantial progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of GC action has been gained through genome-wide binding studies of the GC receptor. These genomic approaches have revolutionized our understanding of gene regulation by ligand-induced transcription factors in general. Furthermore, specific inactivation of GC signaling and the GC receptor in bone and cartilage cells of rodent models has enabled the cell-specific effects of GCs in normal tissue homeostasis, inflammatory bone diseases, and GC-induced osteoporosis to be dissected. In this review, we summarize the current view of GC action in cartilage and bone. We further discuss future research directions in the context of new concepts for optimized steroid therapies with less detrimental effects on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hartmann
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mascha Koenen
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schauer
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wittig-Blaich
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mubashir Ahmad
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Baschant
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan P Tuckermann
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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22
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Cao J, Ou G, Yang N, Ding K, Kream BE, Hamrick MW, Isales CM, Shi XM. Impact of targeted PPARγ disruption on bone remodeling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 410:27-34. [PMID: 25666993 PMCID: PMC4444378 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), known as the master regulator of adipogenesis, has been regarded as a promising target for new anti-osteoporosis therapy due to its role in regulating bone marrow mesenchymal stem/progenitor cell (BMSC) lineage commitment. However, the precise mechanism underlying PPARγ regulation of bone is not clear as a bone-specific PPARγ conditional knockout (cKO) study has not been conducted and evidence showed that deletion of PPARγ in other tissues also have profound effect on bone. In this study, we show that mice deficiency of PPARγ in cells expressing a 3.6 kb type I collagen promoter fragment (PPAR(fl/fl):Col3.6-Cre) exhibits a moderate, site-dependent bone mass phenotype. In vitro studies showed that adipogenesis is abolished completely and osteoblastogenesis increased significantly in both primary bone marrow culture and the BMSCs isolated from PPARγ cKO mice. Histology and histomorphometry studies revealed significant increases in the numbers of osteoblasts and surface in the PPARγ cKO mice. Finally, we found that neither the differentiation nor the function of osteoclasts was affected in the PPARγ cKO mice. Together, our studies indicate that PPARγ plays an important role in bone remodeling by increasing the abundance of osteoblasts for repair, but not during skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Cao
- USDA ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Guomin Ou
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Nianlan Yang
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Kehong Ding
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Barbara E Kream
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Department of Cell Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Xing-Ming Shi
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States.
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23
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Yang N, Baban B, Isales CM, Shi XM. Crosstalk between bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and regulatory T cells through a glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper/developmental endothelial locus-1-dependent mechanism. FASEB J 2015; 29:3954-63. [PMID: 26038125 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-273664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow is a reservoir for regulatory T (T(reg)) cells, but how T(reg) cells are regulated in that environment remains poorly understood. We show that expression of glucocorticoid (GC)-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) in bone marrow mesenchymal lineage cells or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) increases the production of T(reg) cells via a mechanism involving the up-regulation of developmental endothelial locus-1 (Del-1), an endogenous leukocyte-endothelial adhesion inhibitor. We found that the expression of Del-1 is increased ∼4-fold in the bone tissues of GILZ transgenic (Tg) mice, and this increase is coupled with a significant increase in the production of IL-10 (2.80 vs. 0.83) and decrease in the production of IL-6 (0.80 vs. 2.33) and IL-12 (0.25 vs. 1.67). We also show that GILZ-expressing BMSCs present antigen in a way that favors T(reg) cells. These results indicate that GILZ plays a critical role mediating the crosstalk between BMSCs and T(reg) in the bone marrow microenvironment. These data, together with our previous findings that overexpression of GILZ in BMSCs antagonizes TNF-α-elicited inflammatory responses, suggest that GILZ plays important roles in bone-immune cell communication and BMSC immune suppressive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianlan Yang
- *Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Oral Biology, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Babak Baban
- *Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Oral Biology, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carlos M Isales
- *Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Oral Biology, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xing-Ming Shi
- *Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Oral Biology, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Ronchetti S, Migliorati G, Riccardi C. GILZ as a Mediator of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Glucocorticoids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:170. [PMID: 26617572 PMCID: PMC4637413 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is a dexamethasone-inducible gene that mediates glucocorticoid (GC) actions in a variety of cell types, including many cells of immune system. In particular, GILZ can control T cell activities, such as activation and differentiation, mainly through its ability to homo- and hetero-dimerize with partner proteins, such as NF-κB, Ras, and C/EBP. These protein-protein interactions control the regulation of pro-inflammatory target genes. A number of in vitro and in vivo studies using mouse models of inflammatory diseases demonstrate an anti-inflammatory role for GILZ. Here, authors summarize the studies that make GILZ eligible as an anti-inflammatory protein through which GCs can act. These findings permit the future development of pharmacological tools that mimic the therapeutic effects of GCs while avoiding the detrimental ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ronchetti
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Graziella Migliorati
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
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