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Cipak L, Sivakova B, Bellova J, Danchenko M, Jurcik J, Cipakova I, Lalakova LO, Gregan J, Barath P. Characterization of Ksg1 protein kinase-dependent phosphoproteome in the fission yeast S. pombe. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 736:150895. [PMID: 39476757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 10/23/2024] [Accepted: 10/23/2024] [Indexed: 11/10/2024]
Abstract
Ksg1 is an essential protein kinase of the fission yeast S. pombe that belongs to the AGC kinase family and is homologous to the mammalian PDPK1 kinase. Previous studies have shown that Ksg1 functions in the nutrient-sensing TOR signaling pathway and is involved in the phosphorylation and activation of other AGC kinases, thereby affecting various downstream targets related to metabolism, cell division, stress response, and gene expression. To date, the molecular function of Ksg1 has been analyzed using its temperature sensitive mutants or mutants expressing its truncated isoforms, which are not always suitable for functional studies of Ksg1 and the identification of its targets. To overcome these limitations, we employed a chemical genetic strategy and used a conditional ksg1as mutant sensitive to an ATP analog. Combining this mutant with quantitative phosphoproteomics analysis, we identified 1986 phosphosites that were differentially phosphorylated when Ksg1as kinase was inhibited by an ATP analog. We found that proteins whose phosphorylation was dysregulated after inhibition of Ksg1as kinase were mainly represented by those involved in the regulation of cytokinesis, contractile ring contraction, cell division, septation initiation signaling cascade, intracellular protein kinase cascade, barrier septum formation, protein phosphorylation, intracellular signal transduction, cytoskeleton organization, cellular response to stimulus, or in RNA, ncRNA and rRNA processing. Importantly, proteins with significantly down-regulated phosphorylation were specifically enriched for R-X-X-S and R-X-R-X-X-S motifs, which are typical consensus substrate sequences for phosphorylation by the AGC family of kinases. The results of this study provide a basis for further analysis of the role of the Ksg1 kinase and its targets in S. pombe and may also be useful for studying Ksg1 orthologs in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubos Cipak
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Barbara Sivakova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Bellova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maksym Danchenko
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Jurcik
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Ingrid Cipakova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Laura Olivia Lalakova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Gregan
- University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Chromosome Biology, Vienna, Austria; Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Peter Barath
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Medirex Group Academy, Nitra, Slovakia.
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2
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Wang D, Zhao Z, Long Y, Fan R. Protein Kinase C Is Involved in Vegetative Development, Stress Response and Pathogenicity in Verticillium dahliae. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14266. [PMID: 37762573 PMCID: PMC10531995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Potato Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, is a serious soil-borne vascular disease, which restricts the sustainable development of the potato industry, and the pathogenic mechanism of the fungus is complex. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the important pathogenic factors of V. dahliae to expand the understanding of its pathology. Protein kinase C (PKC) gene is located in the Ca2+ signaling pathway, which is highly conserved in filamentous fungi and involved in the regulation of a variety of biological processes. In the current study, the PKC gene in V. dahliae (VdPKC) was characterized, and its effects on the fungal pathogenicity and tolerance to fungicide stress were further studied. The results showed that the VdPKC positively regulated the growth and development, conidial germination, and production of V. dahliae, which was necessary for the fungus to achieve pathogenicity. It also affected the formation of melanin and microsclerotia and changed the adaptability of V. dahliae to different environmental stresses. In addition, VdPKC altered the tolerance of V. dahliae to different fungicides, which may be a potential target for polyoxin. Therefore, our results strongly suggest that VdPKC gene is necessary for the vegetative growth, stress response, and pathogenicity of V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rong Fan
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (D.W.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.)
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3
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San-Quirico E, Curto MÁ, Gómez-Delgado L, Moreno MB, Pérez P, Ribas JC, Cortés JCG. Analysis of the Localization of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Glucan Synthases in the Presence of the Antifungal Agent Caspofungin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054299. [PMID: 36901728 PMCID: PMC10002279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, invasive fungal infections have emerged as a common source of infections in immunosuppressed patients. All fungal cells are surrounded by a cell wall that is essential for cell integrity and survival. It prevents cell death and lysis resulting from high internal turgor pressure. Since the cell wall is not present in animal cells, it is an ideal target for selective invasive fungal infection treatments. The antifungal family known as echinocandins, which specifically inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall β(13)glucan, has been established as an alternative treatment for mycoses. To explore the mechanism of action of these antifungals, we analyzed the cell morphology and glucan synthases localization in Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells during the initial times of growth in the presence of the echinocandin drug caspofungin. S. pombe are rod-shaped cells that grow at the poles and divide by a central division septum. The cell wall and septum are formed by different glucans, which are synthesized by four essential glucan synthases: Bgs1, Bgs3, Bgs4, and Ags1. Thus, S. pombe is not only a perfect model for studying the synthesis of the fungal β(1-3)glucan, but also it is ideal for examining the mechanisms of action and resistance of cell wall antifungals. Herein, we examined the cells in a drug susceptibility test in the presence of either lethal or sublethal concentrations of caspofungin, finding that exposure to the drug for long periods at high concentrations (>10 µg/mL) induced cell growth arrest and the formation of rounded, swollen, and dead cells, whereas low concentrations (<10 µg/mL) permitted cell growth with a mild effect on cell morphology. Interestingly, short-term treatments with either high or low concentrations of the drug induced effects contrary to those observed in the susceptibility tests. Thus, low drug concentrations induced a cell death phenotype that was not observed at high drug concentrations, which caused transient fungistatic cell growth arrest. After 3 h, high concentrations of the drug caused the following: (i) a decrease in the GFP-Bgs1 fluorescence level; (ii) altered locations of Bgs3, Bgs4, and Ags1; and (iii) a simultaneous accumulation of cells with calcofluor-stained incomplete septa, which at longer times resulted in septation uncoupling from plasma membrane ingression. The incomplete septa revealed with calcofluor were found to be complete when observed via the membrane-associated GFP-Bgs or Ags1-GFP. Finally, we found that the accumulation of incomplete septa depended on Pmk1, the last kinase of the cell wall integrity pathway.
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Cansado J, Soto T, Franco A, Vicente-Soler J, Madrid M. The Fission Yeast Cell Integrity Pathway: A Functional Hub for Cell Survival upon Stress and Beyond. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:jof8010032. [PMID: 35049972 PMCID: PMC8781887 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival of eukaryotic organisms during environmental changes is largely dependent on the adaptive responses elicited by signal transduction cascades, including those regulated by the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways. The Cell Integrity Pathway (CIP), one of the three MAPK pathways found in the simple eukaryote fission of yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, shows strong homology with mammalian Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinases (ERKs). Remarkably, studies over the last few decades have gradually positioned the CIP as a multi-faceted pathway that impacts multiple functional aspects of the fission yeast life cycle during unperturbed growth and in response to stress. They include the control of mRNA-stability through RNA binding proteins, regulation of calcium homeostasis, and modulation of cell wall integrity and cytokinesis. Moreover, distinct evidence has disclosed the existence of sophisticated interplay between the CIP and other environmentally regulated pathways, including Stress-Activated MAP Kinase signaling (SAPK) and the Target of Rapamycin (TOR). In this review we present a current overview of the organization and underlying regulatory mechanisms of the CIP in S. pombe, describe its most prominent functions, and discuss possible targets of and roles for this pathway. The evolutionary conservation of CIP signaling in the dimorphic fission yeast S. japonicus will also be addressed.
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5
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Matsui K, Okamoto K, Hasegawa T, Ohtsuka H, Shimasaki T, Ihara K, Goto Y, Aoki K, Aiba H. Identification of ksg1 mutation showing long-lived phenotype in fission yeast. Genes Cells 2021; 26:967-978. [PMID: 34534388 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fission yeast is a good model organism for the study of lifespan. To elucidate the mechanism, we screened for long-lived mutants. We found a nonsense mutation in the ksg1+ gene, which encodes an ortholog of mammalian PDK1 (phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase). The mutation was in the PH domain of Ksg1 and caused defect in membrane localization and protein stability. Analysis of the ksg1 mutant revealed that the reduced amounts and/or activity of the Ksg1 protein are responsible for the increased lifespan. Ksg1 is essential for growth and known to phosphorylate multiple substrates, but the substrate responsible for the long-lived phenotype of ksg1 mutation is not yet known. Genetic analysis showed that deletion of pck2 suppressed the long-lived phenotype of ksg1 mutant, suggesting that Pck2 might be involved in the lifespan extension caused by ksg1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Matsui
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoka Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kunio Ihara
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuhei Goto
- Division of Quantitative Biology, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,Quantitative Biology Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Division of Quantitative Biology, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,Quantitative Biology Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Gómez-Gil E, Franco A, Vázquez-Marín B, Prieto-Ruiz F, Pérez-Díaz A, Vicente-Soler J, Madrid M, Soto T, Cansado J. Specific Functional Features of the Cell Integrity MAP Kinase Pathway in the Dimorphic Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060482. [PMID: 34198697 PMCID: PMC8232204 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways execute essential functions in eukaryotic organisms by transducing extracellular stimuli into adaptive cellular responses. In the fission yeast model Schizosaccharomyces pombe the cell integrity pathway (CIP) and its core effector, MAPK Pmk1, play a key role during regulation of cell integrity, cytokinesis, and ionic homeostasis. Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, another fission yeast species, shows remarkable differences with respect to S. pombe, including a robust yeast to hyphae dimorphism in response to environmental changes. We show that the CIP MAPK module architecture and its upstream regulators, PKC orthologs Pck1 and Pck2, are conserved in both fission yeast species. However, some of S. pombe's CIP-related functions, such as cytokinetic control and response to glucose availability, are regulated differently in S. japonicus. Moreover, Pck1 and Pck2 antagonistically regulate S. japonicus hyphal differentiation through fine-tuning of Pmk1 activity. Chimeric MAPK-swapping experiments revealed that S. japonicus Pmk1 is fully functional in S. pombe, whereas S. pombe Pmk1 shows a limited ability to execute CIP functions and promote S. japonicus mycelial development. Our findings also suggest that a modified N-lobe domain secondary structure within S. japonicus Pmk1 has a major influence on the CIP signaling features of this evolutionarily diverged fission yeast.
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7
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Vicente-Soler J, Soto T, Franco A, Cansado J, Madrid M. The Multiple Functions of Rho GTPases in Fission Yeasts. Cells 2021; 10:1422. [PMID: 34200466 PMCID: PMC8228308 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rho family of GTPases represents highly conserved molecular switches involved in a plethora of physiological processes. Fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has become a fundamental model organism to study the functions of Rho GTPases over the past few decades. In recent years, another fission yeast species, Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, has come into focus offering insight into evolutionary changes within the genus. Both fission yeasts contain only six Rho-type GTPases that are spatiotemporally controlled by multiple guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and whose intricate regulation in response to external cues is starting to be uncovered. In the present review, we will outline and discuss the current knowledge and recent advances on how the fission yeasts Rho family GTPases regulate essential physiological processes such as morphogenesis and polarity, cellular integrity, cytokinesis and cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - José Cansado
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.V.-S.); (T.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Marisa Madrid
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.V.-S.); (T.S.); (A.F.)
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8
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Kanda Y, Satoh R, Takasaki T, Tomimoto N, Tsuchiya K, Tsai CA, Tanaka T, Kyomoto S, Hamada K, Fujiwara T, Sugiura R. Sequestration of the PKC ortholog Pck2 in stress granules as a feedback mechanism of MAPK signaling in fission yeast. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:224095. [PMID: 33277379 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.250191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) signaling is a highly conserved signaling module that plays a central role in a myriad of physiological processes, ranging from cell proliferation to cell death, via various signaling pathways, including MAPK signaling. Stress granules (SGs) are non-membranous cytoplasmic foci that aggregate in cells exposed to environmental stresses. Here, we explored the role of SGs in PKC/MAPK signaling activation in fission yeast. High-heat stress (HHS) induced Pmk1 MAPK activation and Pck2 translocation from the cell tips into poly(A)-binding protein (Pabp)-positive SGs. Pck2 dispersal from the cell tips required Pck2 kinase activity, and constitutively active Pck2 exhibited increased translocation to SGs. Importantly, Pmk1 deletion impaired Pck2 recruitment to SGs, indicating that MAPK activation stimulates Pck2 SG translocation. Consistently, HHS-induced SGs delayed Pck2 relocalization at the cell tips, thereby blocking subsequent Pmk1 reactivation after recovery from HHS. HHS partitioned Pck2 into the Pabp-positive SG-containing fraction, which resulted in reduced Pck2 abundance and kinase activity in the soluble fraction. Taken together, these results indicate that MAPK-dependent Pck2 SG recruitment serves as a feedback mechanism to intercept PKC/MAPK activation induced by HHS, which might underlie PKC-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kanda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Satoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Teruaki Takasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Naofumi Tomimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kiko Tsuchiya
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Chun An Tsai
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Taemi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shu Kyomoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kozo Hamada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Reiko Sugiura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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Kampmeyer C, Johansen JV, Holmberg C, Karlson M, Gersing SK, Bordallo HN, Kragelund BB, Lerche MH, Jourdain I, Winther JR, Hartmann-Petersen R. Mutations in a Single Signaling Pathway Allow Cell Growth in Heavy Water. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:733-748. [PMID: 32142608 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Life is completely dependent on water. To analyze the role of water as a solvent in biology, we replaced water with heavy water (D2O) and investigated the biological effects by a wide range of techniques, using Schizosaccharomyces pombe as model organism. We show that high concentrations of D2O lead to altered glucose metabolism and growth retardation. After prolonged incubation in D2O, cells displayed gross morphological changes, thickened cell walls, and aberrant cytoskeletal organization. By transcriptomics and genetic screens, we show that the solvent replacement activates two signaling pathways: (1) the heat-shock response pathway and (2) the cell integrity pathway. Although the heat-shock response system upregulates various chaperones and other stress-relieving enzymes, we find that the activation of this pathway does not offer any fitness advantage to the cells under the solvent-replaced conditions. However, limiting the D2O-triggered activation of the cell integrity pathway allows cell growth when H2O is completely replaced with D2O. The isolated D2O-tolerant strains may aid biological production of deuterated biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kampmeyer
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Center, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens V. Johansen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Holmberg
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Center, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magnus Karlson
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Electrical Engineering, Ørsted Plads, Building 349, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sarah K. Gersing
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Center, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heloisa N. Bordallo
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birthe B. Kragelund
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Center, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- The REPIN Center, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathilde H. Lerche
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Electrical Engineering, Ørsted Plads, Building 349, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Isabelle Jourdain
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Jakob R. Winther
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Center, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Hartmann-Petersen
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Center, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- The REPIN Center, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Heinisch JJ, Rodicio R. Protein kinase C in fungi—more than just cell wall integrity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 42:4562651. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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