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Heggelund JE, Das S, Stamnaes J, Iversen R, Sollid LM. Autoantibody binding and unique enzyme-substrate intermediate conformation of human transglutaminase 3. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6216. [PMID: 37798283 PMCID: PMC10556103 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 3 (TG3), the autoantigen of dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), is a calcium dependent enzyme that targets glutamine residues in polypeptides for either transamidation or deamidation modifications. To become catalytically active TG3 requires proteolytic cleavage between the core domain and two C-terminal β-barrels (C1C2). Here, we report four X-ray crystal structures representing inactive and active conformations of human TG3 in complex with a TG3-specific Fab fragment of a DH patient derived antibody. We demonstrate that cleaved TG3, upon binding of a substrate-mimicking inhibitor, undergoes a large conformational change as a β-sheet in the catalytic core domain moves and C1C2 detaches. The unique enzyme-substrate conformation of TG3 without C1C2 is recognized by DH autoantibodies. The findings support a model where B-cell receptors of TG3-specific B cells bind and internalize TG3-gluten enzyme-substrate complexes thereby facilitating gluten-antigen presentation, T-cell help and autoantibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Elisabeth Heggelund
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Saykat Das
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jorunn Stamnaes
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rasmus Iversen
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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2
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Abdul Kalam Saleena L, Chang SK, Simarani K, Arunachalam KD, Thammakulkrajang R, How YH, Pui LP. A comprehensive review of Bifidobacterium spp: as a probiotic, application in the food and therapeutic, and forthcoming trends. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37551693 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2243617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, more consumers are interested in purchasing probiotic food and beverage products that may improve their immune health. The market for functional foods and beverages that include Bifidobacterium is expanding because of their potential uses in both food and therapeutic applications. However, maintaining Bifidobacterium's viability during food processing and storage remains a challenge. Microencapsulation technique has been explored to improve the viability of Bifidobacterium. Despite the technical, microbiological, and economic challenges, the market potential for immune-supporting functional foods and beverages is significant. Additionally, there is a shift toward postbiotics as a solution for product innovation, a promising postbiotic product that can be incorporated into various food and beverage formats is also introduced in this review. As consumers become more health-conscious, future developments in the functional food and beverage market discussed in this review could serve as a reference for researchers and industrialist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sui Kiat Chang
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Khanom Simarani
- Faculty of Science, Institute Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kantha Deivi Arunachalam
- Directorate of Research, Center For Environmental Nuclear Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Chennai, India
- Faculty of Sciences, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India
| | | | - Yu Hsuan How
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Liew Phing Pui
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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3
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Chakraborty S, Biswas S. Structure-Based Optimization of Protease-Inhibitor Interactions to Enhance Specificity of Human Stefin-A against Falcipain-2 from the Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Strain. Biochemistry 2023; 62:1053-1069. [PMID: 36763907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of resistance in Plasmodium falciparum to frontline artemisinin-based combination therapies has raised global concerns and emphasized the identification of new drug targets for malaria. Cysteine protease falcipain-2 (FP2), involved in host hemoglobin degradation and instrumental in parasite survival, has long been proposed as a promising malarial drug target. However, designing active-site-targeted small-molecule inhibitors of FP2 becomes challenging due to their off-target specificity toward highly homologous human cysteine cathepsins. The use of proteinaceous inhibitors, which have nonconserved exosite interactions and larger interface area, can effectively circumvent this problem. In this study, we report for the first time that human stefin-A (STFA) efficiently inhibits FP2 with Ki values in the nanomolar range. The FP2-STFA complex crystal structure, determined in this study, and sequence analyses identify a unique nonconserved exosite interaction, compared to human cathepsins. Designing a mutation Lys68 > Arg in STFA amplifies its selectivity garnering a 3.3-fold lower Ki value against FP2, and the crystal structure of the FP2-STFAK68R complex shows stronger electrostatic interaction between side-chains of Arg68 (STFAK68R) and Asp109 (FP2). Comparative structural analyses and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies of the complexes further confirm higher buried surface areas, better interaction energies for FP2-STFAK68R, and consistency of the newly developed electrostatic interaction (STFA-R68-FP2-D109) in the MD trajectory. The STFA-K68R mutant also shows higher Ki values against human cathepsin-L and stefin, a step toward eliminating off-target specificity. Hence, this work underlines the design of host-based proteinaceous inhibitors against FP2, with further optimization to render them more potent and selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhoja Chakraborty
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Sampa Biswas
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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4
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Wang X, Liu J, Chen J, Xu X, Zhong Y, Xu Y, Lu P, Zhou J, Lin Z, Yang B, Yang C. Loss-of-function mutations in CST6 cause dry skin, desquamation and abnormal keratosis without hypotrichosis. Clin Genet 2023; 103:301-309. [PMID: 36371786 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cystatin M/E (encoded by the CST6 gene) is a cysteine protease inhibitor, that exerts regulatory and protective effects against uncontrolled proteolysis mainly by directly regulating cathepsin V, cathepsin L, and legumain activities. Previous studies have suggested that CST6 may exert a regulatory role in epidermal differentiation and hair follicle formation by inhibiting the activity of respective cognate target proteases. However, until recently, studies have revealed that loss- or gain-of-function of the CST6 gene causes dry skin with hypotrichosis in humans. Here, we reported two siblings of Chinese origin with dry skin, desquamation and abnormal keratosis without hypotrichosis. By applying whole-exome sequencing, we identified homozygous loss-of-function mutation c.251G > A (p.Gly84Asp) in the CST6 gene as the underlying genetic cause. Further fluorimetric enzyme assays demonstrated the mutant cystatin M/E protein lost its inhibitory function on the protease activity of cathepsins. Moreover, the corresponding mutation in mice resulted in excessive cornification, desquamation, impaired skin barrier function, and abnormal proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. In conclusion, the homozygous missense mutation c.251G > A in CST6 gene resulted in dry skin, desquamation, as well as abnormal keratosis of the skin, promoting our understanding of the role of protease-antiprotease balance in human skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueyan Xu
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yadan Zhong
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingping Xu
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajian Zhou
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhimiao Lin
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Lecaille F, Chazeirat T, Saidi A, Lalmanach G. Cathepsin V: Molecular characteristics and significance in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101086. [PMID: 35305807 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human cysteine cathepsins form a family of eleven proteases (B, C, F, H, K, L, O, S, V, W, X/Z) that play important roles in a considerable number of biological and pathophysiological processes. Among them, cathepsin V, also known as cathepsin L2, is a lysosomal enzyme, which is mainly expressed in cornea, thymus, heart, brain, and skin. Cathepsin V is a multifunctional endopeptidase that is involved in both the release of antigenic peptides and the maturation of MHC class II molecules and participates in the turnover of elastin fibrils as well in the cleavage of intra- and extra-cellular substrates. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that cathepsin V may contribute to the progression of diverse diseases, due to the dysregulation of its expression and/or its activity. For instance, increased expression of cathepsin V is closely correlated with malignancies (breast cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, or colorectal cancer) as well vascular disorders (atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, hypertension) being the most prominent examples. This review aims to shed light on current knowledge on molecular aspects of cathepsin V (genomic organization, protein structure, substrate specificity), its regulation by protein and non-protein inhibitors as well to summarize its expression (tissue and cellular distribution). Then the core biological and pathophysiological roles of cathepsin V will be depicted, raising the question of its interest as a valuable target that can open up pioneering therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lecaille
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France.
| | - Thibault Chazeirat
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France
| | - Ahlame Saidi
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France.
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6
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Structure determinants defining the specificity of papain-like cysteine proteases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6552-6569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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7
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Balbinott N, Margis R. Review: Unraveling the origin of the structural and functional diversity of plant cystatins. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 321:111342. [PMID: 35696902 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of protease activity is a critical factor for the physiological balance during plant growth and development. Among the proteins involved in controlling protease activity are the cystatins, well-described inhibitors of cysteine proteases present in viruses, bacteria and most Eukaryotes. Plant cystatins, commonly called phytocystatins, display unique structural and functional diversity and are classified according to their molecular weight as type-I, -II, and -III. Their gene structure is highly conserved across Viridiplantae and provides insights into their evolutionary relationships. Many type-I phytocystatins with introns share sequence similarities with type-II phytocystatins. New data shows that they could have originated from recent losses of the carboxy-terminal extension present in type-II phytocystatins. Intronless type-I phytocystatins originated from a single event shared by flowering plants. Pieces of evidence show multiple events of gene duplications, intron losses, and gains throughout the expansion and diversity of the phytocystatin family. Gene duplication events in Gymnosperms and Eudicots resulted in inhibitors with amino acid substitutions that may modify their interaction with target proteases and other proteins. This review brings a phylogenomic analysis of plant cystatin evolution and contributes to a broader understanding of their origins. A complete functional genomic analysis among phytocystatins and their roles in plant development and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses remains a question to be fully solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Balbinott
- Laboratório de Genomas e Populações de Plantas, Departamento de Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Margis
- Laboratório de Genomas e Populações de Plantas, Departamento de Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa INCT Plant Stress Biotech, EMBRAPA, CENARGEN, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
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8
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Gai D, Chen JR, Stewart JP, Nookaew I, Habelhah H, Ashby C, Sun F, Cheng Y, Li C, Xu H, Peng B, Garg TK, Schinke C, Thanendrarajan S, Zangari M, Chen F, Barlogie B, van Rhee F, Tricot G, Shaughnessy JD, Zhan F. CST6 suppresses osteolytic bone disease in multiple myeloma by blocking osteoclast differentiation. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:159527. [PMID: 35881476 PMCID: PMC9479617 DOI: 10.1172/jci159527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteolytic bone disease is a hallmark of multiple myeloma (MM). A significant fraction (~20%) of MM patients do not develop osteolytic lesions (OL). The molecular basis for the absence of bone disease in MM is not understood. We combined PET-CT and gene expression profiling (GEP) of purified bone marrow (BM) CD138+ MM cells from 512 newly diagnosed MM patients to reveal that elevated expression of cystatin M/E (CST6) was significantly associated with the absence of OL in MM. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed a strong correlation between CST6 levels in BM serum/plasma and CST6 mRNA expression. Both recombinant CST6 protein and BM serum from patients with high CST6 significantly inhibited the activity of the osteoclast-specific protease cathepsin K, and blocked osteoclast differentiation and function. Recombinant CST6 inhibited bone destruction in ex vivo and in vivo myeloma models. Single cell RNA-sequencing identified that CST6 attenuates polarization of monocytes to osteoclast precursors. Furthermore, CST6 protein blocks osteoclast differentiation by suppressing cathepsin-mediated cleavage of NF-κB/p100 and TRAF3 following RANKL stimulation. Secretion by MM cells of CST6, an inhibitor of osteoclast differentiation and function, suppresses osteolytic bone disease in MM and probably other diseases associated with osteoclast-mediated bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzheng Gai
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Jin-Ran Chen
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - James P Stewart
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Hasem Habelhah
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Cody Ashby
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Fumou Sun
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Yan Cheng
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Can Li
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Bailu Peng
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Tarun K Garg
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Carolina Schinke
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Sharmilan Thanendrarajan
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Maurizio Zangari
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Fangping Chen
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bart Barlogie
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Frits van Rhee
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Guido Tricot
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - John D Shaughnessy
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Fenghuang Zhan
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
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9
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Kaunisto H, Salmi T, Lindfors K, Kemppainen E. Antibody Responses to Transglutaminase 3 in Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Lessons from Celiac Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062910. [PMID: 35328331 PMCID: PMC8953297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is the skin manifestation of celiac disease, presenting with a blistering rash typically on the knees, elbows, buttocks and scalp. In both DH and celiac disease, exposure to dietary gluten triggers a cascade of events resulting in the production of autoantibodies against the transglutaminase (TG) enzyme, mainly TG2 but often also TG3. The latter is considered to be the primary autoantigen in DH. The dynamics of the development of the TG2-targeted autoimmune response have been studied in depth in celiac disease, but the immunological process underlying DH pathophysiology is incompletely understood. Part of this process is the occurrence of granular deposits of IgA and TG3 in the perilesional skin. While this serves as the primary diagnostic finding in DH, the role of these immunocomplexes in the pathogenesis is unknown. Intriguingly, even though gluten-intolerance likely develops initially in a similar manner in both DH and celiac disease, after the onset of the disease, its manifestations differ widely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helka Kaunisto
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; (H.K.); (T.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Teea Salmi
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; (H.K.); (T.S.); (K.L.)
- Department of Dermatology, Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Katri Lindfors
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; (H.K.); (T.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Esko Kemppainen
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; (H.K.); (T.S.); (K.L.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Transglutaminase 3 crosslinks the secreted gel-forming mucus component Mucin-2 and stabilizes the colonic mucus layer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:45. [PMID: 35017479 PMCID: PMC8752817 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The colonic mucus layer is organized as a two-layered system providing a physical barrier against pathogens and simultaneously harboring the commensal flora. The factors contributing to the organization of this gel network are not well understood. In this study, the impact of transglutaminase activity on this architecture was analyzed. Here, we show that transglutaminase TGM3 is the major transglutaminase-isoform expressed and synthesized in the colon. Furthermore, intrinsic extracellular transglutaminase activity in the secreted mucus was demonstrated in vitro and ex vivo. Absence of this acyl-transferase activity resulted in faster degradation of the major mucus component the MUC2 mucin and changed the biochemical properties of mucus. Finally, TGM3-deficient mice showed an early increased susceptibility to Dextran Sodium Sulfate-induced colitis. Here, we report that natural isopeptide cross-linking by TGM3 is important for mucus homeostasis and protection of the colon from inflammation, reducing the risk of colitis. The colonic mucus layer is an organized system providing a physical barrier against pathogens and simultaneously harbouring the commensal flora. Here the authors report that transglutaminase 3 activity contributes to homeostasis of the colonic mucus layer and the lack of this enzymatic activity leads to increased susceptibility against DSS-induced colitis in mice.
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11
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Li X, Liang Y, Lian C, Peng F, Xiao Y, He Y, Ma C, Wang Y, Zhang P, Deng Y, Su Y, Luo C, Kong X, Yang Q, Liu T, Hu G. CST6 protein and peptides inhibit breast cancer bone metastasis by suppressing CTSB activity and osteoclastogenesis. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:9821-9832. [PMID: 34815788 PMCID: PMC8581426 DOI: 10.7150/thno.62187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bone metastasis is a frequent symptom of breast cancer and current targeted therapy has limited efficacy. Osteoclasts play critical roles to drive osteolysis and metastatic outgrowth of tumor cells in bone. Previously we identified CST6 as a secretory protein significantly downregulated in bone-metastatic breast cancer cells. Functional analysis showed that CST6 suppresses breast-to-bone metastasis in animal models. However, the functional mechanism and therapeutic potential of CST6 in bone metastasis is unknown. Methods: Using in vitro osteoclastogenesis and in vivo metastasis assays, we studied the effect and mechanism of extracellular CST6 protein in suppressing osteoclastic niches and bone metastasis of breast cancer. A number of peptides containing the functional domain of CST6 were screened to inhibit bone metastasis. The efficacy, stability and toxicity of CST6 recombinant protein and peptides were evaluated in preclinical metastasis models. Results: We show here that CST6 inhibits osteolytic bone metastasis by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. Cancer cell-derived CST6 enters osteoclasts by endocytosis and suppresses the cysteine protease CTSB, leading to up-regulation of the CTSB hydrolytic substrate SPHK1. SPHK1 suppresses osteoclast maturation by inhibiting the RANKL-induced p38 activation. Importantly, recombinant CST6 protein effectively suppresses bone metastasis in vitro and in vivo. We further identified several peptides mimicking the function of CST6 to suppress cancer cell-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone metastasis. Pre-clinical analyses of CTS6 recombinant protein and peptides demonstrated their potentials in treatment of breast cancer bone metastasis. Conclusion: These findings reveal the CST6-CTSB-SPHK1 signaling axis in osteoclast differentiation and provide a promising approach to treat bone diseases with CST6-based peptides.
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12
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Biochemical Characterisation of Human Transglutaminase 4. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212448. [PMID: 34830327 PMCID: PMC8619550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases are protein-modifying enzymes involved in physiological and pathological processes with potent therapeutic possibilities. Human TG4, also called prostate transglutaminase, is involved in the development of autoimmune and tumour diseases. Although rodent TG4 is well characterised, biochemical characteristics of human TG4 that could help th e understanding of its way of action are not published. First, we analysed proteomics databases and found that TG4 protein is present in human tissues beyond the prostate. Then, we studied in vitro the transamidase activity of human TG4 and its regulation using the microtitre plate method. Human TG4 has low transamidase activity which prefers slightly acidic pH and a reducing environment. It is enhanced by submicellar concentrations of SDS suggesting that membrane proximity is an important regulatory event. Human TG4 does not bind GTP as tested by GTP-agarose and BODIPY-FL-GTPγS binding, and its proteolytic activation by dispase or when expressed in AD-293 cells was not observed either. We identified several potential human TG4 glutamine donor substrates in the AD-293 cell extract by biotin-pentylamine incorporation and mass spectrometry. Several of these potential substrates are involved in cell–cell interaction, adhesion and proliferation, suggesting that human TG4 could become an anticancer therapeutic target.
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Zhang W, Lin Y. The Mechanism of Asparagine Endopeptidase in the Progression of Malignant Tumors: A Review. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051153. [PMID: 34068767 PMCID: PMC8151911 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), also called legumain, is currently the only known cysteine protease that specifically cleaves peptide bonds in asparaginyl residue in the mammalian genome. Since 2003, AEP has been reported to be widely expressed in a variety of carcinomas and is considered a potential therapeutic target. In the following years, researchers intensively investigated the substrates of AEP and the mechanism of AEP in partial tumors. With the identification of substrate proteins such as P53, integrin αvβ3, MMP-2, and MMP-9, the biochemical mechanism of AEP in carcinomas is also more precise. This review will clarify the probable mechanisms of AEP in the progression of breast carcinoma, glioblastoma, gastric carcinoma, and epithelial ovarian carcinoma. This review will also discuss the feasibility of targeted therapy with AEP inhibitor (AEPI) in these carcinomas.
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14
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Cystatin M/E (Cystatin 6): A Janus-Faced Cysteine Protease Inhibitor with Both Tumor-Suppressing and Tumor-Promoting Functions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081877. [PMID: 33919854 PMCID: PMC8070812 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alongside its contribution in maintaining skin homeostasis and its probable involvement in fetal and placental development, cystatin M/E (also known as cystatin 6) was first described as a tumor suppressor of breast cancer. This review aims to provide an update on cystatin M/E with particular attention paid to its role during tumorigenesis. Cystatin M/E, which is related to type 2 cystatins, displays the unique property of being a dual tight-binding inhibitor of both legumain (also known as asparagine endopeptidase) and cysteine cathepsins L, V and B, while its expression level is epigenetically regulated via the methylation of the CST6 promoter region. The tumor-suppressing role of cystatin M/E was further reported in melanoma, cervical, brain, prostate, gastric and renal cancers, and cystatin M/E was proposed as a biomarker of prognostic significance. Contrariwise, cystatin M/E could have an antagonistic function, acting as a tumor promoter (e.g., oral, pancreatic cancer, thyroid and hepatocellular carcinoma). Taking into account these apparently divergent functions, there is an urgent need to decipher the molecular and cellular regulatory mechanisms of the expression and activity of cystatin M/E associated with the safeguarding homeostasis of the proteolytic balance as well as its imbalance in cancer.
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15
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Abstract
Abstract
Hen eggs are widely used, not only for human consumption, but also as an important material in food production and in pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry. Cystatin is a biologically active component of egg white, mostly used as an inhibitor of papain-like cysteine proteases. It was isolated from chicken egg white and has later been used in the nomenclature of structurally and functionally related proteins. Cystatins from animals, including mouse, rat, dog, cow and chicken egg white have been isolated and recently used in foodstuffs and drug administration. Cystatin has found its place and use in medicine due to its antimicrobial, antiviral and insecticidal effects, for the prevention of cerebral hemorrhage and control of cancer cell metastasis.
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16
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Target Enzymes Considered for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2010728. [PMID: 33224974 PMCID: PMC7669341 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2010728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Various amyloidogenic proteins have been suggested to be involved in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases (ND) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Particularly, the aggregation of misfolded amyloid-β and hyperphosphorylated tau and α-synuclein are linked to the pathogenesis of AD and PD, respectively. In order to care the diseases, multiple small molecules have been developed to regulate the aggregation pathways of these amyloid proteins. In addition to controlling the aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins, maintaining the levels of the proteins in the brain by amyloid degrading enzymes (ADE; neprilysin (NEP), insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), and ADAM10) is also essential to cure AD and PD. Therefore, numerous biological molecules and chemical agents have been investigated as either inducer or inhibitor against the levels and activities of ADE. Although the side effect of enhancing the activity of ADE could occur, the removal of amyloidogenic proteins could result in a relatively good strategy to treat AD and PD. Furthermore, since the causes of ND are diverse, various multifunctional (multitarget) chemical agents have been designed to control the actions of multiple risk factors of ND, including amyloidogenic proteins, metal ions, and reactive oxygen species. Many of them, however, were invented without considerations of regulating ADE levels and actions. Incorporation of previously created molecules with the chemical agents handling ADE could be a promising way to treat AD and PD. This review introduces the ADE and molecules capable of modulating the activity and expression of ADE.
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17
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Chermnykh ES, Alpeeva EV, Vorotelyak EA. Transglutaminase 3: The Involvement in Epithelial Differentiation and Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091996. [PMID: 32872587 PMCID: PMC7563467 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGMs) contribute to the formation of rigid, insoluble macromolecular complexes, which are essential for the epidermis and hair follicles to perform protective and barrier functions against the environment. During differentiation, epidermal keratinocytes undergo structural alterations being transformed into cornified cells, which constitute a highly tough outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum. Similar processes occur during the hardening of the hair follicle and the hair shaft, which is provided by the enzymatic cross-linking of the structural proteins and keratin intermediate filaments. TGM3, also known as epidermal TGM, is one of the pivotal enzymes responsible for the formation of protein polymers in the epidermis and the hair follicle. Numerous studies have shown that TGM3 is extensively involved in epidermal and hair follicle physiology and pathology. However, the roles of TGM3, its substrates, and its importance for the integument system are not fully understood. Here, we summarize the main advances that have recently been achieved in TGM3 analyses in skin and hair follicle biology and also in understanding the functional role of TGM3 in human tumor pathology as well as the reliability of its prognostic clinical usage as a cancer diagnosis biomarker. This review also focuses on human and murine hair follicle abnormalities connected with TGM3 mutations.
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18
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Teshima H, Kato M, Tatsukawa H, Hitomi K. Analysis of the expression of transglutaminases in the reconstructed human epidermis using a three-dimensional cell culture. Anal Biochem 2020; 603:113606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Poreba M. Recent advances in the development of legumain-selective chemical probes and peptide prodrugs. Biol Chem 2020; 400:1529-1550. [PMID: 31021817 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Legumain, which is also known as vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) or asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP), is a cysteine protease that was first discovered and characterized in the leguminous seeds of the moth bean in the early 1990s. Later, this enzyme was also detected in higher organisms, including eukaryotes. This pH-dependent protease displays the highest activity in acidic endolysosomal compartments; however, legumain also displays nuclear, cytosolic and extracellular activity when stabilized by other proteins or intramolecular complexes. Based on the results from over 25 years of research, this protease is involved in multiple cellular events, including protein degradation and antigen presentation. Moreover, when dysregulated, this protease contributes to the progression of several diseases, with cancer being the well-studied example. Research on legumain biology was undoubtedly facilitated by the use of small molecule chemical tools. Therefore, in this review, I present the historical perspectives and most current strategies for the development of small molecule substrates, inhibitors and activity-based probes for legumain. These tools are of paramount importance in elucidating the roles of legumain in multiple biological processes. Finally, as this enzyme appears to be a promising molecular target for anticancer therapies, the development of legumain-activated prodrugs is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Poreba
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
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20
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Ding X, Willenborg S, Bloch W, Wickström SA, Wagle P, Brodesser S, Roers A, Jais A, Brüning JC, Hall MN, Rüegg MA, Eming SA. Epidermal mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 controls lipid synthesis and filaggrin processing in epidermal barrier formation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:283-300.e8. [PMID: 31401286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perturbation of epidermal barrier formation will profoundly compromise overall skin function, leading to a dry and scaly, ichthyosis-like skin phenotype that is the hallmark of a broad range of skin diseases, including ichthyosis, atopic dermatitis, and a multitude of clinical eczema variants. An overarching molecular mechanism that orchestrates the multitude of factors controlling epidermal barrier formation and homeostasis remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE Here we highlight a specific role of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) signaling in epidermal barrier formation. METHODS Epidermal mTORC2 signaling was specifically disrupted by deleting rapamycin-insensitive companion of target of rapamycin (Rictor), encoding an essential subunit of mTORC2 in mouse epidermis (epidermis-specific homozygous Rictor deletion [RicEKO] mice). Epidermal structure and barrier function were investigated through a combination of gene expression, biochemical, morphological and functional analysis in RicEKO and control mice. RESULTS RicEKO newborns displayed an ichthyosis-like phenotype characterized by dysregulated epidermal de novo lipid synthesis, altered lipid lamellae structure, and aberrant filaggrin (FLG) processing. Despite a compensatory transcriptional epidermal repair response, the protective epidermal function was impaired in RicEKO mice, as revealed by increased transepidermal water loss, enhanced corneocyte fragility, decreased dendritic epidermal T cells, and an exaggerated percutaneous immune response. Restoration of Akt-Ser473 phosphorylation in mTORC2-deficient keratinocytes through expression of constitutive Akt rescued FLG processing. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal a critical metabolic signaling relay of barrier formation in which epidermal mTORC2 activity controls FLG processing and de novo epidermal lipid synthesis during cornification. Our findings provide novel mechanistic insights into epidermal barrier formation and could open up new therapeutic opportunities to restore defective epidermal barrier conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Ding
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Paul Gerson Unna Group "Skin Homeostasis and Ageing", Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany; Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Prerana Wagle
- Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Brodesser
- Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Jais
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Sabine A Eming
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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21
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Rogerson C, O'Shaughnessy RFL. Protein kinases involved in epidermal barrier formation: The AKT family and other animals. Exp Dermatol 2019; 27:892-900. [PMID: 29845670 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Formation of a stratified epidermis is required for the performance of the essential functions of the skin; to act as an outside-in barrier against the access of microorganisms and other external factors, to prevent loss of water and solutes via inside-out barrier functions and to withstand mechanical stresses. Epidermal barrier function is initiated during embryonic development and is then maintained throughout life and restored after injury. A variety of interrelated processes are required for the formation of a stratified epidermis, and how these processes are both temporally and spatially regulated has long been an aspect of dermatological research. In this review, we describe the roles of multiple protein kinases in the regulation of processes required for epidermal barrier formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Rogerson
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ryan F L O'Shaughnessy
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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22
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Eddie SL, Gregson A, Graham E, Burton S, Harrison T, Burden R, Scott CJ, Mullan PB, Williams R. Identification and SAR exploration of a novel series of Legumain inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1546-1548. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Cystatins in cancer progression: More than just cathepsin inhibitors. Biochimie 2019; 166:233-250. [PMID: 31071357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cystatins are endogenous and reversible inhibitors of cysteine peptidases that are important players in cancer progression. Besides their primary role as regulators of cysteine peptidase activity, cystatins are involved in cancer development and progression through proteolysis-independent mechanisms. Mechanistic studies of cystatin function revealed that they affect all stages of cancer progression including tumor growth, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. Recently, the involvement of cystatins in the antitumor immune responses was reported. In this review, we discuss molecular mechanisms and clinical aspects of cystatins in cancer. Altered expression of cystatins in cancer resulting in harmful excessive cysteine peptidase activity has been a subject of several studies in order to find correlations with clinical outcome and therapy response. However, involvement in anti-tumor immune response and signaling cascades leading to cancer progression designates cystatins as possible targets for development of new anti-tumor drugs.
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24
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Toss MS, Miligy IM, Gorringe KL, McCaffrey L, AlKawaz A, Abidi A, Ellis IO, Green AR, Rakha EA. Legumain is an independent predictor for invasive recurrence in breast ductal carcinoma in situ. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:639-649. [PMID: 30429518 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Legumain is a proteolytic enzyme that plays a role in the regulation of cell proliferation in invasive breast cancer. Studies evaluating its role in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are lacking. Here, we aimed to characterize legumain protein expression in DCIS and evaluate its prognostic significance. Legumain was assessed immunohistochemically in a tissue microarray of a well-characterized cohort of DCIS (n = 776 pure DCIS and n = 239 DCIS associated with invasive breast cancer (DCIS-mixed)). Legumain immunoreactivity was scored in tumor cells and surrounding stroma and related to clinicopathological parameters and patient outcome. High legumain expression was observed in 23% of pure DCIS and was associated with features of high-risk DCIS including higher nuclear grade, comedo necrosis, hormone receptor negativity, HER2 positivity, and higher proliferation index. Legumain expression was higher in DCIS associated with invasive breast cancer than in pure DCIS (p < 0.0001). In the DCIS-mixed cohort, the invasive component showed higher legumain expression than the DCIS component (p < 0.0001). Legumain was an independent predictor of shorter local recurrencefree interval for all recurrences (p = 0.0003) and for invasive recurrences (p = 0.002). When incorporated with other risk factors, legumain provided better patient risk stratification. High legumain expression is associated with poor prognosis in DCIS and could be a potential marker to predict DCIS progression to invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Toss
- Department of Histopathology, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Center, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK.,Histopathology department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Islam M Miligy
- Department of Histopathology, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Center, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK.,Histopathology department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebeen El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Kylie L Gorringe
- Cancer Genomics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - L McCaffrey
- Department of Oncology, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Abdulbaqi AlKawaz
- Department of Histopathology, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Center, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK.,College of dentistry, Al Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Asima Abidi
- Department of Histopathology, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Center, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Department of Histopathology, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Center, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew R Green
- Department of Histopathology, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Center, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Department of Histopathology, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Center, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK. .,Histopathology department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebeen El-Kom, Egypt.
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25
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Tanabe Y, Yamane M, Kato M, Teshima H, Kuribayashi M, Tatsukawa H, Takama H, Akiyama M, Hitomi K. Studies on differentiation‐dependent expression and activity of distinct transglutaminases by specific substrate peptides using three‐dimensional reconstituted epidermis. FEBS J 2019; 286:2536-2548. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Japan
| | - Miki Yamane
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Japan
| | - Manami Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Japan
| | - Hirofumi Teshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Japan
| | - Miki Kuribayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Japan
| | - Hideki Tatsukawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takama
- Department of Dermatology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
- Department of Dermatology Aichi Medical University Nagakute Japan
| | - Masashi Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology Aichi Medical University Nagakute Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Hitomi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Japan
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26
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van den Bogaard EHJ, van Geel M, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Jansen PAM, Peppelman M, van Erp PEJ, Atalay S, Venselaar H, Simon MEH, Joosten M, Schalkwijk J, Zeeuwen PLJM. Deficiency of the human cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin M/E causes hypotrichosis and dry skin. Genet Med 2018; 21:1559-1567. [PMID: 30425301 PMCID: PMC6752276 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to assess the biological and clinical significance of the human cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin M/E, encoded by the CTS6 gene, in diseases of human hair and skin. Methods Exome and Sanger sequencing was performed to reveal the genetic cause in two related patients with hypotrichosis. Immunohistochemical, biophysical, and biochemical measurements were performed on patient skin and 3D-reconstructed skin from patient-derived keratinocytes. Results We identified a homozygous variant c.361C>T (p.Gln121*), resulting in a premature stop codon in exon 2 of CST6 associated with hypotrichosis, eczema, blepharitis, photophobia and impaired sweating. Enzyme assays using recombinant mutant cystatin M/E protein, generated by site-directed mutagenesis, revealed that this p.Gln121* variant was unable to inhibit any of its three target proteases (legumain and cathepsins L and V). Three-dimensional protein structure prediction confirmed the disturbance of the protease/inhibitor binding sites of legumain and cathepsins L and V in the p.Gln121* variant. Conclusion The herein characterized autosomal recessive hypotrichosis syndrome indicates an important role of human cystatin M/E in epidermal homeostasis and hair follicle morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen H J van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel van Geel
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M J J van Vlijmen-Willems
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick A M Jansen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Malou Peppelman
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piet E J van Erp
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Selma Atalay
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanka Venselaar
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, RIMLS, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen E H Simon
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Joosten
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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27
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Bozzi Cionci N, Baffoni L, Gaggìa F, Di Gioia D. Therapeutic Microbiology: The Role of Bifidobacterium breve as Food Supplement for the Prevention/Treatment of Paediatric Diseases. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1723. [PMID: 30423810 PMCID: PMC6265827 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal microbiota, establishing a symbiotic relationship with the host, plays a significant role for human health. It is also well known that a disease status is frequently characterized by a dysbiotic condition of the gut microbiota. A probiotic treatment can represent an alternative therapy for enteric disorders and human pathologies not apparently linked to the gastrointestinal tract. Among bifidobacteria, strains of the species Bifidobacterium breve are widely used in paediatrics. B. breve is the dominant species in the gut of breast-fed infants and it has also been isolated from human milk. It has antimicrobial activity against human pathogens, it does not possess transmissible antibiotic resistance traits, it is not cytotoxic and it has immuno-stimulating abilities. This review describes the applications of B. breve strains mainly for the prevention/treatment of paediatric pathologies. The target pathologies range from widespread gut diseases, including diarrhoea and infant colics, to celiac disease, obesity, allergic and neurological disorders. Moreover, B. breve strains are used for the prevention of side infections in preterm newborns and during antibiotic treatments or chemotherapy. With this documentation, we hope to increase knowledge on this species to boost the interest in the emerging discipline known as "therapeutic microbiology".
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bozzi Cionci
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Loredana Baffoni
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesca Gaggìa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Diana Di Gioia
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
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Dall E, Hollerweger JC, Dahms SO, Cui H, Häussermann K, Brandstetter H. Structural and functional analysis of cystatin E reveals enzymologically relevant dimer and amyloid fibril states. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13151-13165. [PMID: 29967063 PMCID: PMC6109925 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein activity is often regulated by altering the oligomerization state. One mechanism of multimerization involves domain swapping, wherein proteins exchange parts of their structures and thereby form long-lived dimers or multimers. Domain swapping has been specifically observed in amyloidogenic proteins, for example the cystatin superfamily of cysteine protease inhibitors. Cystatins are twin-headed inhibitors, simultaneously targeting the lysosomal cathepsins and legumain, with important roles in cancer progression and Alzheimer's disease. Although cystatin E is the most potent legumain inhibitor identified so far, nothing is known about its propensity to oligomerize. In this study, we show that conformational destabilization of cystatin E leads to the formation of a domain-swapped dimer with increased conformational stability. This dimer was active as a legumain inhibitor by forming a trimeric complex. By contrast, the binding sites toward papain-like proteases were buried within the cystatin E dimer. We also showed that the dimers could further convert to amyloid fibrils. Unexpectedly, cystatin E amyloid fibrils contained functional protein, which inhibited both legumain and papain-like enzymes. Fibril formation was further regulated by glycosylation. We speculate that cystatin amyloid fibrils might serve as a binding platform to stabilize the pH-sensitive legumain and cathepsins in the extracellular environment, contributing to their physiological and pathological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elfriede Dall
- From the Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria and
| | - Julia C Hollerweger
- From the Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria and
| | - Sven O Dahms
- From the Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria and
| | - Haissi Cui
- the Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Häussermann
- the Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- From the Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria and
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29
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Cystatin immunoreactivity in cornifying layers of the epidermis suggests a role in the formation of the epidermal barrier in amniotes. ZOOLOGY 2018; 127:40-46. [PMID: 29503061 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence and localization of cystatin, a cysteine protease inhibitor involved in barrier formation in human and mice epidermis, has been studied in the epidermis of piscine and terrestrial vertebrates using a mouse monoclonal antibody. Cystatin has been localized by Immunostaining in the pre-corneous and corneous layers of monotreme, marsupial and placental mammals, and sparsely in the thin corneous layer of birds. Cystatin-immunolabeling is present in the pre-corneous and corneous layer of crocodilian and turtle epidermis, in the alpha-corneous layer and likely also in the beta-corneous layer of the epidermis in lizards, snakes and the tuatara. In keratinocytes of the pre-corneous (transitional) layers the protein initially shows a peripheral distribution that becomes compacted in mature corneocytes. The protein is not detected using the antibody in the epidermis of cyclostome, teleosts, sarcopterigian fish, and in amphibians. The study concludes that while in fish and amphibians cystatin is absent or however uncertainly localized in the epidermis, the protein instead appears present in the more external pre-corneous and corneous layers of amniotes. This special regionalization suggests a specific role of cystatin in the formation of the corneous epidermal barrier and regulation of desquamation originally evolved in the terrestrial environment.
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30
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Pokharel K, Peippo J, Honkatukia M, Seppälä A, Rautiainen J, Ghanem N, Hamama TM, Crowe MA, Andersson M, Li MH, Kantanen J. Integrated ovarian mRNA and miRNA transcriptome profiling characterizes the genetic basis of prolificacy traits in sheep (Ovis aries). BMC Genomics 2018; 19:104. [PMID: 29378514 PMCID: PMC5789708 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The highly prolific breeds of domestic sheep (Ovis aries) are globally valuable genetic resources for sheep industry. Genetic, nutritional and other environmental factors affect prolificacy traits in sheep. To improve our knowledge of the sheep prolificacy traits, we conducted mRNA-miRNA integrated profiling of ovarian tissues from two pure breeds with large (Finnsheep) vs. small (Texel) litter sizes and their F1 crosses, half of which were fed a flushing diet. RESULTS Among the samples, 16,402 genes (60.6% known ovine genes) were expressed, 79 novel miRNAs were found, and a cluster of miRNAs on chromosome 18 was detected. The majority of the differentially expressed genes between breeds were upregulated in the Texel with low prolificacy, owing to the flushing diet effect, whereas a similar pattern was not detected in the Finnsheep. F1 ewes responded similarly to Finnsheep rather than displaying a performance intermediate between the two pure breeds. CONCLUSIONS The identification and characterization of differentially expressed genes and miRNAs in the ovaries of sheep provided insights into genetic and environmental factors affecting prolificacy traits. The three genes (CST6, MEPE and HBB) that were differentially expressed between the group of Finnsheep and Texel ewes kept in normal diet appeared to be candidate genes of prolificacy traits and will require further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisun Pokharel
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute of Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Jaana Peippo
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute of Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Mervi Honkatukia
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute of Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Arja Seppälä
- Eastman Chemical Company, Tammasaarenkatu 1, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Nasser Ghanem
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute of Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, Finland
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Tuula-Marjatta Hamama
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute of Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Mark A. Crowe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Magnus Andersson
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Meng-Hua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Juha Kantanen
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute of Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, Finland
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31
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Shamsi A, Bano B. Journey of cystatins from being mere thiol protease inhibitors to at heart of many pathological conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:674-693. [PMID: 28445699 PMCID: PMC7112400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cystatins are thiol proteinase inhibitors (TPI), present ubiquitously in animals, plants and micro-organisms. These are not merely inhibitors rather they are at heart of many pathological conditions ranging from diabetes to renal failure. These are essential for maintenance of protein balance of the cell; once this balance gets disturbed, it may lead to cell death. Thus, cystatins cannot be merely regarded as TPI's as these have been found to play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis and neurodegenerative diseases. Many studies have reported the variation in cystatin level in incidences of different types of cancer; highlighting an important role played by these inhibitors in cancer development and progression. Cystatin C is increasingly replacing creatinine as a biomarker of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) thereby highlighting the importance of this important inhibitor. Some recent studies have also reported the interaction pattern of various anti-cancer drugs with cystatins in a bid to find how these drugs affect this important inhibitors and whether these drugs have any side effect on cystatins. Thus, in this growing disease era it can be said that cystatins are no more just inhibitors blocking the activity of thiol proteases rather they play a pivotal role in variety of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Shamsi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Bilqees Bano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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32
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Lee CW, Stankowski JN, Chew J, Cook CN, Lam YW, Almeida S, Carlomagno Y, Lau KF, Prudencio M, Gao FB, Bogyo M, Dickson DW, Petrucelli L. The lysosomal protein cathepsin L is a progranulin protease. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:55. [PMID: 28743268 PMCID: PMC5526245 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of GRN, the gene encoding progranulin (PGRN), causes frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), the second most common cause of early-onset dementia. Receptor-mediated lysosomal targeting has been shown to regulate brain PGRN levels, and complete deficiency of PGRN is a direct cause of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a lysosomal storage disease. Here we show that the lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin L (Cat L) can mediate the proteolytic cleavage of intracellular PGRN into poly-granulin and granulin fragments. Further, PGRN and Cat L co-localize in lysosomes of HEK293 cells, iPSC-derived neurons and human cortical neurons from human postmortem tissue. These data identify Cat L as a key intracellular lysosomal PGRN protease, and provides an intriguing new link between lysosomal dysfunction and FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris W Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, 32224, USA. .,Present Address: Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ, USA. .,Present Address: Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey, Cedar Knolls, NJ, USA.
| | | | - Jeannie Chew
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, 32224, USA
| | - Casey N Cook
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, 32224, USA
| | - Ying-Wai Lam
- Vermont Genetics Network Proteomics Facility, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Sandra Almeida
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yari Carlomagno
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, 32224, USA
| | - Kwok-Fai Lau
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Mercedes Prudencio
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, 32224, USA
| | - Fen-Biao Gao
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, 32224, USA
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, 32224, USA.
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33
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Wallin H, Apelqvist J, Andersson F, Ekström U, Abrahamson M. Low-level internalization of cystatin E/M affects legumain activity and migration of melanoma cells. J Biol Chem 2017. [PMID: 28630039 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.776138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ratio between proteases and their inhibitors is unbalanced in cancer. The cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin C is internalized by some cancer cells, which affects cellular properties. Here we aimed to investigate if uptake of cystatin C and the related inhibitor cystatin E/M occur in melanoma cell lines and to evaluate to what extent the uptake affects the legumain activity that is typically increased in melanoma. First we studied the basic expression, secretion, and intracellular content of all type 2 cystatins as well as expression and activity of their possible target enzymes legumain and cathepsin B in MDA-MB-435S, A375, and C8161 melanoma cells. Legumain activity was measureable in all cell lines, and of the potential legumain inhibitors, cystatin C, E/M, and F, cystatin C was the one mainly produced. All cells internalized cystatin C added to culture media, leading to increased intracellular cystatin C levels by 120-200%. Cystatin E/M was internalized as well but at a modest rate. The effects on intracellular legumain activity were nevertheless pronounced, probably because the cells lacked this inhibitor, and its affinity for legumain is 100-fold higher than that of cystatin C. Likewise, the low-degree uptake resulted in reduced migration and invasion of A375 cells in Matrigel to an extent comparable with the W106F variant of cystatin C with optimal uptake properties and resulting in much higher intracellular levels. Thus, cystatin E/M appears to be a good candidate to efficiently down-regulate the increased legumain activity, possibly important for the malignant phenotype of melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Wallin
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Apelqvist
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Freddi Andersson
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Ekström
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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34
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Oortveld MAW, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Kersten FFJ, Cheng T, Verdoes M, van Erp PEJ, Verbeek S, Reinheckel T, Hendriks WJAJ, Schalkwijk J, Zeeuwen PLJM. Cathepsin B as a potential cystatin M/E target in the mouse hair follicle. FASEB J 2017; 31:4286-4294. [PMID: 28596234 PMCID: PMC5602906 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700267r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of the cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin M/E (Cst6) in mice leads to disturbed epidermal cornification, impaired barrier function, and neonatal lethality. We report the rescue of the lethal skin phenotype of ichq (Cst6-deficient; Cst6−/−) mice by transgenic, epidermis-specific, reexpression of Cst6 under control of the human involucrin (INV) promoter. Rescued Tg(INV-Cst6)Cst6ichq/ichq mice survive the neonatal phase, but display severe eye pathology and alopecia after 4 mo. We observed keratitis and squamous metaplasia of the corneal epithelium, comparable to Cst6−/−Ctsl+/− mice, as we have reported in other studies. We found the INV promoter to be active in the hair follicle infundibulum; however, we did not observe Cst6 protein expression in the lower regions of the hair follicle in Tg(INV-Cst6)Cst6ichq/ichq mice. This result suggests that unrestricted activity of proteases is involved in disturbance of hair follicle biology, eventually leading to baldness. Using quenched activity-based probes, we identified mouse cathepsin B (CtsB), which is expressed in the lower regions of the hair follicle, as an additional target of mouse Cst6. These data suggest that Cst6 is necessary to control CtsB activity in hair follicle morphogenesis and highlight Cst6-controlled proteolytic pathways as targets for preventing hair loss.—Oortveld, M. A. W., van Vlijmen-Willems, I. M. J. J., Kersten, F. F. J., Cheng, T., Verdoes, M., van Erp, P. E. J., Verbeek, S., Reinheckel, T., Hendriks, W. J. A. J., Schalkwijk, J., Zeeuwen, P. L. J. M. Cathepsin B as a potential cystatin M/E target in the mouse hair follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel A W Oortveld
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M J J van Vlijmen-Willems
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry F J Kersten
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tsing Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piet E J van Erp
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wiljan J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
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35
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Nandy SK, Seal A. Structural Dynamics Investigation of Human Family 1 & 2 Cystatin-Cathepsin L1 Interaction: A Comparison of Binding Modes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164970. [PMID: 27764212 PMCID: PMC5072729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystatin superfamily is a large group of evolutionarily related proteins involved in numerous physiological activities through their inhibitory activity towards cysteine proteases. Despite sharing the same cystatin fold, and inhibiting cysteine proteases through the same tripartite edge involving highly conserved N-terminal region, L1 and L2 loop; cystatins differ widely in their inhibitory affinity towards C1 family of cysteine proteases and molecular details of these interactions are still elusive. In this study, inhibitory interactions of human family 1 & 2 cystatins with cathepsin L1 are predicted and their stability and viability are verified through protein docking & comparative molecular dynamics. An overall stabilization effect is observed in all cystatins on complex formation. Complexes are mostly dominated by van der Waals interaction but the relative participation of the conserved regions varied extensively. While van der Waals contacts prevail in L1 and L2 loop, N-terminal segment chiefly acts as electrostatic interaction site. In fact the comparative dynamics study points towards the instrumental role of L1 loop in directing the total interaction profile of the complex either towards electrostatic or van der Waals contacts. The key amino acid residues surfaced via interaction energy, hydrogen bonding and solvent accessible surface area analysis for each cystatin-cathepsin L1 complex influence the mode of binding and thus control the diverse inhibitory affinity of cystatins towards cysteine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kumar Nandy
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Alpana Seal
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
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36
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Sun Y, Sheshadri N, Zong WX. SERPINB3 and B4: From biochemistry to biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:170-177. [PMID: 27637160 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human SERPINB3 and SERPINB4 are evolutionary duplicated serine/cysteine protease inhibitors. Genomic analysis indicates that these paralogous genes were encoded from independent loci arising from tandem gene duplication. Although the two molecules share 92% identity of their amino acid sequences, they are distinct in the Reactive Center Loop (RCL) including a hinge region and catalytic sequences which accounts for altered substrate specificity. Elevated expression of the two molecules has been reported to contribute to numerous pathological conditions such as inflammatory diseases and cancer. In this review, we focus on summarizing the biochemical features of SERPINB3/B4 and discussing the mechanistic basis for their biological functions and implications in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Namratha Sheshadri
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Wei-Xing Zong
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States.
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37
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Zhu W, Shao Y, Yang M, Jia M, Peng Y. Asparaginyl endopeptidase promotes proliferation and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Gene 2016; 594:176-182. [PMID: 27590439 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recurrence and metastasis are the major lethal causes of prostate cancer. It is urgent to find out the mechanisms and key factors governing prostate cancer progression and metastasis for developing new therapeutic strategies. Asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) overexpression has been found in a number of solid tumors. In prostate cancer, AEP has also been shown to exhibit a vesicular staining pattern and significantly associated with advanced tumor stage, high Gleason score, perineural invasion, and larger tumor. Here, we found that AEP was differentially expressed in prostate cancer cells with higher expression in 22RV1 cells and lower expression in PC-3 cells. AEP knockdown in 22RV1 cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation and invasion abilities while overexpression of AEP in PC-3 cells prompted cell proliferation and invasion abilities. Meanwhile, AEP knockdown upregulated cell apoptosis and vice versa. Further, we firstly identified that AEP promotes activation of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in prostate cancer cells. Taken together, our results suggest that AEP may be an attractive target for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhu
- Department of Urology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqun Shao
- Department of Urology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Urology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Moran Jia
- Department of Urology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Department of Urology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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38
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Bernal Rubio YL, Gualdrón Duarte JL, Bates RO, Ernst CW, Nonneman D, Rohrer GA, King DA, Shackelford SD, Wheeler TL, Cantet RJC, Steibel JP. Implementing meta-analysis from genome-wide association studies for pork quality traits. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:5607-17. [PMID: 26641170 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pork quality plays an important role in the meat processing industry. Thus, different methodologies have been implemented to elucidate the genetic architecture of traits affecting meat quality. One of the most common and widely used approaches is to perform genome-wide association (GWA) studies. However, a limitation of many GWA in animal breeding is the limited power due to small sample sizes in animal populations. One alternative is to implement a meta-analysis of GWA (MA-GWA) combining results from independent association studies. The objective of this study was to identify significant genomic regions associated with meat quality traits by performing MA-GWA for 8 different traits in 3 independent pig populations. Results from MA-GWA were used to search for genes possibly associated with the set of evaluated traits. Data from 3 pig data sets (U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, commercial, and Michigan State University Pig Resource Population) were used. A MA was implemented by combining -scores derived for each SNP in every population and then weighting them using the inverse of estimated variance of SNP effects. A search for annotated genes retrieved genes previously reported as candidates for shear force (calpain-1 catalytic subunit [] and calpastatin []), as well as for ultimate pH, purge loss, and cook loss (protein kinase, AMP-activated, γ 3 noncatalytic subunit []). In addition, novel candidate genes were identified for intramuscular fat and cook loss (acyl-CoA synthetase family member 3 mitochondrial []) and for the objective measure of muscle redness, CIE a* (glycogen synthase 1, muscle [] and ferritin, light polypeptide []). Thus, implementation of MA-GWA allowed integration of results for economically relevant traits and identified novel genes to be tested as candidates for meat quality traits in pig populations.
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Cystatin E/M Suppresses Tumor Cell Growth through Cytoplasmic Retention of NF-κB. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:1776-92. [PMID: 27090639 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00878-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We and others have shown that the cystatin E/M gene is inactivated in primary human tumors, pointing to its role as a tumor suppressor gene. However, the molecular mechanism of tumor suppression is not yet understood. Using plasmid-directed cystatin E/M gene overexpression, a lentivirus-mediated tetracycline-inducible vector system, and human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) E6 and E7 gene-immortalized normal human epidermal keratinocytes, we demonstrated intracellular and non-cell-autonomous apoptotic growth inhibition of tumor cell lines and that growth inhibition is associated with cytoplasmic retention of NF-κB. We further demonstrated decreased phosphorylation of IκB kinase (IKKβ) and IκBα in the presence of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), confirming the role of cystatin E/M in the regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Growth suppression of nude mouse xenograft tumors carrying a tetracycline-inducible vector system was observed with the addition of doxycycline in drinking water, confirming that the cystatin E/M gene is a tumor suppressor gene. Finally, immunohistochemical analyses of cervical carcinoma in situ and primary tumors have shown a statistically significant inverse relationship between the expression of cystatin E/M and cathepsin L and a direct relationship between the loss of cystatin E/M expression and nuclear expression of NF-κB. We therefore propose that the cystatin E/M suppressor gene plays an important role in the regulation of NF-κB.
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40
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Breitenbach JS, Rinnerthaler M, Trost A, Weber M, Klausegger A, Gruber C, Bruckner D, Reitsamer HA, Bauer JW, Breitenbach M. Transcriptome and ultrastructural changes in dystrophic Epidermolysis bullosa resemble skin aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 7:389-411. [PMID: 26143532 PMCID: PMC4505166 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aging process of skin has been investigated recently with respect to mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. We have here observed striking phenotypic and clinical similarity between skin aging and recessive dystrophic Epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), which is caused by recessive mutations in the gene coding for collagen VII, COL7A1. Ultrastructural changes, defects in wound healing, and inflammation markers are in part shared with aged skin. We have here compared the skin transcriptomes of young adults suffering from RDEB with that of sex‐ and age‐matched healthy probands. In parallel we have compared the skin transcriptome of healthy young adults with that of elderly healthy donors. Quite surprisingly, there was a large overlap of the two gene lists that concerned a limited number of functional protein families. Most prominent among the proteins found are a number of proteins of the cornified envelope or proteins mechanistically involved in cornification and other skin proteins. Further, the overlap list contains a large number of genes with a known role in inflammation. We are documenting some of the most prominent ultrastructural and protein changes by immunofluorescence analysis of skin sections from patients, old individuals, and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny S Breitenbach
- Department of Dermatology and EB House Austria, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mark Rinnerthaler
- Fachbereich Zellbiologie der Universität Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Manuela Weber
- Fachbereich Zellbiologie der Universität Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alfred Klausegger
- Department of Dermatology and EB House Austria, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christina Gruber
- Department of Dermatology and EB House Austria, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johann W Bauer
- Department of Dermatology and EB House Austria, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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41
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Tatsukawa H, Abe N, Ohashi S, Hitomi K. Distribution of transglutaminase family members in mouse whole body sections. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:1046-51. [PMID: 26456644 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) comprise a protein family in which the members catalyze the formation of isopeptide bonds between glutamine and lysine residues in various proteins. Eight enzymes have been identified and designated as factor XIII (FXIII) and TG1-7. Expression studies of four major members, i.e., FXIII, TG1, TG2, and TG3, have been performed in a relatively large number of mammalian tissues in comparison with those on the other isozymes. The structural and biochemical characteristics of these individual isozymes and expression analyses of TG family in some tissue extracts have been reported, but there have been no simultaneous comparative analyses of both their mRNA and protein expression patterns in tissues distributions. Thus, we developed novel experimental systems for in situ hybridization using cryofilm attached to whole body sections of neonatal mice, thereby obtaining data regarding the tissue distributions of the major TG isozymes. In this study, we performed the first detailed comparative analysis of the mRNA and protein distribution studies of TG family members in a wide range of mouse tissues. These data will be helpful for elucidating the unknown physiological and pathological functions of TGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Tatsukawa
- Cellular Biochemistry Lab, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-0814, Japan
| | - Natsumi Abe
- Cellular Biochemistry Lab, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-0814, Japan
| | - Shintaro Ohashi
- Cellular Biochemistry Lab, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-0814, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Hitomi
- Cellular Biochemistry Lab, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-0814, Japan.
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42
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Structure and function of legumain in health and disease. Biochimie 2015; 122:126-50. [PMID: 26403494 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The last years have seen a steady increase in our understanding of legumain biology that is driven from two largely uncoupled research arenas, the mammalian and the plant legumain field. Research on legumain, which is also referred to as asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) or vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE), is slivered, however. Here we summarise recent important findings and put them into a common perspective. Legumain is usually associated with its cysteine endopeptidase activity in lysosomes where it contributes to antigen processing for class II MHC presentation. However, newly recognized functions disperse previously assumed boundaries with respect to their cellular compartmentalisation and enzymatic activities. Legumain is also found extracellularly and even translocates to the cytosol and the nucleus, with seemingly incompatible pH and redox potential. These different milieus translate into changes of legumain's molecular properties, including its (auto-)activation, conformational stability and enzymatic functions. Contrasting its endopeptidase activity, legumain can develop a carboxypeptidase activity which remains stable at neutral pH. Moreover, legumain features a peptide ligase activity, with intriguing mechanistic peculiarities in plant and human isoforms. In pathological settings, such as cancer or Alzheimer's disease, the proper association of legumain activities with the corresponding cellular compartments is breached. Legumain's increasingly recognized physiological and pathological roles also indicate future research opportunities in this vibrant field.
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43
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D'Costa ZC, Higgins C, Ong CW, Irwin GW, Boyle D, McArt DG, McCloskey K, Buckley NE, Crawford NT, Thiagarajan L, Murray JT, Kennedy RD, Mulligan KA, Harkin DP, Waugh DJJ, Scott CJ, Salto-Tellez M, Williams R, Mullan PB. TBX2 represses CST6 resulting in uncontrolled legumain activity to sustain breast cancer proliferation: a novel cancer-selective target pathway with therapeutic opportunities. Oncotarget 2015; 5:1609-20. [PMID: 24742492 PMCID: PMC4057604 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
TBX2 is an oncogenic transcription factor known to drive breast cancer proliferation. We have identified the cysteine protease inhibitor Cystatin 6 (CST6) as a consistently repressed TBX2 target gene, co-repressed through a mechanism involving Early Growth Response 1 (EGR1). Exogenous expression of CST6 in TBX2-expressing breast cancer cells resulted in significant apoptosis whilst non-tumorigenic breast cells remained unaffected. CST6 is an important tumor suppressor in multiple tissues, acting as a dual protease inhibitor of both papain-like cathepsins and asparaginyl endopeptidases (AEPs) such as Legumain (LGMN). Mutation of the CST6 LGMN-inhibitory domain completely abrogated its ability to induce apoptosis in TBX2-expressing breast cancer cells, whilst mutation of the cathepsin-inhibitory domain or treatment with a pan-cathepsin inhibitor had no effect, suggesting that LGMN is the key oncogenic driver enzyme. LGMN activity assays confirmed the observed growth inhibitory effects were consistent with CST6 inhibition of LGMN. Knockdown of LGMN and the only other known AEP enzyme (GPI8) by siRNA confirmed that LGMN was the enzyme responsible for maintaining breast cancer proliferation. CST6 did not require secretion or glycosylation to elicit its cell killing effects, suggesting an intracellular mode of action. Finally, we show that TBX2 and CST6 displayed reciprocal expression in a cohort of primary breast cancers with increased TBX2 expression associating with increased metastases. We have also noted that tumors with altered TBX2/CST6 expression show poor overall survival. This novel TBX2-CST6-LGMN signaling pathway, therefore, represents an exciting opportunity for the development of novel therapies to target TBX2 driven breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenobia C D'Costa
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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44
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Miyazaki K, Masuoka N, Kano M, Iizuka R. Bifidobacterium fermented milk and galacto-oligosaccharides lead to improved skin health by decreasing phenols production by gut microbiota. Benef Microbes 2014; 5:121-8. [PMID: 23685373 DOI: 10.3920/bm2012.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A questionnaire survey found that women suffering from abnormal bowel movements have many skin problems such as a high frequency of dry skin. Although there are similarities between the structure and barrier function mechanism of the gut and skin, experimental data are insufficient to show an association between the intestinal environment and skin conditions. Phenols, for example phenol and p-cresol, as metabolites of aromatic amino acids produced by gut bacteria, are regarded as bioactive toxins and serum biomarkers of a disturbed gut environment. Recent studies have demonstrated that phenols disturb the differentiation of monolayer-cultured keratinocytes in vitro, and that phenols produced by gut bacteria accumulate in the skin via the circulation and disrupt keratinocyte differentiation in hairless mice. Human studies have demonstrated that restriction of probiotics elevated serum free p-cresol levels and harmed skin conditions (reduced skin hydration, disrupted keratinisation). In contrast, daily intake of the prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) restored serum free p-cresol levels and skin conditions in adult women. Moreover, a double-blind placebo-controlled trial demonstrated that the daily intake of fermented milk containing the probiotic Bifidobacterium breve strain Yakult and prebiotic GOS reduced serum total phenol levels and prevented skin dryness and disruption of keratinisation in healthy adult women. It is concluded that phenols produced by gut bacteria are one of the causes of skin problems. Probiotics and/or prebiotics, such as B. breve strain Yakult and/or GOS, are expected to help maintain a healthy skin by decreasing phenols production by gut microbiota. These findings support the hypothesis that probiotics and prebiotics provide health benefits to the skin as well as the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Miyazaki
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, 1796 Yaho, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - N Masuoka
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, 1796 Yaho, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - M Kano
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, 1796 Yaho, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - R Iizuka
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, 1796 Yaho, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
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45
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Klöck C, Herrera Z, Albertelli M, Khosla C. Discovery of potent and specific dihydroisoxazole inhibitors of human transglutaminase 2. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9042-64. [PMID: 25333388 PMCID: PMC4234452 DOI: 10.1021/jm501145a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Transglutaminase
2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme that
catalyzes the posttranslational modification of glutamine residues
on protein or peptide substrates. A growing body of literature has
implicated aberrantly regulated activity of TG2 in the pathogenesis
of various human inflammatory, fibrotic, and other diseases. Taken
together with the fact that TG2 knockout mice are developmentally
and reproductively normal, there is growing interest in the potential
use of TG2 inhibitors in the treatment of these conditions. Targeted-covalent
inhibitors based on the weakly electrophilic 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroisoxazole
(DHI) scaffold have been widely used to study TG2 biology and are
well tolerated in vivo, but these compounds have only modest potency,
and their selectivity toward other transglutaminase homologues is
largely unknown. In the present work, we first profiled the selectivity
of existing inhibitors against the most pertinent TG isoforms (TG1,
TG3, and FXIIIa). Significant cross-reactivity of these small molecules
with TG1 was observed. Structure–activity and −selectivity
analyses led to the identification of modifications that improved
potency and isoform selectivity. Preliminary pharmacokinetic analysis
of the most promising analogues was also undertaken. Our new data
provides a clear basis for the rational selection of dihydroisoxazole
inhibitors as tools for in vivo biological investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Klöck
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Chemical Engineering and §Comparative Medicine, Stanford University , MC 5080, Stanford California 94305, United States
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46
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Berven L, Karppinen P, Hetland G, Samuelsen ABC. The polar high molecular weight fraction of the Agaricus blazei Murill extract, AndoSan™, reduces the activity of the tumor-associated protease, legumain, in RAW 264.7 cells. J Med Food 2014; 18:429-38. [PMID: 25136950 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AndoSan™ is an extract of Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM; 82.4%), Hericium erinaceum (14.7%), and Grifola frondosa (2.9%). The main ingredient of AndoSan, AbM, is rich in different forms of β-glucans. Since these exhibit potent antitumor activity and have immunomodulatory effects, the stimulatory effect of AndoSan on the production of different cytokines, chemokines, and leukocyte growth factors has predominantly been attributed to β-glucans. AndoSan has been claimed to consist of 90% carbohydrate, of which 2.8% is β-glucans, but in this study, we show that the carbohydrate content is only 2% of the dry weight, corresponding to 0.09% β-glucan per mL of AndoSan. Fractionation of AndoSan, followed by carbohydrate analysis and HPLC analysis revealed that most of the glucose was concentrated in the polar high molecular weight fraction of AndoSan (ethanol insoluble water extract [EIWE]-A) and that this extract was able to significantly inhibit the activity of the tumor-associated protease, legumain, in RAW 264.7 cells. Legumain is synthesized as a zymogen and undergoes pH-dependent autoactivation of the proform to reach an enzymatically active form. In this study, we demonstrate that both the polar and nonpolar AndoSan fractions are able to inhibit the autoactivation of prolegumain, and that the polar fractions of AndoSan are the most potent inhibitors of the active form of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Berven
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
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47
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de Veer SJ, Furio L, Harris JM, Hovnanian A. Proteases: common culprits in human skin disorders. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:166-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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48
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Eckhart L, Lippens S, Tschachler E, Declercq W. Cell death by cornification. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3471-3480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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49
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Wallin H, Abrahamson M, Ekström U. Cystatin C properties crucial for uptake and inhibition of intracellular target enzymes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:17019-17029. [PMID: 23629651 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.453449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular requirements for cancer cell internalization of the extracellular cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin C, 12 variants of the protein were produced and used for uptake experiments in MCF-7 cells. Variants with alterations in the cysteine cathepsin binding region ((Δ1-10)-, K5A-, R8G-, (R8G,L9G,V10G)-, (R8G,L9G,V10G,W106G)-, and W106G-cystatin C) were internalized to a very low extent compared with the wild-type inhibitor. Substitutions of N39 in the legumain binding region (N39K- and N39A-cystatin C) decreased the internalization and (R24A,R25A)-cystatin C, with substitutions of charged residues not involved in enzyme inhibition, was not taken up at all. Two variants, W106F- and K75A-cystatin C, showed that the internalization can be positively affected by engineering of the cystatin molecule. Microscopy revealed vesicular co-localization of internalized cystatin C with the lysosomal marker proteins cathepsin D and legumain. Activities of both cysteine cathepsins and legumain, possible target enzymes associated with cancer cell invasion and metastasis, were down-regulated in cell homogenates following cystatin C uptake. A positive effect on regulation of intracellular enzyme activity by a cystatin variant selected from uptake properties was illustrated by incubating cells with W106F-cystatin C. This resulted in more efficient down-regulation of intracellular legumain activity than when cells were incubated with wild-type cystatin C. Uptake experiments in prostate cancer cells corroborated that the cystatin C internalization is generally relevant and confirmed an increased uptake of W106F-cystatin C, in PC3 cells. Thus, intracellular cysteine proteases involved in cancer-promoting processes might be controled by cystatin uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Wallin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Abrahamson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Ulf Ekström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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50
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Jansen PAM, van Diepen JA, Ritzen B, Zeeuwen PLJM, Cacciatore I, Cornacchia C, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, de Heuvel E, Botman PNM, Blaauw RH, Hermkens PHH, Rutjes FPJT, Schalkwijk J. Discovery of small molecule vanin inhibitors: new tools to study metabolism and disease. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:530-4. [PMID: 23270378 DOI: 10.1021/cb3006424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Vanins are enzymes with pantetheinase activity and are presumed to play a role in the recycling of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) from pantetheine. Pantothenic acid is an essential nutrient required to synthesize coenzyme A, a cofactor involved in many biological processes such as fatty acid synthesis and oxidation of pyruvate to fuel the citric acid cycle. Hydrolysis of pantetheine also liberates cysteamine, a known antioxidant. Vanin-1 is highly expressed in liver and is under transcriptional control of PPAR-α and nutritional status, suggesting a role in energy metabolism. The lack of potent and specific inhibitors of vanins has hampered detailed investigation of their function. We hereby report the design, synthesis, and characterization of a novel pantetheine analogue, RR6, that acts as a selective, reversible, and competitive vanin inhibitor at nanomolar concentration. Oral administration of RR6 in rats completely inhibited plasma vanin activity and caused alterations of plasma lipid concentrations upon fasting, thereby illustrating its potential use in chemical biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bas Ritzen
- Department
of Synthetic Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ivana Cacciatore
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara,
Italy
| | - Catia Cornacchia
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara,
Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Pedro H. H. Hermkens
- Department
of Synthetic Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Department
of Synthetic Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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