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Craig RA, De Vicente J, Estrada AA, Feng JA, Lexa KW, Canet MJ, Dowdle WE, Erickson RI, Flores BN, Haddick PCG, Kane LA, Lewcock JW, Moerke NJ, Poda SB, Sweeney Z, Takahashi RH, Tong V, Wang J, Yulyaningsih E, Solanoy H, Scearce-Levie K, Sanchez PE, Tang L, Xu M, Zhang R, Osipov M. Discovery of DNL343: A Potent, Selective, and Brain-Penetrant eIF2B Activator Designed for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5758-5782. [PMID: 38511649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B) is a key component of the integrated stress response (ISR), which regulates protein synthesis and stress granule formation in response to cellular insult. Modulation of the ISR has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as vanishing white matter (VWM) disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) based on its ability to improve cellular homeostasis and prevent neuronal degeneration. Herein, we report the small-molecule discovery campaign that identified potent, selective, and CNS-penetrant eIF2B activators using both structure- and ligand-based drug design. These discovery efforts culminated in the identification of DNL343, which demonstrated a desirable preclinical drug profile, including a long half-life and high oral bioavailability across preclinical species. DNL343 was progressed into clinical studies and is currently undergoing evaluation in late-stage clinical trials for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Craig
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Javier De Vicente
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Anthony A Estrada
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jianwen A Feng
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katrina W Lexa
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mark J Canet
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - William E Dowdle
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rebecca I Erickson
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Brittany N Flores
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Patrick C G Haddick
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lesley A Kane
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joseph W Lewcock
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nathan J Moerke
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Suresh B Poda
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zachary Sweeney
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ryan H Takahashi
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vincent Tong
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ernie Yulyaningsih
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hilda Solanoy
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Pascal E Sanchez
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Liwei Tang
- Department of Chemistry, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Musheng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Maksim Osipov
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Liu T, Li X, Pang M, Wang L, Li Y, Sun X. Machine learning-based endoplasmic reticulum-related diagnostic biomarker and immune microenvironment landscape for osteoarthritis. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:4563-4578. [PMID: 38428406 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease worldwide. Further improving the current limited understanding of osteoarthritis has positive clinical value. METHODS OA samples were collected from GEO database and endoplasmic reticulum related genes (ERRGs) were identified. The WGCNA network was further built to identify the crucial gene module. Based on the expression profiles of characteristic ERRGs, LASSO algorithm was used to select key factors according to the minimum λ value. Random forest (RF) algorithm was used to calculate the importance of ERRGs. Subsequently, overlapping genes based on LASSO and RF algorithms were identified as ERRGs-related diagnostic biomarkers. In addition, OA specimens were also collected and performed qRT-PCR quantitative analysis of selected ERRGs. RESULTS We identified four ERRGs associated with OA risk assessment through machine learning methods, and verified the abnormal expressions of these screened markers in OA patients through in vitro experiments. The influence of selected markers on OA immune infiltration was also evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide new evidence for the role of ER stress in the OA progression, as well as new markers and potential intervention targets for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Research Center for Drug Safety Evaluation of Hainan, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Xiaomao Li
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian, Jiangsu 223023, China
| | - Mu Pang
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Lifen Wang
- Research Center for Drug Safety Evaluation of Hainan, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Ye Li
- Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Xizhe Sun
- Research Center for Drug Safety Evaluation of Hainan, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
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Kommer DC, Stamatiou K, Vagnarelli P. Cell Cycle-Specific Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) Substrates Identification Using Genetically Modified Cell Lines. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2740:37-61. [PMID: 38393468 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3557-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The identification of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) holoenzyme substrates has proven to be a challenging task. PP1 can form different holoenzyme complexes with a variety of regulatory subunits, and many of those are cell cycle regulated. Although several methods have been used to identify PP1 substrates, their cell cycle specificity is still an unmet need. Here, we present a new strategy to investigate PP1 substrates throughout the cell cycle using clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 genome editing and generate cell lines with endogenously tagged PP1 regulatory subunit (regulatory interactor of protein phosphatase one, RIPPO). RIPPOs are tagged with the auxin-inducible degron (AID) or ascorbate peroxidase 2 (APEX2) modules, and PP1 substrate identification is conducted by SILAC proteomic-based approaches. Proteins in close proximity to RIPPOs are first identified through mass spectrometry (MS) analyses using the APEX2 system; then a list of differentially phosphorylated proteins upon RIPPOs rapid degradation (achieved via the AID system) is compiled via SILAC phospho-mass spectrometry. The "in silico" overlap between the two proteomes will be enriched for PP1 putative substrates. Several methods including fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), proximity ligation assays (PLA), and in vitro assays can be used as substrate validations approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee C Kommer
- College of Health, Medicine and Life Science, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | | | - Paola Vagnarelli
- College of Health, Medicine and Life Science, Brunel University London, London, UK.
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Paprocka R, Wiese-Szadkowska M, Kosmalski T, Frisch D, Ratajczak M, Modzelewska-Banachiewicz B, Studzińska R. A Review of the Biological Activity of Amidrazone Derivatives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101219. [PMID: 36297331 PMCID: PMC9606871 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amidrazones are widely used in chemical synthesis, industry and agriculture. We compiled some of the most important findings on the biological activities of amidrazones described in the years 2010-2022. The data were obtained using the ScienceDirect, Reaxys and Google Scholar search engines with keywords (amidrazone, carbohydrazonamide, carboximidohydrazide, aminoguanidine) and structure strategies. Compounds with significant biological activities were included in the review. The described structures derived from amidrazones include: amidrazone derivatives; aminoguanidine derivatives; complexes obtained using amidrazones as ligands; and some cyclic compounds obtained from amidrazones and/or containing an amidrazone moiety in their structures. This review includes chapters based on compound activities, including: tuberculostatic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and antitumor compounds, as well as furin and acetylocholinesterase inhibitors. Detailed information on the compounds tested in vivo, along the mechanisms of action and toxicity of the selected amidrazone derivatives, are described. We describe examples of compounds that have a chance of becoming drugs due to promising preclinical or clinical research, as well as old drugs with new therapeutic targets (repositioning) which have the potential to be used in the treatment of other diseases. The described examples prove that amidrazone derivatives are a potential source of new therapeutic substances and deserve further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Paprocka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza Str. 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Małgorzata Wiese-Szadkowska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, M. Curie-Skłodowska Str. 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kosmalski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza Str. 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Daria Frisch
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza Str. 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ratajczak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza Str. 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bożena Modzelewska-Banachiewicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza Str. 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Renata Studzińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza Str. 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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5
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Witkamp D, Oudejans E, Hu-A-Ng GV, Hoogterp L, Krzywańska AM, Žnidaršič M, Marinus K, de Veij Mestdagh CF, Bartelink I, Bugiani M, van der Knaap MS, Abbink TEM. Guanabenz ameliorates disease in vanishing white matter mice in contrast to sephin1. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:1147-1162. [PMID: 35778832 PMCID: PMC9380178 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vanishing white matter (VWM) is a leukodystrophy, characterized by stress-sensitive neurological deterioration and premature death. It is currently without curative treatment. It is caused by bi-allelic pathogenic variants in the genes encoding eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B). eIF2B is essential for the regulation of the integrated stress response (ISR), a physiological response to cellular stress. Preclinical studies on VWM mouse models revealed that deregulated ISR is key in the pathophysiology of VWM and an effective treatment target. Guanabenz, an α2-adrenergic agonist, attenuates the ISR and has beneficial effects on VWM neuropathology. The current study aimed at elucidating guanabenz's disease-modifying potential and mechanism of action in VWM mice. Sephin1, an ISR-modulating guanabenz analog without α2-adrenergic agonistic properties, was included to separate effects on the ISR from α2-adrenergic effects. METHODS Wild-type and VWM mice were subjected to placebo, guanabenz or sephin1 treatments. Effects on clinical signs, neuropathology, and ISR deregulation were determined. Guanabenz's and sephin1's ISR-modifying effects were tested in cultured cells that expressed or lacked the α2-adrenergic receptor. RESULTS Guanabenz improved clinical signs, neuropathological hallmarks, and ISR regulation in VWM mice, but sephin1 did not. Guanabenz's effects on the ISR in VWM mice were not replicated in cell cultures and the contribution of α2-adrenergic effects on the deregulated ISR could therefore not be assessed. INTERPRETATION Guanabenz proved itself as a viable treatment option for VWM. The exact mechanism through which guanabenz exerts its ameliorating impact on VWM requires further studies. Sephin1 is not simply a guanabenz replacement without α2-adrenergic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diede Witkamp
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Oudejans
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gino V Hu-A-Ng
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leoni Hoogterp
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra M Krzywańska
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milo Žnidaršič
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Marinus
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christina F de Veij Mestdagh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Imke Bartelink
- Department of Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Xie J, Jiang R, Xie W, Cao B, More SS. LC-MS/MS determination of guanabenz E/Z isomers and its application to in vitro and in vivo DMPK profiling studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114331. [PMID: 34455203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress underlies a variety of disorders involving inflammation, such as diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases. Guanabenz acetate (Wytensin®, GA), a clinically approved antihypertensive drug, efficiently counteracts ER stress. The entirety of clinically used GA is the E-isomer, while the Z-isomer is known to lack significant hypotensive properties. We recently discovered that the Z-isomer retains anti-ER stress activity. Coupled with its lack of sedative effects, (Z)-GA is well positioned as a potential therapeutic for a host of ER stress-related disorders. We set forth to characterize the metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) of (Z)-GA in vitro and in vivo. Toward this end, a reliable and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of the (E)- and (Z)-guanabenz was developed. Chromatographic separation of the isomers was achieved on a C18 reverse phase column with a gradient elution. Tandem mass spectrometric detection was conducted using an AB Sciex 5500 QTrap mass spectrometer with positive electrospray ionization. Full validation of the method was performed in mouse plasma with a simple and low plasma volume protein precipitation procedure. The method demonstrated good linearity, reproducibility, and accuracy over a range of 0.5-1000 nM with minimal matrix effect and excellent extraction efficiency. In addition, the developed method was successfully applied to DMPK studies of the GA isomers in vitro and in vivo. Results of these studies revealed for the first time that the DMPK profile of (Z)-guanabenz is distinct from that of (E)-guanabenz, with higher apparent volume of distribution (Vd) and clearance, presumably due to lower plasma protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Rongrong Jiang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Wei Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bin Cao
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Swati S More
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Krollenbrock A, Li Y, Kelly JX, Riscoe MK. Robenidine Analogues Are Potent Antimalarials in Drug-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1956-1968. [PMID: 33724773 PMCID: PMC8273112 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
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Robenidine is a veterinary drug used in the poultry industry to treat coccidiosis
caused by parasites in the Eimeria genus. Though this compound and
related aminoguanidines have recently been studied in other pathogens, the chemotype has
not been systematically explored to optimize antimalarial activity despite the close
genetic relationship between Eimeria and Plasmodium
(both are members of the Apicomplexa phylum of unicellular, spore-forming parasites). In
this study, a series of aminoguanidine robenidine analogues was prepared and tested
in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum, including
multidrug-resistant strains. Selected compounds were further evaluated in
vivo against murine Plasmodium yoelii in mice. Iterative
structure–activity relationship studies led to the discovery of 1,
an aminoguanidine with excellent activity against drug-resistant malaria in
vitro and impressive in vivo efficacy with an
ED50 value of 0.25 mg/kg/day in a standard 4-day test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Krollenbrock
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Boulevard, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
- VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Yuexin Li
- VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Jane Xu Kelly
- VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Michael K. Riscoe
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Boulevard, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
- VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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8
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Köhn M. Turn and Face the Strange: A New View on Phosphatases. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:467-477. [PMID: 32341996 PMCID: PMC7181316 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation as a post-translational modification is critical for cellular homeostasis. Kinases and phosphatases regulate phosphorylation levels by adding or removing, respectively, a phosphate group from proteins or other biomolecules. Imbalances in phosphorylation levels are involved in a multitude of diseases. Phosphatases are often thought of as the black sheep, the strangers, of phosphorylation-mediated signal transduction, particularly when it comes to drug discovery and development. This is due to past difficulties to study them and unsuccessful attempts to target them; however, phosphatases have regained strong attention and are actively pursued now in clinical trials. By giving examples for current hot topics in phosphatase biology and for new approaches to target them, it is illustrated here how and why phosphatases made their comeback, and what is envisioned to come in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Köhn
- Faculty
of Biology, Institute of Biology III, University
of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling
Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University
of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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