1
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Koudelka A, Buchan GJ, Cechova V, O'Brien JP, Liu H, Woodcock SR, Mullett SJ, Zhang C, Freeman BA, Gelhaus SL. Lipoxin A 4 yields an electrophilic 15-oxo metabolite that mediates FPR2 receptor-independent anti-inflammatory signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.06.579101. [PMID: 38370667 PMCID: PMC10871244 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.579101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid is proposed to yield trihydroxytetraene species (termed lipoxins) that resolve inflammation via ligand activation of the formyl peptide receptor, FPR2. While cell and murine models activate signaling responses to synthetic lipoxins, primarily 5S,6R,15S-trihydroxy-7E,9E,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic acid (lipoxin A4, LXA4), there are expanding concerns about the biological formation, detection and signaling mechanisms ascribed to LXA4 and related di- and tri-hydroxy ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids. Herein, the generation and actions of LXA4 and its primary 15-oxo metabolite were assessed in control, LPS-activated and arachidonic acid supplemented RAW 264.7 macrophages. Despite protein expression of all enzymes required for LXA4 synthesis, both LXA4 and its 15-oxo-LXA4 metabolite were undetectable. Moreover, synthetic LXA4 and the membrane permeable 15-oxo-LXA4 methyl ester that is rapidly de-esterified to 15-oxo-LXA4, displayed no ligand activity for the putative LXA4 receptor FPR2, as opposed to the FPR2 ligand WKYMVm. Alternatively, 15-oxo-LXA4, an electrophilic α,β-unsaturated ketone, alkylates nucleophilic amino acids such as cysteine to modulate redox-sensitive transcriptional regulatory protein and enzyme function. 15-oxo-LXA4 activated nuclear factor (erythroid related factor 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-regulated gene expression of anti-inflammatory and repair genes and inhibited nuclear factor (NF)-κB-regulated pro-inflammatory mediator expression. LXA4 did not impact these macrophage anti-inflammatory and repair responses. In summary, these data show an absence of macrophage LXA4 formation and receptor-mediated signaling actions. Rather, if LXA4 were present in sufficient concentrations, this, and other more abundant mono- and poly-hydroxylated unsaturated fatty acids can be readily oxidized to electrophilic α,β-unsaturated ketone products that modulate the redox-sensitive cysteine proteome via G-protein coupled receptor-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolf Koudelka
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
| | - Gregory J Buchan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
| | - Veronika Cechova
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
| | - James P O'Brien
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
| | - Steven R Woodcock
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
| | - Steven J Mullett
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
- Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
| | - Stacy L Gelhaus
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
- Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
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2
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Valgimigli L. Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Protection. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1291. [PMID: 37759691 PMCID: PMC10526874 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation (LP) is the most important type of oxidative-radical damage in biological systems, owing to its interplay with ferroptosis and to its role in secondary damage to other biomolecules, such as proteins. The chemistry of LP and its biological consequences are reviewed with focus on the kinetics of the various processes, which helps understand the mechanisms and efficacy of antioxidant strategies. The main types of antioxidants are discussed in terms of structure-activity rationalization, with focus on mechanism and kinetics, as well as on their potential role in modulating ferroptosis. Phenols, pyri(mi)dinols, antioxidants based on heavy chalcogens (Se and Te), diarylamines, ascorbate and others are addressed, along with the latest unconventional antioxidant strategies based on the double-sided role of the superoxide/hydroperoxyl radical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Valgimigli
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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3
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Lockridge O, Schopfer LM. Review: Organophosphorus toxicants, in addition to inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity, make covalent adducts on multiple proteins and promote protein crosslinking into high molecular weight aggregates. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 376:110460. [PMID: 36963650 PMCID: PMC10100150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The acute effects of exposure to organophosphorus toxicants are explained by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. However, the mechanisms that explain long term illness associated with organophosphorus exposure are still under investigation. We find that organophosphorus nerve agents and organophosphorus pesticides make covalent adducts not only on the serine from acetylcholinesterase, but also on tyrosine, lysine, glutamate, serine and threonine from a variety of proteins. Almost any protein can be modified by a high dose of organophosphorus toxicant. A low dose of 10 μM chlorpyrifos oxon added to the serum-free culture medium of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells resulted in tyrosine adducts on 48 proteins immunopurified from the cell lysate. We identified the adducted proteins by mass spectrometry after immunopurifying modified proteins with a rabbit anti-diethoxyphospho-tyrosine monoclonal antibody which biased this study for tyrosine adducts. In cultured cells, the primary organophosphate targets are abundant proteins. Organophosphate-modified proteins may disrupt physiological processes. In separate experiments we identified organophosphate adducts on lysine. Organophosphylation activates the lysine for protein crosslinking. The activated lysine reacts with glutamic acid or aspartic acid protein side chains to form an isopeptide bond between proteins, resulting in high molecular weight crosslinked proteins. Crosslinked proteins form insoluble aggregates that may lead to neurogenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Lawrence M Schopfer
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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4
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Milkovic L, Zarkovic N, Marusic Z, Zarkovic K, Jaganjac M. The 4-Hydroxynonenal–Protein Adducts and Their Biological Relevance: Are Some Proteins Preferred Targets? Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040856. [PMID: 37107229 PMCID: PMC10135105 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation (LPO) play a role in physiology and pathology. The most studied LPO product with pleiotropic capabilities is 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). It is considered as an important mediator of cellular signaling processes and a second messenger of reactive oxygen species. The effects of 4-HNE are mainly attributed to its adduction with proteins. Whereas the Michael adducts thus formed are preferred in an order of potency of cysteine > histidine > lysine over Schiff base formation, it is not known which proteins are the preferred targets for 4-HNE under what physiological or pathological conditions. In this review, we briefly discuss the methods used to identify 4-HNE–protein adducts, the progress of mass spectrometry in deciphering the specific protein targets, and their biological relevance, focusing on the role of 4-HNE protein adducts in the adaptive response through modulation of the NRF2/KEAP1 pathway and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Milkovic
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Neven Zarkovic
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Marusic
- Division of Pathology, Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kamelija Zarkovic
- Division of Pathology, Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Morana Jaganjac
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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5
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Xie Y, Du S, Liu Z, Liu M, Xu Z, Wang X, Kee JX, Yi F, Sun H, Yao SQ. Chemical Biology Tools for Protein Lysine Acylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200303. [PMID: 35302274 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lysine acylation plays pivotal roles in cell physiology, including DNA transcription and repair, signal transduction, immune defense, metabolism, and many other key cellular processes. Molecular mechanisms of dysregulated lysine acylation are closely involved in the pathophysiological progress of many human diseases, most notably cancers. In recent years, chemical biology tools have become instrumental in studying the function of post-translational modifications (PTMs), identifying new "writers", "erasers" and "readers", and in targeted therapies. Here, we describe key developments in chemical biology approaches that have advanced the study of lysine acylation and its regulatory proteins (2016-2021). We further discuss the discovery of ligands (inhibitors and PROTACs) that are capable of targeting regulators of lysine acylation. Next, we discuss some current challenges of these chemical biology probes and suggest how chemists and biologists can utilize chemical probes with more discriminating capacity. Finally, we suggest some critical considerations in future studies of PTMs from our perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Shubo Du
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Zhiyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, COSDAF (Centre of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, COSDAF (Centre of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jia Xuan Kee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Fan Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, COSDAF (Centre of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
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6
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Xie Y, Du S, Liu Z, Liu M, Xu Z, Wang X, Kee JX, Yi F, Sun H, Yao SQ. Chemical Biology Tools for Protein Lysine Acylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Xie
- Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science 250012 Jinan CHINA
| | - Shubo Du
- National University of Singapore Department of Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - Zhiyang Liu
- City University of Hong Kong chemistry HONG KONG
| | - Min Liu
- Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences CHINA
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- City University of Hong Kong Department of Chemistry HONG KONG
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences CHINA
| | - Jia Xuan Kee
- National University of Singapore Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - Fan Yi
- Shandong University School of basic medical sciences CHINA
| | - Hongyan Sun
- City University of Hong Kong department of chemistry HONG KONG
| | - Shao Q. Yao
- National University of Singapore Department of Chemistry 3 Science Dr. 117543 Singapore SINGAPORE
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7
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Jennings EQ, Fritz KS, Galligan JJ. Biochemical genesis of enzymatic and non-enzymatic post-translational modifications. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 86:101053. [PMID: 34838336 PMCID: PMC9126990 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) alter protein structure, function, and localization and play a pivotal role in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Many PTMs arise from endogenous metabolic intermediates and serve as sensors for metabolic feedback to maintain cell growth and homeostasis. A key feature to PTMs is their biochemical genesis, which can result from either non-enzymatic adduction (nPTMs) or through enzyme-catalyzed reactions (ePTMs). The abundance and site-specificity of PTMs are determined by dedicated classes of enzymes that add (writers) or remove (erasers) the chemical addition. In this review we will highlight the biochemical genesis and regulation of a few of the 700+ PTMs that have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Q Jennings
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Kristofer S Fritz
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James J Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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8
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Fang MY, Huang KH, Tu WJ, Chen YT, Pan PY, Hsiao WC, Ke YY, Tsou LK, Zhang MM. Chemoproteomic profiling reveals cellular targets of nitro-fatty acids. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102126. [PMID: 34509914 PMCID: PMC8441202 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitro-fatty acids are a class of endogenous electrophilic lipid mediators with anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects in a wide range of inflammatory and fibrotic disease models. While these beneficial biological effects of nitro-fatty acids are mainly attributed to their ability to form covalent adducts with proteins, only a small number of proteins are known to be nitro-alkylated and the scope of protein nitro-alkylation remains undetermined. Here we describe the synthesis and application of a clickable nitro-fatty acid probe for the detection and first global identification of mammalian proteins that are susceptible to nitro-alkylation. 184 high confidence nitro-alkylated proteins were identified in THP1 macrophages, majority of which are novel targets of nitro-fatty acids, including extended synaptotagmin 2 (ESYT2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) and glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1). In particular, we showed that 9-nitro-oleate covalently modified and inhibited dexamethasone binding to NR3C1. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that nitro-alkylated proteins are highly enriched in endoplasmic reticulum and transmembrane proteins, and are overrepresented in lipid metabolism and transport pathways. This study significantly expands the scope of protein substrates targeted by nitro-fatty acids in living cells and provides a useful resource towards understanding the pleiotropic biological roles of nitro-fatty acids as signaling molecules or as multi-target therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yu Fang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hsun Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Tu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yun Pan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chi Hsiao
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yu Ke
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Lun K Tsou
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Mingzi M Zhang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan.
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9
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Tola AJ, Jaballi A, Missihoun TD. Protein Carbonylation: Emerging Roles in Plant Redox Biology and Future Prospects. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1451. [PMID: 34371653 PMCID: PMC8309296 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plants are sessile in nature and they perceive and react to environmental stresses such as abiotic and biotic factors. These induce a change in the cellular homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are known to react with cellular components, including DNA, lipids, and proteins, and to interfere with hormone signaling via several post-translational modifications (PTMs). Protein carbonylation (PC) is a non-enzymatic and irreversible PTM induced by ROS. The non-enzymatic feature of the carbonylation reaction has slowed the efforts to identify functions regulated by PC in plants. Yet, in prokaryotic and animal cells, studies have shown the relevance of protein carbonylation as a signal transduction mechanism in physiological processes including hydrogen peroxide sensing, cell proliferation and survival, ferroptosis, and antioxidant response. In this review, we provide a detailed update on the most recent findings pertaining to the role of PC and its implications in various physiological processes in plants. By leveraging the progress made in bacteria and animals, we highlight the main challenges in studying the impacts of carbonylation on protein functions in vivo and the knowledge gap in plants. Inspired by the success stories in animal sciences, we then suggest a few approaches that could be undertaken to overcome these challenges in plant research. Overall, this review describes the state of protein carbonylation research in plants and proposes new research avenues on the link between protein carbonylation and plant redox biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tagnon D. Missihoun
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (GRBV), Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; (A.J.T.); (A.J.)
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10
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Wang Y, Li S, Rentfrow G, Chen J, Zhu H, Suman SP. Myoglobin Post-Translational Modifications Influence Color Stability of Beef Longissimus Lumborum. MEAT AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22175/mmb.11689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTM) of proteins play critical roles in biological processes. PTM of muscle proteins influence meat quality. Nonetheless, myoglobin (Mb) PTM and their impact on fresh beef color stability have not been characterized yet. Therefore, our objectives were to identify Mb PTM in beef longissimus lumborum muscle during postmortem aging and to characterize their influence on color stability. The longissimus lumborum muscles from 9 (n = 9) beef carcasses (24 h postmortem) were subjected to wet aging for 0, 7, 14, and 21 d. At the end of each wet-aging period, steaks were fabricated. One steak for analyses of PTM was immediately frozen at −80°C, whereas other steaks were assigned to refrigerated storage in the darkness under aerobic packaging. Instrumental color and biochemical attributes were evaluated on day 0, 3, or 6 of storage. Mb PTM were analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. Surface redness (a* value), color stability, and Mb concentration decreased (P < 0.05) upon aging. Gel image analyses identified 6 Mb spots with similar molecular weight (17 kDa) but different isoelectric pH. Tandem mass spectrometry identified multiple PTM (phosphorylation, methylation, carboxymethylation, acetylation, and 4-hydroxynonenal alkylation) in these 6 isoforms. The amino acids susceptible to phosphorylation were serine (S), threonine (T), and tyrosine, whereas other PTM were detected in lysine (K), arginine (R), and histidine residues. Additionally, distal histidine (position 64), critical to heme stability, was found to be alkylated. Overall, Mb PTM increased with aging. The aging-induced PTM, especially those occurring close to hydrophobic heme pocket, could disrupt Mb tertiary structure, influence heme affinity, and compromise oxygen binding capacity, leading to decreased color stability of fresh beef. Furthermore, PTM at K45, K47, and K87 were unique to Mb from non-aged beef, whereas PTM at R31, T51, K96, K98, S121, R139, and K147 were unique to Mb from aged counterparts, indicating that these Mb PTM could be used as novel biomarkers for fresh beef color stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- University of Kentucky Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | - Shuting Li
- University of Kentucky Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | - Gregg Rentfrow
- University of Kentucky Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | - Jing Chen
- University of Kentucky Proteomics Core Facility
| | - Haining Zhu
- University of Kentucky Proteomics Core Facility
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11
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Viedma-Poyatos Á, González-Jiménez P, Langlois O, Company-Marín I, Spickett CM, Pérez-Sala D. Protein Lipoxidation: Basic Concepts and Emerging Roles. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:295. [PMID: 33669164 PMCID: PMC7919664 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein lipoxidation is a non-enzymatic post-translational modification that consists of the covalent addition of reactive lipid species to proteins. This occurs under basal conditions but increases in situations associated with oxidative stress. Protein targets for lipoxidation include metabolic and signalling enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins, and transcription factors, among others. There is strong evidence for the involvement of protein lipoxidation in disease, including atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Nevertheless, the involvement of lipoxidation in cellular regulatory mechanisms is less understood. Here we review basic aspects of protein lipoxidation and discuss several features that could support its role in cell signalling, including its selectivity, reversibility, and possibilities for regulation at the levels of the generation and/or detoxification of reactive lipids. Moreover, given the great structural variety of electrophilic lipid species, protein lipoxidation can contribute to the generation of multiple structurally and functionally diverse protein species. Finally, the nature of the lipoxidised proteins and residues provides a frameshift for a complex interplay with other post-translational modifications, including redox and redox-regulated modifications, such as oxidative modifications and phosphorylation, thus strengthening the importance of detailed knowledge of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Viedma-Poyatos
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (C.S.I.C.), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia González-Jiménez
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (C.S.I.C.), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ophélie Langlois
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Idoia Company-Marín
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Corinne M Spickett
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (C.S.I.C.), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Modification of proteins by reactive lipid oxidation products and biochemical effects of lipoxidation. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:19-31. [PMID: 31867621 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid oxidation results in the formation of many reactive products, such as small aldehydes, substituted alkenals, and cyclopentenone prostaglandins, which are all able to form covalent adducts with nucleophilic residues of proteins. This process is called lipoxidation, and the resulting adducts are called advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs), by analogy with the formation of advanced glycoxidation end products from oxidized sugars. Modification of proteins by reactive oxidized lipids leads to structural changes such as increased β-sheet conformation, which tends to result in amyloid-like structures and oligomerization, or unfolding and aggregation. Reaction with catalytic cysteines is often responsible for the loss of enzymatic activity in lipoxidized proteins, although inhibition may also occur through conformational changes at more distant sites affecting substrate binding or regulation. On the other hand, a few proteins are activated by lipoxidation-induced oligomerization or interactions, leading to increased downstream signalling. At the cellular level, it is clear that some proteins are much more susceptible to lipoxidation than others. ALEs affect cell metabolism, protein-protein interactions, protein turnover via the proteasome, and cell viability. Evidence is building that they play roles in both physiological and pathological situations, and inhibiting ALE formation can have beneficial effects.
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13
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Prasch J, Bernhart E, Reicher H, Kollroser M, Rechberger GN, Koyani CN, Trummer C, Rech L, Rainer PP, Hammer A, Malle E, Sattler W. Myeloperoxidase-Derived 2-Chlorohexadecanal Is Generated in Mouse Heart during Endotoxemia and Induces Modification of Distinct Cardiomyocyte Protein Subsets In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239235. [PMID: 33287422 PMCID: PMC7730634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a major cause of mortality in critically ill patients and associated with cardiac dysfunction, a complication linked to immunological and metabolic aberrations. Cardiac neutrophil infiltration and subsequent release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) leads to the formation of the oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) that is able to chemically modify plasmalogens (ether-phospholipids) abundantly present in the heart. This reaction gives rise to the formation of reactive lipid species including aldehydes and chlorinated fatty acids. During the present study, we tested whether endotoxemia increases MPO-dependent lipid oxidation/modification in the mouse heart. In hearts of lipopolysaccharide-injected mice, we observed significantly higher infiltration of MPO-positive cells, increased fatty acid content, and formation of 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA), an MPO-derived plasmalogen modification product. Using murine HL-1 cardiomyocytes as in vitro model, we show that exogenously added HOCl attacks the cellular plasmalogen pool and gives rise to the formation of 2-ClHDA. Addition of 2-ClHDA to HL-1 cardiomyocytes resulted in conversion to 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid and 2-chlorohexadecanol, indicating fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase-mediated redox metabolism. However, a recovery of only 40% indicated the formation of non-extractable (protein) adducts. To identify protein targets, we used a clickable alkynyl analog, 2-chlorohexadec-15-yn-1-al (2-ClHDyA). After Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 5-tetramethylrhodamine azide (N3-TAMRA) and two dimensional-gel electrophoresis (2D-GE), we were able to identify 51 proteins that form adducts with 2-ClHDyA. Gene ontology enrichment analyses revealed an overrepresentation of heat shock and chaperone, energy metabolism, and cytoskeletal proteins as major targets. Our observations in a murine endotoxemia model demonstrate formation of HOCl-modified lipids in the heart, while pathway analysis in vitro revealed that the chlorinated aldehyde targets specific protein subsets, which are central to cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Prasch
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Helga Reicher
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
| | | | - Gerald N. Rechberger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Center for Explorative Lipidomics, BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Chintan N. Koyani
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.R.); (P.P.R.)
| | - Christopher Trummer
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Lavinia Rech
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.R.); (P.P.R.)
| | - Peter P. Rainer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.R.); (P.P.R.)
| | - Astrid Hammer
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Ernst Malle
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
- Center for Explorative Lipidomics, BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-71950
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14
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Wang H, Leeming MG, Cochran BJ, Hook JM, Ho J, Nguyen GTH, Zhong L, Supuran CT, Donald WA. Nontargeted Identification of Plasma Proteins O-, N-, and S-Transmethylated by O-Methyl Organophosphates. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15420-15428. [PMID: 33200920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are used worldwide as pesticides. However, acute and chronic exposure to OPs can cause serious adverse health effects. The mechanism of delayed OP toxicity is thought to involve off-target inhibition of serine proteases, although the precise molecular details remain unclear owing to the lack of an analytical method for global detection of protein targets of OPs. Here, we report the development of a mass spectrometry method to identify OP-adducted proteins from complex mixtures in a nontargeted manner. Human plasma was incubated with the OP dichlorvos that was 50% isotopically labeled and 50% unlabeled. Proteins and protein adducts were extracted, digested, and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to detect "twin ions" of peptides that were covalently modified by a chemical reaction with dichlorvos. The LC-MS/MS data were processed by a blended data analytics software (Xenophile) to detect the amino acid residue sites of proteins that were covalently modified by exposure to OPs. We discovered that OPs can transmethylate the N, S, and O side chains of His, Cys, Glu, Asp, and Lys residues. For model systems, such transmethylation reactions were confirmed by LC-MS, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and rationalized using electronic structure calculations. Methylation of the ubiquitous antioxidant glutathione by dichlorvos can decrease the reducing/oxidizing equilibrium of glutathione in liver extracts, which has been implicated in diseases and pathological conditions associated with delayed OP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Michael G Leeming
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Blake J Cochran
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - James M Hook
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Junming Ho
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Giang T H Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Ling Zhong
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - William A Donald
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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15
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Byrne SR, Rokita SE. Unraveling Reversible DNA Cross-Links with a Biological Machine. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2903-2913. [PMID: 33147957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reversible generation and capture of certain electrophilic quinone methide intermediates support dynamic reactions with DNA that allow for migration and transfer of alkylation and cross-linking. This reversibility also expands the possible consequences that can be envisioned when confronted by DNA repair processes and biological machines. To begin testing the response to such an encounter, quinone methide-based modification of DNA has now been challenged with a helicase (T7 bacteriophage gene protein four, T7gp4) that promotes 5' to 3' translocation and unwinding. This model protein was selected based on its widespread application, well characterized mechanism and detailed structural information. Little over one-half of the cross-linking generated by a bisfunctional quinone methide remained stable to T7gp4 and did not suppress its activity. The helicase likely avoids the topological block generated by this fraction of cross-linking by its ability to shift from single- to double-stranded translocation. The remaining fraction of cross-linking was destroyed during T7gp4 catalysis. Thus, this helicase is chemically competent to promote release of the quinone methide from DNA. The ability of T7gp4 to act as a Brownian ratchet for unwinding DNA may block recapture of the QM intermediate by DNA during its transient release from a donor strand. Most surprisingly, T7gp4 releases the quinone methide from both the translocating strand that passes through its central channel and the excluded strand that was typically unaffected by other lesions. The ability of T7gp4 to reverse the cross-link formed by the quinone methide does not extend to that formed irreversibly by the nitrogen mustard mechlorethamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane R Byrne
- Chemistry Biology Interface Graduate Training Program and Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Steven E Rokita
- Chemistry Biology Interface Graduate Training Program and Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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16
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O’Brien J, Wendell SG. Electrophile Modulation of Inflammation: A Two-Hit Approach. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110453. [PMID: 33182676 PMCID: PMC7696920 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophilic small molecules have gained significant attention over the last decade in the field of covalent drug discovery. Long recognized as mediators of the inflammatory process, recent evidence suggests that electrophiles may modulate the immune response through the regulation of metabolic networks. These molecules function as pleiotropic signaling mediators capable of reversibly reacting with nucleophilic biomolecules, most notably at reactive cysteines. More specifically, electrophiles target critical cysteines in redox regulatory proteins to activate protective pathways such as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Nrf2-Keap1) antioxidant signaling pathway while also inhibiting Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB). During inflammatory states, reactive species broadly alter cell signaling through the oxidation of lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids, effectively propagating the inflammatory sequence. Subsequent changes in metabolic signaling inform immune cell maturation and effector function. Therapeutic strategies targeting inflammatory pathologies leverage electrophilic drug compounds, in part, because of their documented effect on the redox balance of the cell. With mounting evidence demonstrating the link between redox signaling and metabolism, electrophiles represent ideal therapeutic candidates for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Through their pleiotropic signaling activity, electrophiles may be used strategically to both directly and indirectly target immune cell metabolism.
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17
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Geib T, Iacob C, Jribi R, Fernandes J, Benderdour M, Sleno L. Identification of 4-hydroxynonenal-modified proteins in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. J Proteomics 2020; 232:104024. [PMID: 33122130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.104024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The α,β-unsaturated aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) is formed through lipid peroxidation during oxidative stress. As a highly reactive electrophile, it is able to form adducts with various biomolecules, including proteins. These protein modifications could modulate many signaling pathways, as well as cell differentiation and proliferation, and thus could be highly important in the context of the extracellular matrix and degradation of articular cartilage. This study specifically investigated the role of HNE as a bioactive molecule in chondrocytes of osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Chondrocyte extracts of OA and non-OA patients were analyzed for HNE binding using Western blot and bottom-up LC-MS/MS analyses. HNE-modified histones, H2A and H2B, and histone deacetylase were identified using anti-HNE antibodies. Furthermore, peptide sequencing and database searching revealed 95 distinct HNE-modified proteins and their exact modification sites, with 88 protein adducts being unique to OA chondrocytes. HNE-proteins of specific interest included histone H2A, H2B and H4, collagen alpha-3(VI) chain, eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-I, and nucleolar RNA helicase 2. Comparing their MS/MS spectra to those of HNE-modified standard peptides further validated the six HNE-proteins. SIGNIFICANCE: HNE binding to proteins has been shown to result in multiple abnormalities of chondrocyte phenotype and function, suggesting its contribution in OA development. Considering the increased levels of HNE in OA cartilage, this reactive aldehyde could play a role in OA. This work represents a clinically-relevant in vivo study to demonstrate the pathophysiological role of HNE in human OA. Since HNE binding can alter protein conformation and function, it remains highly relevant to study the effects of this modification in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon Geib
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Cristiana Iacob
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rihab Jribi
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julio Fernandes
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mohamed Benderdour
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Lekha Sleno
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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18
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Yuan W, Wang J, Zhang Y, Lu H. Sample preparation approaches for qualitative and quantitative analysis of lipid-derived electrophile modified proteomes by mass spectrometry. Mol Omics 2020; 16:511-520. [PMID: 33079115 DOI: 10.1039/d0mo00099j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-derived electrophile (LDE) modifications, which are covalent modifications of proteins by endogenous LDEs, are essential types of protein posttranslational modifications. LDE modifications alter the protein structure and regulate their biological processes in cells. LDE modifications of proteins are also closely associated with several diseases and function as potential biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. The crucial step in studying the LDE modifications is to enrich the LDE modified proteins/peptides from complex biological samples with high efficiency and high selectivity and quantify modified proteins/peptides with high accuracy. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in MS-based proteomic technologies to globally identify and quantify LDE modified proteomes, mainly focusing on discussing the qualitative and quantitative technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Yuan
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.
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19
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Trostchansky A, Wood I, Rubbo H. Regulation of arachidonic acid oxidation and metabolism by lipid electrophiles. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 152:106482. [PMID: 33007446 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is a precursor of enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidized products such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, lipoxins, and isoprostanes. These products may exert signaling or damaging roles during physiological and pathological conditions, some of them being markers of oxidative stress linked to inflammation. Recent data support the concept that cyclooxygenases (COX), lipoxygenases (LOX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) followed by cytosolic and microsomal dehydrogenases can convert AA to lipid-derived electrophiles (LDE). Lipid-derived electrophiles are fatty acid derivatives bearing an electron-withdrawing group that can react with nucleophiles at proteins, DNA, and small antioxidant molecules exerting potent signaling properties. This review aims to describe the formation, sources, and electrophilic anti-inflammatory actions of key mammalian LDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Trostchansky
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Irene Wood
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Homero Rubbo
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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20
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Reactive Sterol Electrophiles: Mechanisms of Formation and Reactions with Proteins and Amino Acid Nucleophiles. CHEMISTRY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 2:390-417. [PMID: 35372835 PMCID: PMC8976181 DOI: 10.3390/chemistry2020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Radical-mediated lipid oxidation and the formation of lipid hydroperoxides has been a focal point in the investigation of a number of human pathologies. Lipid peroxidation has long been linked to the inflammatory response and more recently, has been identified as the central tenet of the oxidative cell death mechanism known as ferroptosis. The formation of lipid electrophile-protein adducts has been associated with many of the disorders that involve perturbations of the cellular redox status, but the identities of adducted proteins and the effects of adduction on protein function are mostly unknown. Both cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), which is the immediate biosynthetic precursor to cholesterol, are oxidizable by species such as ozone and oxygen-centered free radicals. Product mixtures from radical chain processes are particularly complex, with recent studies having expanded the sets of electrophilic compounds formed. Here, we describe recent developments related to the formation of sterol-derived electrophiles and the adduction of these electrophiles to proteins. A framework for understanding sterol peroxidation mechanisms, which has significantly advanced in recent years, as well as the methods for the study of sterol electrophile-protein adduction, are presented in this review.
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21
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Zhou J, Wang W, Zhang J, Du Z, Yang H, Zhang G. Click chemistry-based imaging to study the tissue distribution of the curcumin-protein complex in mice. Food Funct 2020; 11:1684-1691. [PMID: 32037431 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02012h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that curcumin, a bioactive dietary compound with a thiol-reactive α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety, can covalently modify protein thiols. However, most of the previous studies were performed in cultured cells or cell-free enzyme systems, and so it remains unknown whether curcumin could covalently modify proteins after oral administration in vivo. Using click chemistry-based fluorescence imaging, here we show that oral administration of dialkyne-curcumin (Di-Cur), a "click" probe mimicking curcumin, results in covalent modifications of cellular proteins in colon and liver tissues, but not in other tissues, in mice. This result suggests that oral administration of curcumin leads to the formation of the curcumin-protein complex in a tissue-specific manner, which could contribute to the biological effects and/or pharmacokinetics of curcumin. Further studies to elucidate the identities of curcumin-binding proteins could greatly help us to better understand the molecular mechanisms of curcumin, and develop novel strategies for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhou
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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22
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Sousa BC, Ahmed T, Dann WL, Ashman J, Guy A, Durand T, Pitt AR, Spickett CM. Short-chain lipid peroxidation products form covalent adducts with pyruvate kinase and inhibit its activity in vitro and in breast cancer cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 144:223-233. [PMID: 31173844 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase catalyses the last step in glycolysis and has been suggested to contribute to the regulation of aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells. It can be inhibited by oxidation of cysteine residues in vitro and in vivo, which is relevant to the more pro-oxidant state in cancer and proliferating tissues. These conditions also favour lipid peroxidation and the formation of electrophilic fragmentation products, including short-chain aldehydes that can covalently modify proteins. However, as yet few studies have investigated their interactions with pyruvate kinase, so we investigated the effects of three different aldehydes, acrolein, malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2(E)-hexenal (HHE), on the structure and activity of the enzyme. Analysis by LC-MS/MS showed unique modification profiles for each aldehyde, but Cys152, Cys423 and Cys474 were the residues most susceptible to electrophilic modification. Analysis of enzymatic activity under these conditions showed that acrolein was the strongest inhibitor, and at incubation times longer than 2 h, pathophysiological concentrations induced significant effects. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with the aldehydes caused similar losses of pyruvate kinase activity to those observed in vitro, and at lower concentrations than those required to cause cell death, with time and dose-dependent effects; acrolein adducts on Cys152 and Cys358 were detected. Cys358 and Cys474 are located at or near the allosteric or active sites, and formation of adducts on these residues probably contributes to loss of activity at low treatment concentrations. This study provides the first detailed analysis of the structure-activity relationship of C3 and C6 aldehydes with pyruvate kinase, and suggests that reactive short-chain aldehydes generated in diseases with an oxidative aetiology or from environmental exposure such as smoking could be involved in the metabolic alterations observed in cancer cells, through alteration of pyruvate kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bebiana C Sousa
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Triangle, Aston University, B4 7ET, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tanzim Ahmed
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Triangle, Aston University, B4 7ET, Birmingham, UK
| | - William L Dann
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Triangle, Aston University, B4 7ET, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jed Ashman
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Triangle, Aston University, B4 7ET, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexandre Guy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrew R Pitt
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Triangle, Aston University, B4 7ET, Birmingham, UK
| | - Corinne M Spickett
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Triangle, Aston University, B4 7ET, Birmingham, UK.
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23
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Chen Y, Liu Y, Hou X, Ye Z, Wang C. Quantitative and Site-Specific Chemoproteomic Profiling of Targets of Acrolein. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:467-473. [PMID: 30604966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acrolein exists in common pollutants, such as cigarette smoke and car exhaust, which has been implicated with many pathological processes. It is also one type of endogenous lipid-derived electrophile (LDE) generated from lipid peroxidation when cells are under oxidative stress. Chemically, acrolein is able to covalently modify nucleophilic residues in proteins so as to influence their structures and functions, and identification of targets of acrolein modification in proteomes is critical for understanding its biological roles. Here, we report a quantitative chemoproteomic method to globally profile acrolein modifications using an aldehyde-directed aniline-based probe. Collectively, we identified >2300 proteins and >500 cysteine sites that are targeted by acrolein. Our data provide valuable information for understanding acrolein-mediated toxicity and expanding our knowledge of oxidative stress-mediated damage and signaling.
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24
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Abstract
The concept of cell signaling in the context of nonenzyme-assisted protein modifications by reactive electrophilic and oxidative species, broadly known as redox signaling, is a uniquely complex topic that has been approached from numerous different and multidisciplinary angles. Our Review reflects on five aspects critical for understanding how nature harnesses these noncanonical post-translational modifications to coordinate distinct cellular activities: (1) specific players and their generation, (2) physicochemical properties, (3) mechanisms of action, (4) methods of interrogation, and (5) functional roles in health and disease. Emphasis is primarily placed on the latest progress in the field, but several aspects of classical work likely forgotten/lost are also recollected. For researchers with interests in getting into the field, our Review is anticipated to function as a primer. For the expert, we aim to stimulate thought and discussion about fundamentals of redox signaling mechanisms and nuances of specificity/selectivity and timing in this sophisticated yet fascinating arena at the crossroads of chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Parvez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of
Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Marcus J. C. Long
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Jesse R. Poganik
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Yimon Aye
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New
York, New York, 10065, USA
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25
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Gesslbauer B, Kuerzl D, Valpatic N, Bochkov VN. Unbiased Identification of Proteins Covalently Modified by Complex Mixtures of Peroxidized Lipids Using a Combination of Electrophoretic Mobility Band Shift with Mass Spectrometry. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7090116. [PMID: 30200198 PMCID: PMC6162613 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7090116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent modification of functionally important cell proteins by lipid oxidation products (LOPs) is a known mechanism initiating pathological consequences of oxidative stress. Identification of new proteins covalently modified by electrophilic lipids can be performed by a combination of chemical, immunological, and mass spectrometry-based methods, but requires prior knowledge either on the exact molecular structure of LOPs (e.g., 4-hydroxynonenal) or candidate protein targets. However, under the conditions of oxidative stress in vivo, a complex mixture of proteins (e.g., cytosolic proteome) reacts with a complex mixture of LOPs. Here we describe a method for detection of lipid-modified proteins that does not require an a priori knowledge on the chemical structure of LOPs or identity of target proteins. The method is based on the change of electrophoretic mobility of lipid-modified proteins, which is induced by conformational changes and cross-linking with other proteins. Abnormally migrating proteins are detected by mass spectrometry-based protein peptide sequencing. We applied this method to study effects of oxidized palmitoyl-arachidonoyl-phosphatidylcholine (OxPAPC) on endothelial cells. Several known, but also many new, OxPAPC-binding proteins were identified. We expect that this technically relatively simple method can be widely applied for label-free analysis of lipid-protein interactions in complex protein samples treated with different LOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Gesslbauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - David Kuerzl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Niko Valpatic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Valery N Bochkov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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26
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Burcham PC. Carbonyl scavengers as pharmacotherapies in degenerative disease: Hydralazine repurposing and challenges in clinical translation. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 154:397-406. [PMID: 29883705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
During cellular metabolism, spontaneous oxidative damage to unsaturated lipids generates many electrophilic carbonyl compounds that readily attack cell macromolecules, forming adducts that are potential drivers of tissue dysfunction. Since such damage is heightened in many degenerative conditions, researchers have assessed the efficacy of nucleophilic carbonyl-trapping drugs in animal models of such disorders, anticipating that they will protect tissues by intercepting toxic lipid-derived electrophiles (LDEs) within cells. This Commentary explores recent animal evidence for carbonyl scavenger efficacy in two disparate yet significant conditions known to involve LDE production, namely spinal cord injury (SCI) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Primary emphasis is placed on studies that utilised hydralazine, a clinically-approved "broad-spectrum" scavenger known to trap multiple LDEs. In addition to reviewing recent studies of hydralazine efficacy in animal SCI and ALD models, the Commentary reviews new insights concerning novel lifespan- and healthspan-extending properties of hydralazine obtained during studies in model invertebrate organisms, since the mechanisms involved seem of likely benefit during the treatment of degenerative disease. Finally, noting that human translation of the histoprotective properties of hydralazine have been limited, the final section of the Commentary will address two obstacles that hamper clinical translation of LDE-trapping therapies while also suggesting potential strategies for overcoming these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Burcham
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6007, Australia.
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27
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Poganik JR, Long MJC, Aye Y. Getting the Message? Native Reactive Electrophiles Pass Two Out of Three Thresholds to be Bona Fide Signaling Mediators. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1700240. [PMID: 29603288 PMCID: PMC6488019 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Precision cell signaling activities of reactive electrophilic species (RES) are arguably among the most poorly-understood means to transmit biological messages. Latest research implicates native RES to be a chemically-distinct subset of endogenous redox signals that influence cell decision making through non-enzyme-assisted modifications of specific proteins. Yet, fundamental questions remain regarding the role of RES as bona fide second messengers. Here, we lay out three sets of criteria we feel need to be met for RES to be considered as true cellular signals that directly mediate information transfer by modifying "first-responding" sensor proteins. We critically assess the available evidence and define the extent to which each criterion has been fulfilled. Finally, we offer some ideas on the future trajectories of the electrophile signaling field taking inspiration from work that has been done to understand canonical signaling mediators. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/rG7o0clVP0c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R. Poganik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Marcus J. C. Long
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yimon Aye
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Biochemistry Weill Cornell Medicine New York, NY 10065, USA
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28
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Chen Y, Liu Y, Lan T, Qin W, Zhu Y, Qin K, Gao J, Wang H, Hou X, Chen N, Friedmann Angeli JP, Conrad M, Wang C. Quantitative Profiling of Protein Carbonylations in Ferroptosis by an Aniline-Derived Probe. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:4712-4720. [PMID: 29569437 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a regulated form of necrotic cell death implicated in carcinogenesis and neurodegeneration that is driven by phospholipid peroxidation. Lipid-derived electrophiles (LDEs) generated during this process can covalently modify proteins ("carbonylation") and affect their functions. Here we report the development of a quantitative chemoproteomic method to profile carbonylations in ferroptosis by an aniline-derived probe. Using the method, we established a global portrait of protein carbonylations in ferroptosis with >400 endogenously modified proteins and for the first time, identified >20 residue sites with endogenous LDE modifications in ferroptotic cells. Specifically, we discovered and validated a novel cysteine site of modification on voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 (VDAC2) that might play an important role in sensitizing LDE signals and mediating ferroptosis. Our results will contribute to the understanding of ferroptotic signaling and pathogenesis and provide potential biomarkers for ferroptosis detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcus Conrad
- Institute of Developmental Genetics , Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen , Munchen , Germany
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29
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Electrophilic fatty acid nitroalkenes regulate Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling:A medicinal chemistry investigation of structure-function relationships. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2295. [PMID: 29396403 PMCID: PMC5797128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid nitroalkene derivatives (NO2-FA) activate Nrf2-regulated antioxidant gene expression and inhibit NF-κB-dependent cytokine expression. To better define NO2-FA structure-function relationships, a series of 22 new chemical entities (NCEs) containing an electrophilic nitroalkene functional group were synthesized and screened for both Nrf2- and NF-κB activities using luciferase-based assays. The structural variables were acyl chain length (11 to 24 carbons) and position of the electrophilic nitroalkene group. In luciferase-based reporter assays, Nrf2 was maximally activated by omega-12 nitroalkene fatty acids while TNFα stimulated NF-κB-inhibition was maximal for omega-5 nitroalkenes. The top pathway-modulating NO2-FAs were a) evaluated for an ability to activate Nrf2-dependent signaling and inhibit NF-κB-dependent inflammatory responses of RAW264.7 cells and b) compared to electrophilic compounds in clinical development. These findings revealed that 8/9-nitro-eicos-8-enoic acid (NCE-10) was collectively the most effective NCE and that both the α and ω acyl chain lengths influence nitroalkene activation of Nrf2 and inhibition of NF-κB signaling. This insight will guide development of more effective non-natural homologs of endogenously-detectable fatty acid nitroalkenes as anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic drug candidates.
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30
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Woodcock CSC, Huang Y, Woodcock SR, Salvatore SR, Singh B, Golin-Bisello F, Davidson NE, Neumann CA, Freeman BA, Wendell SG. Nitro-fatty acid inhibition of triple-negative breast cancer cell viability, migration, invasion, and tumor growth. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1120-1137. [PMID: 29158255 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.814368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) comprises ∼20% of all breast cancers and is the most aggressive mammary cancer subtype. Devoid of the estrogen and progesterone receptors, along with the receptor tyrosine kinase ERB2 (HER2), that define most mammary cancers, there are no targeted therapies for patients with TNBC. This, combined with a high metastatic rate and a lower 5-year survival rate than for other breast cancer phenotypes, means there is significant unmet need for new therapeutic strategies. Herein, the anti-neoplastic effects of the electrophilic fatty acid nitroalkene derivative, 10-nitro-octadec-9-enoic acid (nitro-oleic acid, NO2-OA), were investigated in multiple preclinical models of TNBC. NO2-OA reduced TNBC cell growth and viability in vitro, attenuated TNFα-induced TNBC cell migration and invasion, and inhibited the tumor growth of MDA-MB-231 TNBC cell xenografts in the mammary fat pads of female nude mice. The up-regulation of these aggressive tumor cell growth, migration, and invasion phenotypes is mediated in part by the constitutive activation of pro-inflammatory nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling in TNBC. NO2-OA inhibited TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity in human TNBC cells and suppressed downstream NF-κB target gene expression, including the metastasis-related proteins intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator. The mechanisms accounting for NF-κB signaling inhibition by NO2-OA in TNBC cells were multifaceted, as NO2-OA (a) inhibited the inhibitor of NF-κB subunit kinase β phosphorylation and downstream inhibitor of NF-κB degradation, (b) alkylated the NF-κB RelA protein to prevent DNA binding, and (c) promoted RelA polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Comparisons with non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial MCF-10A and MCF7 cells revealed that NO2-OA more selectively inhibited TNBC function. This was attributed to more facile mechanisms for maintaining redox homeostasis in normal breast epithelium, including a more favorable thiol/disulfide balance, greater extents of multidrug resistance protein-1 (MRP1) expression, and greater MRP1-mediated efflux of NO2-OA-glutathione conjugates. These observations reveal that electrophilic fatty acid nitroalkenes react with more alkylation-sensitive targets in TNBC cells to inhibit growth and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Shan Chen Woodcock
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Yi Huang
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260.,the Women's Cancer Research Center of the UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, and
| | - Steven R Woodcock
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Sonia R Salvatore
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Franca Golin-Bisello
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Nancy E Davidson
- the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Carola A Neumann
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260.,the Women's Cancer Research Center of the UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, and
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260,
| | - Stacy G Wendell
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260,
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31
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Xiao M, Zhong H, Xia L, Tao Y, Yin H. Pathophysiology of mitochondrial lipid oxidation: Role of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and other bioactive lipids in mitochondria. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:316-327. [PMID: 28456642 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial lipids are essential for maintaining the integrity of mitochondrial membranes and the proper functions of mitochondria. As the "powerhouse" of a cell, mitochondria are also the major cellular source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress occurs when the antioxidant system is overwhelmed by overproduction of ROS. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in mitochondrial membranes are primary targets for ROS attack, which may lead to lipid peroxidation (LPO) and generation of reactive lipids, such as 4-hydroxynonenal. When mitochondrial lipids are oxidized, the integrity and function of mitochondria may be compromised and this may eventually lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, which has been associated with many human diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. How mitochondrial lipids are oxidized and the underlying molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological consequences associated with mitochondrial LPO remain poorly defined. Oxidation of the mitochondria-specific phospholipid cardiolipin and generation of bioactive lipids through mitochondrial LPO has been increasingly recognized as an important event orchestrating apoptosis, metabolic reprogramming of energy production, mitophagy, and immune responses. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of how mitochondrial LPO and generation of bioactive lipid mediators in mitochondria are involved in the modulation of mitochondrial functions in the context of relevant human diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiqin Zhong
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhen Tao
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.
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32
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Beavers WN, Rose KL, Galligan JJ, Mitchener MM, Rouzer CA, Tallman KA, Lamberson CR, Wang X, Hill S, Ivanova PT, Alex Brown H, Zhang B, Porter NA, Marnett LJ. Protein Modification by Endogenously Generated Lipid Electrophiles: Mitochondria as the Source and Target. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2062-2069. [PMID: 28613820 PMCID: PMC6174696 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Determining the impact of lipid electrophile-mediated protein damage that occurs during oxidative stress requires a comprehensive analysis of electrophile targets adducted under pathophysiological conditions. Incorporation of ω-alkynyl linoleic acid into the phospholipids of macrophages prior to activation by Kdo2-lipid A, followed by protein extraction, click chemistry, and streptavidin affinity capture, enabled a systems-level survey of proteins adducted by lipid electrophiles generated endogenously during the inflammatory response. Results revealed a dramatic enrichment for membrane and mitochondrial proteins as targets for adduction. A marked decrease in adduction in the presence of MitoTEMPO demonstrated a primary role for mitochondrial superoxide in electrophile generation and indicated an important role for mitochondria as both a source and target of lipid electrophiles, a finding that has not been revealed by prior studies using exogenously provided electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N. Beavers
- Departments of Chemistry, AB. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kristie L. Rose
- Departments of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Departments of Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - James J. Galligan
- Departments of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Michelle M. Mitchener
- Departments of Chemistry, AB. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Carol A. Rouzer
- Departments of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Keri A. Tallman
- Departments of Chemistry, AB. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Connor R. Lamberson
- Departments of Chemistry, AB. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Salisha Hill
- Departments of Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Pavlina T. Ivanova
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - H. Alex Brown
- Departments of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Bing Zhang
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Departments of Chemistry, AB. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- Departments of Chemistry, AB. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Departments of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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33
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Sun R, Fu L, Liu K, Tian C, Yang Y, Tallman KA, Porter NA, Liebler DC, Yang J. Chemoproteomics Reveals Chemical Diversity and Dynamics of 4-Oxo-2-nonenal Modifications in Cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1789-1800. [PMID: 28814509 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Oxo-2-nonenal (ONE) derived from lipid peroxidation modifies nucleophiles and transduces redox signaling by its reactions with proteins. However, the molecular interactions between ONE and complex proteomes and their dynamics in situ remain largely unknown. Here we describe a quantitative chemoproteomic analysis of protein adduction by ONE in cells, in which the cellular target profile of ONE is mimicked by its alkynyl surrogate. The analyses reveal four types of ONE-derived modifications in cells, including ketoamide and Schiff-base adducts to lysine, Michael adducts to cysteine, and a novel pyrrole adduct to cysteine. ONE-derived adducts co-localize and exhibit crosstalk with many histone marks and redox sensitive sites. All four types of modifications derived from ONE can be reversed site-specifically in cells. Taken together, our study provides much-needed mechanistic insights into the cellular signaling and potential toxicities associated with this important lipid derived electrophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.,§State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ling Fu
- §State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Keke Liu
- §State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Caiping Tian
- §State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yong Yang
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Keri A Tallman
- ¶Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Ned A Porter
- ¶Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Daniel C Liebler
- ‖Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Jing Yang
- §State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China;
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34
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Chemoproteomic profiling of targets of lipid-derived electrophiles by bioorthogonal aminooxy probe. Redox Biol 2017; 12:712-718. [PMID: 28411555 PMCID: PMC5390668 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox imbalance in cells induces lipid peroxidation and generates a class of highly reactive metabolites known as lipid-derived electrophiles (LDEs) that can modify proteins and affects their functions. Identifying targets of LDEs is critical to understand how such modifications are functionally implicated in oxidative-stress associated diseases. Here we report a quantitative chemoproteomic method to globally profile protein targets and sites modified by LDEs. In this strategy, we designed and synthesized an alkyne-functionalized aminooxy probe to react with LDE-modified proteins for imaging and proteomic profiling. Using this probe, we successfully quantified >4000 proteins modified by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) of high confidence in mammalian cell lysate and combined with a tandem-orthogonal proteolysis activity-based protein profiling (TOP-ABPP) strategy, we identified ~400 residue sites targeted by HNE including reactive cysteines in peroxiredoxins, an important family of enzymes with anti-oxidant roles. Our method expands the toolbox to quantitatively profile protein targets of endogenous electrophiles and the enlarged inventory of LDE-modified proteins and sites will contribute to functional elucidation of cellular pathways affected by oxidative stress.
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35
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Mathers AR, Carey CD, Killeen ME, Diaz-Perez JA, Salvatore SR, Schopfer FJ, Freeman BA, Falo LD. Electrophilic nitro-fatty acids suppress allergic contact dermatitis in mice. Allergy 2017; 72:656-664. [PMID: 27718238 DOI: 10.1111/all.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactions between nitric oxide (NO), nitrite (NO2-), and unsaturated fatty acids give rise to electrophilic nitro-fatty acids (NO2 -FAs), such as nitro oleic acid (OA-NO2 ) and nitro linoleic acid (LNO2 ). Endogenous electrophilic fatty acids (EFAs) mediate anti-inflammatory responses by modulating metabolic and inflammatory signal transduction reactions. Hence, there is considerable interest in employing NO2 -FAs and other EFAs for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory disorders. Thus, we sought to determine whether OA-NO2 , an exemplary nitro-fatty acid, has the capacity to inhibit cutaneous inflammation. METHODS We evaluated the effect of OA-NO2 on allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) using an established model of contact hypersensitivity in C57Bl/6 mice utilizing 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene as the hapten. RESULTS We found that subcutaneous (SC) OA-NO2 injections administered 18 h prior to sensitization and elicitation suppresses ACD in both preventative and therapeutic models. In vivo SC OA-NO2 significantly inhibits pathways that lead to inflammatory cell infiltration and the production of inflammatory cytokines in the skin. Moreover, OA-NO2 is capable of enhancing regulatory T-cell activity. Thus, OA-NO2 treatment results in anti-inflammatory effects capable of inhibiting ACD by inducing immunosuppressive responses. CONCLUSION Overall, these results support the development of OA-NO2 as a promising therapeutic for ACD and provides new insights into the role of electrophilic fatty acids in the control of cutaneous immune responses potentially relevant to a broad range of allergic and inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Mathers
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
- Department of Immunology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - C. D. Carey
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - M. E. Killeen
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - J. A. Diaz-Perez
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - S. R. Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - F. J. Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - B. A. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - L. D. Falo
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
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36
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Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of lipid peroxidation, a degenerative process that is believed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, are highlighted. In particular, the factors that control the kinetics and regio-/stereochemical outcomes of the autoxidation of both polyunsaturated fatty acids and sterols and the subsequent decomposition of the hydroperoxide products to cytotoxic derivatives are discussed. These advances promise to help clarify the role of lipid peroxidation in cell death and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zosia A M Zielinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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37
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Tallman KA, Kim HYH, Korade Z, Genaro-Mattos TC, Wages PA, Liu W, Porter NA. Probes for protein adduction in cholesterol biosynthesis disorders: Alkynyl lanosterol as a viable sterol precursor. Redox Biol 2017; 12:182-190. [PMID: 28258022 PMCID: PMC5333532 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of lipid electrophile-protein adducts is associated with many disorders that involve perturbations of cellular redox status. The identities of adducted proteins and the effects of adduction on protein function are mostly unknown and an increased understanding of these factors may help to define the pathogenesis of various human disorders involving oxidative stress. 7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), the immediate biosynthetic precursor to cholesterol, is highly oxidizable and gives electrophilic oxysterols that adduct proteins readily, a sequence of events proposed to occur in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), a human disorder resulting from an error in cholesterol biosynthesis. Alkynyl lanosterol (a-Lan) was synthesized and studied in Neuro2a cells, Dhcr7-deficient Neuro2a cells and human fibroblasts. When incubated in control Neuro2a cells and control human fibroblasts, a-Lan completed the sequence of steps involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and alkynyl-cholesterol (a-Chol) was the major product formed. In Dhcr7-deficient Neuro2a cells or fibroblasts from SLOS patients, the biosynthetic transformation was interrupted at the penultimate step and alkynyl-7-DHC (a-7-DHC) was the major product formed. When a-Lan was incubated in Dhcr7-deficient Neuro2a cells and the alkynyl tag was used to ligate a biotin group to alkyne-containing products, protein-sterol adducts were isolated and identified. In parallel experiments with a-Lan and a-7-DHC in Dhcr7-deficient Neuro2a cells, a-7-DHC was found to adduct to a larger set of proteins (799) than a-Lan (457) with most of the a-Lan protein adducts (423) being common to the larger a-7-DHC set. Of the 423 proteins found common to both experiments, those formed from a-7-DHC were more highly enriched compared to a DMSO control than were those derived from a-Lan. The 423 common proteins were ranked according to the enrichment determined for each protein in the a-Lan and a-7-DHC experiments and there was a very strong correlation of protein ranks for the adducts formed in the parallel experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri A Tallman
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Hye-Young H Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Thiago C Genaro-Mattos
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Phillip A Wages
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States.
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38
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Diacetyl and related flavorant α-Diketones: Biotransformation, cellular interactions, and respiratory-tract toxicity. Toxicology 2017; 388:21-29. [PMID: 28179188 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to diacetyl and related α-diketones causes respiratory-tract damage in humans and experimental animals. Chemical toxicity is often associated with covalent modification of cellular nucleophiles by electrophilic chemicals. Electrophilic α-diketones may covalently modify nucleophilic arginine residues in critical proteins and, thereby, produce the observed respiratory-tract pathology. The major pathway for the biotransformation of α-diketones is reduction to α-hydroxyketones (acyloins), which is catalyzed by NAD(P)H-dependent enzymes of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) and the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamilies. Reduction of α-diketones to the less electrophilic acyloins is a detoxication pathway for α-diketones. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex may play a significant role in the biotransformation of diacetyl to CO2. The interaction of toxic electrophilic chemicals with cellular nucleophiles can be predicted by the hard and soft, acids and bases (HSAB) principle. Application of the HSAB principle to the interactions of electrophilic α-diketones with cellular nucleophiles shows that α-diketones react preferentially with arginine residues. Furthermore, the respiratory-tract toxicity and the quantum-chemical reactivity parameters of diacetyl and replacement flavorant α-diketones are similar. Hence, the identified replacement flavorant α-diketones may pose a risk of flavorant-induced respiratory-tract toxicity. The calculated indices for the reaction of α-diketones with arginine support the hypothesis that modification of protein-bound arginine residues is a critical event in α-diketone-induced respiratory-tract toxicity.
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39
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Gooch A, Sizochenko N, Sviatenko L, Gorb L, Leszczynski J. A quantum chemical based toxicity study of estimated reduction potential and hydrophobicity in series of nitroaromatic compounds. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 28:133-150. [PMID: 28235392 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2017.1286687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds and the products of their degradation are toxic to bacteria, cells and animals. Various studies have been carried out to better understand the mechanism of toxicity of aromatic nitrocompounds and their relationship to humans and the environment. Recent data relate cytotoxicity of nitroaromatic compounds to their single- or two-electron enzymatic reduction. However, mechanisms of animal toxicity could be more complex. This work investigates the estimated reduction and oxidation potentials of 34 nitroaromatic compounds using quantum chemical approaches. All geometries were optimized with density functional theory (DFT) using the solvation model based on density (SMD) and polarizable continuum model (PCM) solvent model protocols. Quantitative structure-activity/property (QSAR/QSPR) models were developed using descriptors obtained from quantum chemical optimizations as well as the DRAGON software program. The QSAR/QSPR equations developed consist of two to four descriptors. Correlations have been identified between electron affinity (ELUMO) and hydrophobicity (log P).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gooch
- a Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Jackson State University , Jackson , USA
| | - N Sizochenko
- a Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Jackson State University , Jackson , USA
| | - L Sviatenko
- a Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Jackson State University , Jackson , USA
- b Department of Organic Chemistry , Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk National University , Dnipropetrovsk , Ukraine
| | - L Gorb
- a Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Jackson State University , Jackson , USA
- c HX5 , Vicksburg , USA
| | - J Leszczynski
- a Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Jackson State University , Jackson , USA
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40
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Camarillo JM, Ullery JC, Rose KL, Marnett LJ. Electrophilic Modification of PKM2 by 4-Hydroxynonenal and 4-Oxononenal Results in Protein Cross-Linking and Kinase Inhibition. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:635-641. [PMID: 27978618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly proliferating cells require an increased rate of metabolism to allow for the production of nucleic acids, amino acids, and lipids. Pyruvate kinase catalyzes the final step in the glycolysis pathway, and different isoforms display vastly different catalytic efficiencies. The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) is strongly expressed in cancer cells and contributes to aerobic glycolysis in what is commonly termed the Warburg effect. Here, we show that PKM2 is covalently modified by the lipid electrophiles 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and 4-oxo-2-nonenal (ONE). HNE and ONE modify multiple sites on PKM2 in vitro, including Cys424 and His439, which play a role in protein-protein interactions and fructose 1,6-bis-phosphate binding, respectively. Modification of these sites results in a dose-dependent decrease in enzymatic activity. In addition, high concentrations of the electrophile, most notably in the case of ONE, result in substantial protein-protein cross-linking in vitro and in cells. Exposure of RKO cells to electrophiles results in modification of monomeric PKM2 in a dose-dependent manner. There is a concomitant decrease in PKM2 activity in cells upon ONE exposure, but not HNE exposure. Together, our data suggest that modification of PKM2 by certain electrophiles results in kinase inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lawrence J Marnett
- A. B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
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41
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Electrophilic Nitro-Fatty Acids: Nitric Oxide and Nitrite-Derived Metabolic and Inflammatory Signaling Mediators. Nitric Oxide 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804273-1.00016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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42
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Abstract
Bioactive electrophiles generated from the oxidation of endogenous and exogenous compounds are a contributing factor in numerous disease states. Their toxicity is largely attributed to the covalent modification of cellular nucleophiles, including protein and DNA. With regard to protein modification, the side-chains of Cys, His, Lys, and Arg residues are critical targets. This results in the generation of undesired protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) that can trigger dire cellular consequences. Notably, histones are Lys- and Arg-rich proteins, providing a fertile source for adduction by both exogenous and endogenous electrophiles. The regulation of histone PTMs plays a critical role in the regulation of chromatin structure and thus gene expression. This perspective focuses on the role of electrophilic protein adduction within the context of chromatin and its potential consequences on cellular law and order.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Galligan
- Department of Biochemistry, ‡Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- Department of Biochemistry, ‡Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
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43
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Parvez S, Long MJC, Lin HY, Zhao Y, Haegele JA, Pham VN, Lee DK, Aye Y. T-REX on-demand redox targeting in live cells. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:2328-2356. [PMID: 27809314 PMCID: PMC5260244 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This protocol describes targetable reactive electrophiles and oxidants (T-REX)-a live-cell-based tool designed to (i) interrogate the consequences of specific and time-resolved redox events, and (ii) screen for bona fide redox-sensor targets. A small-molecule toolset comprising photocaged precursors to specific reactive redox signals is constructed such that these inert precursors specifically and irreversibly tag any HaloTag-fused protein of interest (POI) in mammalian and Escherichia coli cells. Syntheses of the alkyne-functionalized endogenous reactive signal 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE(alkyne)) and the HaloTag-targetable photocaged precursor to HNE(alkyne) (also known as Ht-PreHNE or HtPHA) are described. Low-energy light prompts photo-uncaging (t1/2 <1-2 min) and target-specific modification. The targeted modification of the POI enables precisely timed and spatially controlled redox events with no off-target modification. Two independent pathways are described, along with a simple setup to functionally validate known targets or discover novel sensors. T-REX sidesteps mixed responses caused by uncontrolled whole-cell swamping with reactive signals. Modification and downstream response can be analyzed by in-gel fluorescence, proteomics, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based and dual-luciferase reporters, or flow cytometry assays. T-REX targeting takes 4 h from initial probe treatment. Analysis of targeted redox responses takes an additional 4-24 h, depending on the nature of the pathway and the type of readouts used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Parvez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Marcus J C Long
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Hong-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Joseph A Haegele
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Vanha N Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Dustin K Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yimon Aye
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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44
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Burcham PC. Acrolein and Human Disease: Untangling the Knotty Exposure Scenarios Accompanying Several Diverse Disorders. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:145-161. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip C. Burcham
- Pharmacology, Pharmacy & Anaesthesiology Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6007, Australia
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45
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Horvat T, Landesmann B, Lostia A, Vinken M, Munn S, Whelan M. Adverse outcome pathway development from protein alkylation to liver fibrosis. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1523-1543. [PMID: 27542122 PMCID: PMC5364266 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In modern toxicology, substantial efforts are undertaken to develop alternative solutions for in vivo toxicity testing. The adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept could facilitate knowledge-based safety assessment of chemicals that does not rely exclusively on in vivo toxicity testing. The construction of an AOP is based on understanding toxicological processes at different levels of biological organisation. Here, we present the developed AOP for liver fibrosis and demonstrate a linkage between hepatic injury caused by chemical protein alkylation and the formation of liver fibrosis, supported by coherent and consistent scientific data. This long-term process, in which inflammation, tissue destruction, and repair occur simultaneously, results from the complex interplay between various hepatic cell types, receptors, and signalling pathways. Due to the complexity of the process, an adequate liver fibrosis cell model for in vitro evaluation of a chemical's fibrogenic potential is not yet available. Liver fibrosis poses an important human health issue that is also relevant for regulatory purposes. An AOP described with enough mechanistic detail might support chemical risk assessment by indicating early markers for downstream events and thus facilitating the development of an in vitro testing strategy. With this work, we demonstrate how the AOP framework can support the assembly and coherent display of distributed mechanistic information from the literature to support the use of alternative approaches for prediction of toxicity. This AOP was developed according to the guidance document on developing and assessing AOPs and its supplement, the users' handbook, issued by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Horvat
- Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods Unit (F.3), Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Brigitte Landesmann
- Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods Unit (F.3), Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Lostia
- Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods Unit (F.3), Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sharon Munn
- Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods Unit (F.3), Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Maurice Whelan
- Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods Unit (F.3), Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
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46
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Federspiel JD, Codreanu SG, Goyal S, Albertolle ME, Lowe E, Teague J, Wong H, Guengerich FP, Liebler DC. Specificity of Protein Covalent Modification by the Electrophilic Proteasome Inhibitor Carfilzomib in Human Cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:3233-3242. [PMID: 27503896 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.059709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carfilzomib (CFZ) is a second-generation proteasome inhibitor that is Food and Drug Administration and European Commission approved for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. CFZ is an epoxomicin derivative with an epoxyketone electrophilic warhead that irreversibly adducts the catalytic threonine residue of the β5 subunit of the proteasome. Although CFZ produces a highly potent, sustained inactivation of the proteasome, the electrophilic nature of the drug could potentially produce off-target protein adduction. To address this possibility, we synthesized an alkynyl analog of CFZ and investigated protein adduction by this analog in HepG2 cells. Using click chemistry coupled with streptavidin based IP and shotgun tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), we identified two off-target proteins, cytochrome P450 27A1 (CYP27A1) and glutathione S-transferase omega 1 (GSTO1), as targets of the alkynyl CFZ probe. We confirmed the adduction of CYP27A1 and GSTO1 by streptavidin capture and immunoblotting methodology and then site-specifically mapped the adducts with targeted MS/MS methods. Although CFZ adduction of CYP27A1 and GSTO1 in vitro decreased the activities of these enzymes, the small fraction of these proteins modified by CFZ in intact cells should limit the impact of these off-target modifications. The data support the high selectivity of CFZ for covalent modification of its therapeutic targets, despite the presence of a reactive electrophile. The approach we describe offers a generalizable method to evaluate the safety profile of covalent protein-modifying therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Federspiel
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashville, Tennessee
| | - Simona G Codreanu
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashville, Tennessee
| | - Sandeep Goyal
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashville, Tennessee
| | - Matthew E Albertolle
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashville, Tennessee
| | - Eric Lowe
- §Onyx Pharmaceuticals, an Amgen subsidiary, San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Juli Teague
- §Onyx Pharmaceuticals, an Amgen subsidiary, San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Hansen Wong
- §Onyx Pharmaceuticals, an Amgen subsidiary, San Francisco, California 94080
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashville, Tennessee
| | - Daniel C Liebler
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashville, Tennessee;
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47
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Medina-Cleghorn D, Bateman LA, Ford B, Heslin A, Fisher KJ, Dalvie ED, Nomura DK. Mapping Proteome-Wide Targets of Environmental Chemicals Using Reactivity-Based Chemoproteomic Platforms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 22:1394-405. [PMID: 26496688 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We are exposed to a growing number of chemicals in our environment, most of which have not been characterized in terms of their toxicological potential or mechanisms. Here, we employ a chemoproteomic platform to map the cysteine reactivity of environmental chemicals using reactivity-based probes to mine for hyper-reactive hotspots across the proteome. We show that environmental contaminants such as monomethylarsonous acid and widely used pesticides such as chlorothalonil and chloropicrin possess common reactivity with a distinct set of proteins. Many of these proteins are involved in key metabolic processes, suggesting that these targets may be particularly sensitive to environmental electrophiles. We show that the widely used fungicide chlorothalonil specifically inhibits several metabolic enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism and energetics, leading to dysregulated lipid metabolism in mice. Our results underscore the utility of using reactivity-based chemoproteomic platforms to uncover novel mechanistic insights into the toxicity of environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Medina-Cleghorn
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Leslie A Bateman
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Breanna Ford
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ann Heslin
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Karl J Fisher
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Esha D Dalvie
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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48
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Long MC, Poganik JR, Aye Y. On-Demand Targeting: Investigating Biology with Proximity-Directed Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3610-22. [PMID: 26907082 PMCID: PMC4805449 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proximity enhancement is a central chemical tenet underpinning an exciting suite of small-molecule toolsets that have allowed us to unravel many biological complexities. The leitmotif of this opus is "tethering"-a strategy in which a multifunctional small molecule serves as a template to bring proteins/biomolecules together. Scaffolding approaches have been powerfully applied to control diverse biological outcomes such as protein-protein association, protein stability, activity, and improve imaging capabilities. A new twist on this strategy has recently appeared, in which the small-molecule probe is engineered to unleash controlled amounts of reactive chemical signals within the microenvironment of a target protein. Modification of a specific target elicits a precisely timed and spatially controlled gain-of-function (or dominant loss-of-function) signaling response. Presented herein is a unique personal outlook conceptualizing the powerful proximity-enhanced chemical biology toolsets into two paradigms: "multifunctional scaffolding" versus "on-demand targeting". By addressing the latest advances and challenges in the established yet constantly evolving multifunctional scaffolding strategies as well as in the emerging on-demand precision targeting (and related) systems, this Perspective is aimed at choosing when it is best to employ each of the two strategies, with an emphasis toward further promoting novel applications and discoveries stemming from these innovative chemical biology platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus
J. C. Long
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - Jesse R. Poganik
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - Yimon Aye
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
- Department
of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
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49
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Camarillo JM, Rose KL, Galligan JJ, Xu S, Marnett LJ. Covalent Modification of CDK2 by 4-Hydroxynonenal as a Mechanism of Inhibition of Cell Cycle Progression. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:323-32. [PMID: 26910110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a contributing factor in a number of chronic diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Lipid peroxidation that occurs during periods of oxidative stress results in the formation of lipid electrophiles, which can modify a multitude of proteins in the cell. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is one of the most well-studied lipid electrophiles and has previously been shown to arrest cells at the G1/S transition. Recently, proteomic data have shown that HNE is capable of covalently modifying CDK2, the kinase responsible for the G1/S transition. Here, we identify the sites adducted by HNE using recombinant CDK2 and show that HNE treatment suppresses the kinase activity of the enzyme. We further identify sites of adduction in HNE-treated intact human colorectal carcinoma cells (RKO) and show that HNE-dependent modification in cells is long-lived, disrupts CDK2 function, and correlates with a delay of progression of the cells into S-phase. We propose that adduction of CDK2 by HNE directly alters its activity, contributing to the cell cycle delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannie M Camarillo
- A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, §Chemistry, and #Pharmacology, ‡Mass Spectrometry Research Center, ⊥Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Kristie L Rose
- A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, §Chemistry, and #Pharmacology, ‡Mass Spectrometry Research Center, ⊥Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - James J Galligan
- A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, §Chemistry, and #Pharmacology, ‡Mass Spectrometry Research Center, ⊥Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Shu Xu
- A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, §Chemistry, and #Pharmacology, ‡Mass Spectrometry Research Center, ⊥Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, §Chemistry, and #Pharmacology, ‡Mass Spectrometry Research Center, ⊥Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
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50
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Tzeng SC, Maier CS. Label-Free Proteomics Assisted by Affinity Enrichment for Elucidating the Chemical Reactivity of the Liver Mitochondrial Proteome toward Adduction by the Lipid Electrophile 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). Front Chem 2016; 4:2. [PMID: 27242993 PMCID: PMC4865762 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2016.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of oxidative stress-induced post-translational modifications remains challenging due to the chemical diversity of these modifications, the possibility of the presence of positional isomers and the low stoichiometry of the modified proteins present in a cell or tissue proteome. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a multifactorial disease in which mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been identified as being critically involved in the progression of the disease from steatosis to cirrhosis. Ethanol metabolism leads to increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation. Posttranslational modification of proteins by electrophilic products of lipid peroxidation has been associated with governing redox-associated signaling mechanisms, but also as contributing to protein dysfunction leading to organelle and liver injury. In particular the prototypical α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), has been extensively studied as marker of increased oxidative stress in hepatocytes. In this study, we combined a LC-MS label-free quantification method and affinity enrichment to assess the dose-dependent insult by HNE on the proteome of rat liver mitochondria. We used a carbonyl-selective probe, the ARP probe, to label HNE-protein adducts and to perform affinity capture at the protein level. Using LC-MS to obtain protein abundance estimates, a list of protein targets was obtained with increasing concentration of HNE used in the exposure studies. In parallel, we performed affinity capture at the peptide level to acquire site-specific information. Examining the concentration-dependence of the protein modifications, we observed distinct reactivity profiles for HNE-protein adduction. Pathway analysis indicated that proteins associated with metabolic processes, including amino acid, fatty acid, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, bile acid synthesis and TCA cycle, showed enhanced reactivity to HNE adduction. Whereas, proteins associated with oxidative phosphorylation displayed retardation toward HNE adduction. We provide a list of 31 protein targets with a total of 61 modification sites that may guide future targeted LC-MS assays to monitor disease progression and/or intervention in preclinical models of ALD and possibly other liver diseases with an oxidative stress component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Cheng Tzeng
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Claudia S Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA
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