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Madronich S, Conley AJ, Lee-Taylor J, Kleinman LI, Hodzic A, Aumont B. Non-linear partitioning and organic volatility distributions of urban aerosols. Faraday Discuss 2016; 189:515-28. [PMID: 27092376 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00209e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gas-to-particle partitioning of organic aerosols (OA) is represented in most models by Raoult's law, and depends on the existing mass of particles into which organic gases can dissolve. This raises the possibility of non-linear response of particle-phase OA mass to the emissions of precursor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that contribute to this partitioning mass. Implications for air quality management are evident: a strong non-linear dependence would suggest that reductions in VOC emission would have a more-than-proportionate benefit in lowering ambient OA concentrations. Chamber measurements on simple VOC mixtures generally confirm the non-linear scaling between OA and VOCs, usually stated as a mass-dependence of the measured OA yields. However, for realistic ambient conditions including urban settings, no single component dominates the composition of the organic particles, and deviations from linearity are presumed to be small. Here we re-examine the linearity question using volatility spectra from several sources: (1) chamber studies of selected aerosols, (2) volatility inferred for aerosols sampled in two megacities, Mexico City and Paris, and (3) an explicit chemistry model (GECKO-A). These few available volatility distributions suggest that urban OA may be only slightly super-linear, with most values of the normalized sensitivity exponent in the range 1.1-1.3, also substantially lower than seen in chambers for some specific aerosols. The rather low exponents suggest that OA concentrations in megacities are not an inevitable convergence of non-linear effects, but can be addressed (much like in smaller urban areas) by proportionate reductions in emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
| | - A J Conley
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
| | - J Lee-Taylor
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
| | - L I Kleinman
- Brookaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - A Hodzic
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
| | - B Aumont
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmospheriques, UMR 7583, CNRS, Université Paris Est Créteil et Université, Paris Diderot, 94010 Créteil, France
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Alfheim I, Bjørseth A, Møller M, Fisher GL. Characterization of microbial mutagens in complex samples—methodology and application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10643388409381715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wasserkort R, Hartmann A, Widmer RM, Burtscher H. Correlation between on-line PAH detection in airborne particle samples and their bacterial genotoxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 1998; 40:126-136. [PMID: 9626547 DOI: 10.1006/eesa.1998.1653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The photoelectric aerosol sensor (PAS) is a technique suitable for on-line monitoring of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs). Although this is a very fast and inexpensive technique, it does not measure individual PAH species but gives a measure of the total amount of PPAHs. Because of the suitability of this sensor for air-pollution screening, it is desirable to know whether a correlation exists between the PPAHs detected with this method and the biological relevance of the respective particle samples. To test the DNA damaging potential of the organic fraction of collected particles, the umuC test with Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 was used. The primary source for particle sampling was a stationary diesel engine, but samples from a parking garage and two locations in the city of Zürich have also been included. The total mass of PPAHs as determined by the PAS was plotted against the induced genotoxicity. This resulted in a linear correlation (r2 = 0.82), indicating that the PAS detects biologically relevant PPAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wasserkort
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Switzerland
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Stork A, Witte R, Führ F. A wind tunnel for measuring the gaseous losses of environmental chemicals from the soil/plant system under field-like conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 1994; 1:234-245. [PMID: 24234380 DOI: 10.1007/bf02986536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/1994] [Accepted: 01/25/1994] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Volatilization from treated areas is a major source of pesticide residues in air, fog, and rain. This may lead to long-range transport of pesticide residues to remote areas. Up to now most information on pesticide volatilization has come from laboratory experiments under controlled conditions. A new system has been designed and developed to measure the volatile losses of(14)C-labelled chemicals after application; the method compares with agricultural practice of treating soils or plants grown in lysimeters. Sensitive analytical methods guarantee a distinction between residues of unchanged pesticide, its metabolites or(14)CO2 as a mineralization product released into the air.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stork
- Institute of Radioagronomy, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH (KFA), D-52425, Jülich, Germany
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Field R, Goldstone M, Lester J, Perry R. The sources and behaviour of tropospheric anthropogenic volatile hydrocarbons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(92)90290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Grosjean D. In situ organic aerosol formation during a smog episode: Estimated production and chemical functionality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(92)90027-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Molecular marker study of extractable organic matter in aerosols from urban areas of China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(91)90088-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rudolph J, Müller K, Koppmann R. Sampling of organic volatiles in the atmosphere at moderate and low pollution levels. Anal Chim Acta 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)83313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Báez AP, Belmont RD, González OG, Rosas IP. Formaldehyde levels in air and wet precipitation at Mexico City, Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1989; 62:153-169. [PMID: 15092342 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(89)90184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/1989] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde concentrations in ambient air and in rain water were measured at the University of Mexico, Mexico City. Air samples were taken twice a day, from 9:00 to 13:00 h and from 13:00 to 16:00 h local time from July to December 1985. Rain water was collected on daily bases from July to October, i.e. during the rainy season. The ambient air mean value was 24.4 x 10(-3) ppmv for morning hours, while the afternoon mean value was 18.5 x 10(-3) ppmv. The formaldehyde concentration in wet precipitation ranged from 0.10 to 0.80 mg liter(-1) (3.3 to 26.6 micromoles liter(-1)) 0.41 mg liter(-1) (13.7 microoles liter(-1)). A comparison of the results of this study with some measurements made at remote maritime sites, rural and urban areas, indicated that the formaldehyde levels in the atmosphere and rain water of Mexico City are among the highest reported in the literature, including the data reported by Grosjean (1982) for Los Angeles, California, during severe photochemical pollution conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Báez
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. (04510), México
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Butler J, Kneip T, Daisey J. An investigation of interurban variations in the chemical composition and mutagenic activity of airborne particulate organic matter using an integrated chemical class/bioassay system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(87)90084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Keller CD, Bidleman TF. Collection of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other organics with a glass fiber filter-polyurethane foam system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(84)90269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jonsson A, Berg S. Determination of low-molecular-weight oxygenated hydrocarbons in ambient air by cryogradient sampling and two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)93630-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Billings W, Bidleman TF. HIgh volume collection of chlorinated hydrocarbons in urban air using three solid adsorbents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(83)90055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vouk VB, Piver WT. Metallic elements in fossil fuel combustion products: amounts and form of emissions and evaluation of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1983; 47:201-25. [PMID: 6337825 PMCID: PMC1569408 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8347201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Metallic elements contained in coal, oil and gasoline are mobilized by combustion processes and may be emitted into the atmosphere, mainly as components of submicron particles. The information about the amounts, composition and form of metal compounds is reviewed for some fuels and combustion processes. Since metal compounds are always contained in urban air pollutants, they have to be considered whenever an evaluation of biological impact of air pollutants is made. The value of currently used bioassays for the evaluation of the role of trace metal compounds, either as major biologically active components or as modifiers of biological effects of organic compounds is assessed. The whole animal bioassays for carcinogenicity do not seem to be an appropriate approach. They are costly, time-consuming and not easily amenable to the testing of complex mixtures. Some problems related to the application and interpretation of short-term bioassays are considered, and the usefulness of such bioassays for the evaluation of trace metal components contained in complex air pollution mixtures is examined.
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McRae GJ, Seinfeld JH. Development of a second-generation mathematical model for urban air pollution—II. Evaluation of model performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(83)90124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Evaluation of a tenax GC sampling procedure for collection and analysis of vehicle-related aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons in ambient air. J Chromatogr A 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rudolph J, Ehhalt D, Khedim A, Jebsen C. Determination of C2–C5 hydrocarbons in the atmosphere at low parts per 109 to high parts per 1012 levels. J Chromatogr A 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)88084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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