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Taai K, Harbach RE, Aupalee K, Srisuka W, Yasanga T, Otsuka Y, Saeung A. An effective method for the identification and separation of Anopheles minimus, the primary malaria vector in Thailand, and its sister species Anopheles harrisoni, with a comparison of their mating behaviors. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:97. [PMID: 28222787 PMCID: PMC5320799 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species of the Anopheles minimus complex are considered to be the primary vectors of malaria in South and Southeast Asia. Two species of the complex, Anopheles minimus and Anopheles harrisoni, occur in Thailand. They are sympatric and difficult to accurately distinguish based on morphological characters. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of antennal sensory organs to distinguish these two species. Additionally, we investigated their ability to mate in cages of different sizes, as well as the possible mechanism(s) that evokes stenogamous behavior. METHODS Large sensilla coeloconica present on the antennae of females of An. minimus and An. harrisoni were counted under a conventional light microscope and various types of antennal sensilla were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Determinations of mating ability were carried out in 20 and 30 cm3 cages with a density resting surface (DRS) of 7.2. The insemination rate, frequency of clasper (gonocoxopodite) movement of the male genitalia during induced copulation and duration of mating of the two species were compared. RESULTS The mean numbers of large sensilla coeloconica on antennal flagellomeres 1-8 and the mean number of large sensilla coeloconica on each flagellum in An. minimus (26.25) and An. harrisoni (31.98) were significantly different. Females of both species bear five types of antennal sensilla: chaetica, trichodea, basiconica, coeloconica and ampullacea. Marked differences in the structure of the large sensilla coeloconica were observed between the two species. Furthermore, only An. minimus could copulate naturally in the small cages. The frequency of clasper movement in the stenogamous An. minimus was significantly higher than in An. harrisoni, but there was no difference in the duration of mating. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine and discover the usefulness of large sensilla coeloconica on the antennae of females and the frequency of clasper movement in males for distinguishing the sibling species An. minimus and An. harrisoni. The discovery provides an effective and relatively inexpensive method for their identification. Additionally, the greater frequency of clasper movement of An. minimus might influence its ability to mate in small spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritsana Taai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Ralph E Harbach
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Kittipat Aupalee
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Wichai Srisuka
- Entomology Section, Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, P.O. Box 7, Chiang Mai, 50180, Thailand
| | - Thippawan Yasanga
- Medical Science Research Equipment Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Yasushi Otsuka
- Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8580, Japan
| | - Atiporn Saeung
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Dev V, Manguin S. Biology, distribution and control of Anopheles (Cellia) minimus in the context of malaria transmission in northeastern India. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:585. [PMID: 27846911 PMCID: PMC5111344 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1878-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among six dominant mosquito vector species involved in malaria transmission in India, Anopheles minimus is a major species in northeast India and held responsible for focal disease outbreaks characterized by high-rise of Plasmodium falciparum infections and attributable death cases. It has been now genetically characterized that among the three-member species of the Minimus Complex spread in Asia, An. minimus (former species A) is prevalent in India including northeastern states and east-central state of Odisha. It is recorded in all seasons and accounts for perennial transmission evidenced by records of sporozoite infections. This species is highly anthropophilic, and largely endophilic and endophagic, recorded breeding throughout the year in slow flowing seepage water streams. The populations of An. minimus in India are reported to be highly diverse indicating population expansion with obvious implications for judicious application of vector control interventions. Given the rapid ecological changes due to deforestation, population migration and expansion and developmental activities, there is scope for further research on the existence of potential additional sibling species within the An. minimus complex and bionomics studies on a large geographical scale for species sanitation. For control of vector populations, DDT continues to be applied on account of retaining susceptibility status even after decades of residual spraying. Anopheles minimus is a highly adaptive species and requires continuous and sustained efforts for its effective control to check transmission and spread of drug-resistant malaria. Anopheles minimus populations are reportedly diminishing in northeastern India whereas it has staged comeback in east-central State of Odisha after decades of disappearance with its eco-biological characteristics intact. It is the high time to siege the opportunity for strengthening interventions against this species for its population diminution to sub-optimal levels for reducing transmission in achieving malaria elimination by target date of 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vas Dev
- National Institute of Malaria Research (Field Station), Guwahati, 781022, Assam, India
| | - Sylvie Manguin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement FRANCE (IRD), LIPMC, UMR-MD3, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-34093, Montpellier, France.
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Wijit A, Taai K, Dedkhad W, Hempolchom C, Thongsahuan S, Srisuka W, Otsuka Y, Fukuda M, Saeung A. Comparative Studies on the Stenogamous and Eurygamous Behavior of Eight Anopheles Species of the Hyrcanus Group (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand. INSECTS 2016; 7:E11. [PMID: 27023618 PMCID: PMC4931423 DOI: 10.3390/insects7020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Establishment of laboratory colony is essential for mosquito-borne-disease research. Mating behavior of stenogamous Anopheles peditaeniatus and seven eurygamous species (Anopheles argyropus, Anopheles crawfordi, Anopheles nigerrimus, Anopheles nitidus, Anopheles paraliae (=An. lesteri), Anopheles pursati and Anopheles sinensis), were investigated and compared in this study. The self-mating success of adult mosquitoes in different size cages at two density resting surface (DRS) values, 3.6 and 7.2, was statistically significant between stenogamous and eurygamous species. The results obtained from comparative measurements of specific characters in adult females (maxillary palpomere and antennal sensilla characters) and males (wing and genitalia) indicate those characters might influence the mating success of An. peditaeniatus in a small cage. The gonostylus of An. peditaeniatus was shorter than the eurygamous species. Additionally, the lower frequency of clasper movement and shorter mating time could be important mechanisms that control the stenogamous behavior of An. peditaeniatus. Interestingly, for the first time, a cluster of large sensilla coeloconica was recorded on the antenna of An. argyropus and An. peditaeniatus females. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean number per female of those large antennal sensilla coeloconica among six of the eurygamous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adulsak Wijit
- Office of Disease Prevention and Control, 1st, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Chiang Mai 50000, Thailand.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Kritsana Taai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Watcharatip Dedkhad
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Chayanit Hempolchom
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Sorawat Thongsahuan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science (Establishment Project), Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
| | - Wichai Srisuka
- Entomology Section, Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, P.O. Box 7, Chiang Mai 50180, Thailand.
| | - Yasushi Otsuka
- Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan.
| | - Masako Fukuda
- Division of Life Science Research, Research Promotion Institute, Oita University, Hasama, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Atiporn Saeung
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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DNA barcoding for the identification of eight species members of the Thai Hyrcanus Group and investigation of their stenogamous behavior. C R Biol 2013; 336:449-56. [PMID: 24161242 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Eight species members of the Thai Hyrcanus Group were identified based on the intact morphology and molecular analysis (COI barcoding, 658 bp) of F1-progenies. Five iso-female lines of each species were pooled in order to establish stock colonies. A stenogamous colony of each species was investigated by making 200 and 300 newly emerged adult females and males co-habit in a 30 cm cubic cage for one week. After ovipositon, the spermathecae of females were examined for sperms. The results revealed that Anopheles argyropus, Anopheles crawfordi, Anopheles nitidus, Anopheles pursati, Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles nigerrimus, Anopheles paraliae and Anopheles peditaeniatus yielded insemination rates of 0%, 0%, 0%, 31%, 33%, 42%, 50% and 77%, respectively. Continuous selection to establish stenogamous colonies indicated that An. sinensis, An. pursati, An. nigerrimus, An. paraliae and An. peditaeniatus provided insemination rates of 33-34%, 27-31%, 42-58%, 43-57% and 61-86% in 1, 2, 5, 6 and 20 generations of passages, respectively.
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Somboon P, Thongwat D, Choochote W, Walton C, Takagi M. Crossing experiments of Anopheles minimus species C and putative species E. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2005; 21:5-9. [PMID: 15825754 DOI: 10.2987/8756-971x(2005)21[5:ceoams]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the Anopheles minimus complex, 2 sibling species (A and C) are generally accepted. Recently, a 3rd species, provisionally designated An. minimus species E, has been described from the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, based on crossing experiments (A and E), DNA analysis, mitotic karyotypes, and some morphological characteristics. The present study reports the results of crossing experiments between species C and putative species E. Hybridization between the progeny of An. minimus species C from Thailand and putative species E from Japan revealed postzygotic genetic incompatibility. Although F1 hybrid progeny were obtained from both directions of crosses, the hybrid males from C female x E male crosses were completely sterile, with atrophied testes and accessory glands. In addition, the external terminalia of all of these males never completely rotated and the males failed to copulate by artificial mating. In E female x C male crosses, the hybrid males showed partially sterile testes in which most spermatozoa were abnormal (enlarged head) and inactive, and they had very little success in inseminating females. The salivary gland polytene chromosomes of F1 hybrid larvae from species C female x species E male showed a fixed heterozygous inversion on the 3L arm. Those F1 hybrids from species E female x species C male showed partial asynapsis on identified arms (2R and 3L) and a fixed heterozygous inversion on the 3R arm. When the F1 hybrid females from both directions of crosses were backcrossed with either C or E males, they produced male progeny with abnormal spermatozoa. Study of mating behavior in a 30 x 30 x 30-cm cage showed that the C males failed to mate with either C or E females, indicating that species C males cannot breed in confined spaces (lack stenogamy). Putative species E males had little success in inseminating species C females. This study provides strong evidence of genetic incompatibility between An. minimus species C and putative species E, supporting previous data that species E is a distinct species in the An. minimus complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradya Somboon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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