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Madan S, Savani K, Katsikeas CS. Privacy please: Power distance and people's responses to data breaches across countries. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STUDIES 2022; 54:731-754. [PMID: 35607320 PMCID: PMC9118180 DOI: 10.1057/s41267-022-00519-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Information security and data breaches are perhaps the biggest challenges that global businesses face in the digital economy. Although data breaches can cause significant harm to users, businesses, and society, there is significant individual and national variation in people's responses to data breaches across markets. This research investigates power distance as an antecedent of people's divergent reactions to data breaches. Eight studies using archival, correlational, and experimental methods find that high power distance makes users more willing to continue patronizing a business after a data breach (Studies 1-3). This is because they are more likely to believe that the business, not they themselves, owns the compromised data (Studies 4-5A) and, hence, do not reduce their transactions with the business. Making people believe that they (not the business) own the shared data attenuates this effect (Study 5B). Study 6 provides additional evidence for the underlying mechanism. Finally, Study 7 shows that high uncertainty avoidance acts as a moderator that mitigates the effect of power distance on willingness to continue patronizing a business after a data breach. Theoretical contributions to the international business literature and practitioner and policy insights are discussed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1057/s41267-022-00519-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Madan
- Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 USA
| | - Krishna Savani
- Faculty of Business, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Li Ka Shing Tower, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
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Wissenburg SA, Garofalo C, Blokland AAJ, Palmen H, Sellbom M. Longitudinal Validation of the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy (LSRP) Scale in a High-Risk Dutch Community Sample. Assessment 2020; 29:367-384. [PMID: 33269603 DOI: 10.1177/1073191120975130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy (LSRP) scale is a self-report measure that can be used to assess psychopathic traits in community samples, and recent research suggested that its three-factor model (Egocentricity, Callousness, and Antisocial) has promising psychometric properties. However, no study to date has validated the LSRP in a longitudinal framework. The present study sought to validate the LSRP scale in a longitudinal design using a sample of Dutch emerging adults (ns = 970 and 693 at time points 1 and 2, respectively). We assessed longitudinal measurement invariance and the stability of psychopathic traits over an 18-month time period, from age 20 to age 21.6. Furthermore, we replicated and extended findings on the factor structure, reliability, and construct validity of the Dutch LSRP scale. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the three-factor model fit the data well. Evidence of partial longitudinal measurement invariance was observed, which means that the Dutch translation of the LSRP scale is measuring an equivalent construct (and overall latent factor structure) over time. Psychopathic traits were relatively stable over time. The three LSRP subscales showed largely acceptable levels of internal consistency at both time points and showed conceptually expected patterns of construct validity and predictive validity, with a few notable exceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Wissenburg
- VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands.,University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | | - H Palmen
- Leiden University, Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands
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Doctor, builder, soldier, lawyer, teacher, dancer, shopkeeper, vet: exploratory study of which eleven-year olds would like to become a doctor. BMC Psychol 2015; 3:38. [PMID: 26531102 PMCID: PMC4632406 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-015-0094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Very little is known about the extent to which eleven-year olds might consider a career in medicine. This exploratory study therefore asked children and their parents about medicine as a possible career, looking also at the relationship to a range of background measures. Methods A longitudinal, three-wave, questionnaire study of students transferring from primary to secondary school (STARS), with data collection at primary school (wave 1; mean age 11.3 yrs), in the first months of secondary school (wave 2; mean age 11.7 yrs) and at the end of the first year of secondary school (wave 3; mean age 12.3 yrs). Parents/carers also completed questionnaires. Children were entering ten large comprehensive secondary schools in the south-east of England; 46.3 % were female, 15.6 % receiving free-school meals, 39.8 % were Black or Minority Ethnic and 28.8 % had a first language which was not English. Of 2287 children in the study, 1936 children (84.5 %) completed at least one questionnaire of the three waves (waves 1, 2 and 3). The main outcome measures were an open-ended question in each wave, “What job would you like to do when you grow up?”, and a more detailed questionnaire in wave 3 asking about 33 different jobs. Results 9.9 % of children spontaneously mentioned medicine as a career on at least one occasion. For the specific jobs, would-be doctors particularly preferred Hospital Medicine, followed by Surgery, General Practice and then Psychiatry. Would-be doctors were also more interested in careers such as Nurse, Archaeologist, Lawyer and Teacher, and less interested in careers such as Shopkeeper, Sportsperson, or Actor/dancer/singer/musician. Would-be doctors were less Neurotic, more Open to Experience, more Conscientious, and preferred higher prestige occupations. Those interested in medicine did not score more highly on Key Stage 2 attainment tests or Cognitive Abilities Test, did not have a higher family income or greater parental/carer education, and did not have more experience of illness or deaths among family and friends. Conclusions An interest in a medical career, unlike high prestige jobs in general, is not associated with higher educational attainment or cognitive ability, and it is likely that only one in ten of the children interested in medical careers will have sufficient educational attainment at GCSE or A-level to be able to enter medical school.
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Molpeceres M, Lucas A, Pons D. Experiencia escolar y orientación hacia la autoridad institucional en la adolescencia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1174/021347400760259820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rigby K. Acceptance of Authority and Directiveness as Indicators of Authoritarianism: A New Framework. The Journal of Social Psychology 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00224545.1984.9713478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ray JJ. Alternatives to the F Scale in the Measurement of Authoritarianism: A Catalog. The Journal of Social Psychology 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00224545.1984.9713464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rigby K. The Attitudes of English and Australian College Students toward Institutional Authority. The Journal of Social Psychology 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00224545.1984.9713454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rump EE, Rigby K, Waters L. The Generality of Attitudes toward Authority: Cross-Cultural Comparisons. The Journal of Social Psychology 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00224545.1985.9922891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Rigby
- South Australian Institute of Technology
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Rigby K, Slee PT. Eysenck's personality factors and orientation toward authority among schoolchildren. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00049538708259044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Rigby
- South Australian Institute of Technology
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Orientation to authority and personality: a rejoinder to Rigby. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(93)90209-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rigby K. On taking liberties with measures of orientation to authority: a reply to Heaven and Furnham. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(93)90208-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rigby K, Metzer JC. Assessing community attitudes toward medical practitioner authority. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 1992; 16:403-12. [PMID: 1296790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.1992.tb00088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread belief that medical authority is under increasing challenge, no adequate research instrument has been available to measure relevant community attitudes. This paper reports the development of the Attitude Toward Medical Practitioners Scale (the AMPS). Samples of Australians (in total N > 1000) completed the AMPS, using three different procedures. The reliability of the scale, assessed by coefficient alpha, ranged from 0.80 to 0.86. A principal component analysis of the AMPS yielded loadings on each item exceeding 0.3 on the first unrotated factor; subsequent varimax rotation revealed dimensions associated with critical attitudes to doctors and evaluations of doctors' interpersonal competence and technical expertise. Positive and significant correlations between the AMPS and one measure of the General Attitude toward Institutional Authority (GAIAS) strongly suggested that the scale is consistent with generalised evaluations of community authorities. The specific validity of the AMPS was supported for each of three samples, using as validating criteria respondent ratins of the last doctor visited, satisfaction with the consultation and reported compliance with the doctor's advice. Significant improvements were found in the prediction of each of these criteria by the addition of the AMPS to contributions made by the GAIAS and the demographic variables, age and sex. The AMPS is an appropriate measure for assessing community attitudes towards medical practitioners conceived as institutional authorities, at least in the Australian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rigby
- School of Social Studies, University of South Australia, Adelaide
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Abstract
This article examined the relationship between impulsiveness and attitudes toward institutional authority among Australian secondary school students. Reliable questionnaire measures of these constructs were completed by 48 boys and 57 girls, about 14 years of age. Correlations between impulsiveness and attitude to authority differed between the sexes, with a significant negative correlation of -.43 being obtained for boys only.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rigby
- Institute for Social Research, School of Social Studies, University of South Australia, Adelaide
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Singh KK, Gudjonsson GH. Interrogative suggestibility among adolescent boys and its relationship with intelligence, memory, and cognitive set. J Adolesc 1992; 15:155-61. [PMID: 1527249 DOI: 10.1016/0140-1971(92)90044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates some of the hypotheses generated by the Gudjonsson and Clark model of interrogative suggestibility. The subjects were 40 adolescent boys (11-16 years), who completed the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale and instruments measuring intellectual skills, memory, field-dependence, hostility, and attitudes towards persons in authority. Suggestibility correlated negatively with I.Q. and memory capacity, and positively with field-dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Singh
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Denmark Hill, London, U.K
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Heaven PC, Furnham A. Orientation to authority among adolescents: Relationships with personality and human values. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(91)90026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Attitudinal and personality correlates of achievement motivation among high school students. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(90)90255-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rigby K. Sexist attitudes and authoritarian personality characteristics among Australian adolescents. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0092-6566(88)90004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Rigby K. Relationships among three concepts of authoritarianism in adolescent schoolchildren. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1988; 128:825-32. [PMID: 3236849 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.1988.9924560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Rigby K. Parental Influence on Attitudes toward Institutional Authority. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 1988. [DOI: 10.1080/00221325.1988.10532166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
This article describes the development and validation of an Authority Behavior Inventory (ABI) to assess acceptance of authority. Each of the 24 items on the self-report ABI correlated significantly with corresponding peer ratings. In two studies (n = 200 and n = 150), the ABI was shown to have high internal consistency and high degrees of concurrent validity. Validity was assessed by means of correlations with the General Attitude Towards Institutional Authority Scale (Rigby, 1982, 1984a) using a student and a nonstudent sample; and, among nonstudents, with ratings of attitude to authority provided independently by both the subjects and their raters. In addition, the ABI discriminated significantly between matched subjects judged by peers as differing in attitude to authority, and between supporters of two Australian political parties differing in conservatism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rigby
- School of Social Studies, South Australian Institute of Technology, Adelaide
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