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Oluwagbenga EM, Fraley GS. Heat stress and poultry production: a comprehensive review. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103141. [PMID: 37852055 PMCID: PMC10591017 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of global warming on poultry production has gained significant attention over the years. However, our current knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms through which heat stress (HS) resulting from global warming affects the welfare, behavior, immune response, production performance, and even transgenerational effects in poultry are still incomplete. Further research is needed to delve deeper into these mechanisms to gain a comprehensive understanding. Numerous studies have investigated various biomarkers of stress in poultry, aiming to identify reliable markers that can accurately assess the physiological status and well-being of birds. However, there is a significant amount of variation and inconsistency in the results reported across different studies. This inconsistency highlights the need for more standardized methods and assays and a clearer understanding of the factors that influence these biomarkers in poultry. This review article specifically focuses on 3 main aspects: 1) the neuroendocrine and behavioral responses of poultry to HS, 2) the biomarkers of HS and 3) the impact of HS on poultry production that have been studied in poultry. By examining the neuroendocrine and behavioral changes exhibited by poultry under HS, we aim to gain insights into the physiological impact of elevated temperatures in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G S Fraley
- Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA.
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Szpręgiel I, Wronska D. Effect of short-term fasting on the expression of ACTH (cMC2) receptor in the adrenal glands of chicken (Gallus domesticus). ROCZNIKI NAUKOWE POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA ZOOTECHNICZNEGO 2021. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.5024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
<b>Domestic hen is a full model in terms of stress and adrenal function. The main hormone produced by the hens’ adrenals is corticosterone, synthesized and secreted by stimulating the HPA axis during stress. Direct activation of adrenal activity is conditioned by ACTH, which binds to the melanocortin receptor cMC2 in adrenals. It stimulates the synthesis and release of corticosterone. One of the factors that stimulate the HPA axis activity is the starvation, to which the hen is very sensitive. The purpose of this study was to determine the ACTH receptor cMC2 expression in the hens’ adrenals during the short-term fasting and after restoring the proper level of nutrition (refeeding). The results of the experiment show that 24-hour of food deprivation is stressful for the hen, as indicated by increased concentrations of corticosterone in the adrenals and in blood plasma. Changes in cMC2R expression and level of corticosterone in the adrenals during fasting and refeeding indicate a rapid increase of HPA axis activity in response to differentiated levels of nutrition. The results of this experiment confirm the direct effect of ACTH on the avian adrenals in corticosterone release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Szpręgiel
- University of Agriculture in Krakow Faculty of Animal Sciences Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology
| | - Danuta Wronska
- Katedra Fizjologii i Endokrynologii Zwierząt
Wydział Hodowli i Biologii Zwierząt
Uniwersytet Rolniczy im. Hugona Kołłątaja w Krakowie
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Omega-3 fatty acids reduce the negative effects of dexamethasone-induced physiological stress in laying hens by acting through the nutrient digestibility and gut morphometry. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100889. [PMID: 33516483 PMCID: PMC7936135 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on egg production, nutrients digestibility, eggs yolk lipid peroxidation, and intestinal morphology in laying hens under physiological stress were investigated. Ninety-six 35-wk-old Lohmann LSL-Lite laying hens were used in 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with 2 levels of dexamethasone (DEX) (0 and 1.5 mg/kg of the diet) and 3 levels of omega-3 fatty acids (0, 0.24, or 0.48% of the diet) in a completely randomized design. At 41 wk of age, the stress groups were continuously fed with a DEX 1.5 mg/kg diet for 1 wk. Egg production, egg mass, feed intake, egg weight, and feed conversion ratio were recorded. In addition, the AME, digestibility of CP, crude fat (CF), and organic matter were measured during the stress induction period. At the end of 41 wk of age, malondialdehyde and cholesterol concentrations in the egg yolk and intestinal morphology were investigated. The results showed that egg production, egg mass (P < 0.0001), egg weight (P = 0.043), and BW (P = 0.0005) were lower in DEX layers. Feed intake was reduced by the interaction between DEX and omega-3 fatty acid (P = 0.042). Malondialdehyde value (P = 0.002) and cholesterol concentration (P = 0.001) in egg yolk increased by DEX administration. The combination of DEX administration and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation was found in the indices of intestinal morphology such as villus height and width and crypt depth (P < 0.05). Administration of DEX decreased the CP digestibility (P < 0.0001) and AME (P = 0.006). Digestibility of CF and AME in the group of 0.48% omega-3 fatty acids were higher (P < 0.05) than those of 0 and 0.24%. In conclusion, we found that dietary omega-3 fatty acids had beneficial effects on gut morphology and nutrient digestibility in laying hens under physiological stress. However, they could not alleviate the negative effects of physiological stress on performance.
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Barzegar Yarmohammadi A, Sharifi SD, Mohammadi-Sangcheshmeh A. Efficacy of dietary supplementation of nanoparticles-chromium, chromium-methionine and zinc-proteinate, on performance of Japanese quail under physiological stress. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1822763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Seyed Davood Sharifi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Dixon LM, Sparks NHC, Rutherford KMD. Early experiences matter: a review of the effects of prenatal environment on offspring characteristics in poultry. Poult Sci 2015; 95:489-99. [PMID: 26614679 PMCID: PMC4957487 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life experiences can be important in determining offspring phenotypes and may influence interaction with the environment and hence health, welfare, and productivity. The prenatal environment of poultry can be divided into the pre-lay environment and the egg storage/incubation environment, both of which can affect offspring outcomes. The ability to separate maternal and egg/incubation effects makes birds well suited to this type of research. There are many factors, including feeding and nutrition, environmental conditions, husbandry practices, housing system, social environment, infectious environment, and maternal health status, that can influence both the health and performance and behavior and cognition of the offspring. There are some aspects of the environments that can be changed to produce beneficial effects in the offspring, like addition of certain additives to feed or short changes in incubation temperatures, while other aspects should be avoided to reduce negative effects, such as unpredictable feeding and lighting regimens. Measures of offspring characteristics may prove to be a useful method of assessing parent stock welfare if known stressors result in predictable offspring outcomes. This has the advantage of assessing the parent environment without interfering with the animals and possibly affecting their responses and could lead to improved welfare for the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Dixon
- Animal Behavior and Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, SRUC, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - N H C Sparks
- Avian Science Research Center, Animal and Veterinary Science, Research Group, SRUC, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - K M D Rutherford
- Animal Behavior and Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, SRUC, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
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Pellegrini S, Busso JM, Lèche A, Marin RH. Effects of diet, time since defecation, and drying process of the droppings on corticosterone metabolite measurements in Japanese quail. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1068-74. [PMID: 25771534 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of noninvasive methods for measuring fecal glucocorticoid metabolites is a useful tool for endocrine assessment particularly in studies where animals cannot be captured, when they should be sampled without disturbing their activities, and/or when welfare needs to be maximized. However, still no complete standardization exists for the methodology, and some confounding variables may play an important role affecting measurements and interpretation of results. The present study focused on whether two different diets (laying feed or seed mixture), the time since defecation (0, 4, 24, or 48 h) and the drying method of those samples (oven-dried or naturally nonoven-dried) may affect concentrations of corticosterone metabolites (CM) measured in male Japanese quail. Half of the birds were provided with plain water (control) and the other half received a corticosterone solution. Birds fed with a seed mixture exhibited higher values of CM (nanogram/gram) in droppings than quail that received a laying feed diet suggesting that diet should be carefully considered as a potential source of variation. As expected both groups exhibited higher CM concentration after corticosterone treatment. While CM concentrations increased significantly in nonoven-dried samples over time (0 < 4 < 24 = 48 h), oven-dried samples exhibited similar high CM values. At 24 and 48 h postdefecation, nonoven-dried samples had similar CM concentrations as all oven-dried samples. Drying of samples may be considered a reliable method to reduce variations due to water loss over time, facilitating comparisons up to 48 h postdefecation. This finding would allow to enhance the range of application of this noninvasive and welfare friendly method to situations where samples cannot be collected or frozen shortly after defecation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pellegrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT, CONICET-FCEFyN-UNC) and Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los alimentos (ICTA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611 (X5016GCA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - J M Busso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT, CONICET-FCEFyN-UNC) and Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los alimentos (ICTA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611 (X5016GCA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A Lèche
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA, CONICET-UNC) and Centro de Zoología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Rondeau 798, (X5000AVP) Córdoba, Argentina
| | - R H Marin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT, CONICET-FCEFyN-UNC) and Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los alimentos (ICTA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611 (X5016GCA), Córdoba, Argentina Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (X5016GCA), Argentina
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Davies S, Deviche P. At the crossroads of physiology and ecology: food supply and the timing of avian reproduction. Horm Behav 2014; 66:41-55. [PMID: 24727023 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue “Energy Balance”. The decision of when to breed is crucial to the reproductive success and fitness of seasonally breeding birds. The availability of food for adults prior to breeding has long been thought to play a critical role in timing the initiation of seasonal reproductive events, in particular laying. However, unequivocal evidence for such a role remains limited and the physiological mechanisms by which an increase in food availability results in seasonal activation of the reproductive system are largely speculative. This lack of mechanistic information partly reflects a lack of integration of ecological and physiological approaches to study seasonal reproduction. Indeed, most work pertaining to the role of food availability for adults on the timing of avian reproduction has been ecological and has focused almost exclusively on female traits associated with reproductive timing (e.g., lay date and clutch size). By contrast, most work on the physiological bases of the relationship between food availability and the timing of reproduction has investigated male traits associated with reproductive development (e.g., reproductive hormones and gonadal development). To advance our understanding of these topics, we review the role of proximate factors including food availability, social factors, and ambient temperature in the control of breeding decisions, and discuss the role of three potential candidates (leptin, glucocorticoids, and GnIH-neuropeptide Y) that may mediate the effects of food availability on these decisions. We emphasize that future progress in this area is heavily contingent upon the use of physiology-based approaches and their integration into current ecological frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Davies
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA.
| | - Pierre Deviche
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA.
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Nazar F, Magnoli A, Dalcero A, Marin R. Effect of feed contamination with aflatoxin B1 and administration of exogenous corticosterone on Japanese quail biochemical and immunological parameters. Poult Sci 2012; 91:47-54. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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