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Fares WA, Ahmed MRM, Rizk RE, Shahein EHA, Boutrous NG, El-Sabrout K. Influence of non-ventilating intervals during early incubation stage on egg hatching process. Vet World 2023; 16:1534-1540. [PMID: 37621537 PMCID: PMC10446711 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1534-1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the incubator plays a key role in embryonic development and hatching. This study aimed to study the effect of non-ventilated (NV) intervals during the early stage of embryonic development on the hatching process. Materials and Methods Hatching eggs (n = 7200) were equally divided into four treatment groups and incubated in four incubators. The first group was incubated in normal ventilated condition (V) during the setting phase of incubation. Ventilation holes of the three remaining incubators were closed for the first 3, 6, and 9 days and termed as NV groups (NV1, NV2, and NV3, respectively). A gradual increase in CO2 was allowed for NV groups, followed by opening the incubator holes to permit ventilation throughout the rest of the incubation periods. Results Obtained results demonstrated that CO2 concentration gradually increased up to 0.19% for the NV1 group, 0.41% for the NV2 group, and 0.90% for the NV3 group, while CO2 concentration remained at 0.08% during the first 9 days of incubation in the V group. Albumen pH was lowered for all NV groups. The highest hatchability percentage was recorded for NV3 followed by NV2 and NV1 groups. All NV groups represented earlier and narrower spread of hatch and higher hatched chick weight. Embryos and hatched chicks in the NV groups had higher hormonal levels of thyroxin and corticosterone. Conclusion All non-ventilation periods had positive effects on narrowing the spread of hatch, increasing hatched chick weight and hatchability percentage compared to the normal V condition. Furthermore, the non-ventilation throughout the first 9 days of incubation yielded the best hatching results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam A. Fares
- Department of Poultry Breeding, Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona R. M. Ahmed
- Department of Poultry Breeding, Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - R. E. Rizk
- Department of Poultry Breeding, Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - E. H. A. Shahein
- Department of Poultry Breeding, Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - N. G. Boutrous
- Department of Poultry Breeding, Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Karim El-Sabrout
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Bilalissi A, Meteyake H, Kouame Y, Oke O, Lin H, Onagbesan O, Decuypere E, Tona K. Effects of pre-incubation storage duration and nonventilation incubation procedure on embryonic physiology and post-hatch chick performance. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101810. [PMID: 35358923 PMCID: PMC8968634 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects and possible interactions of storage and nonventilation during incubation for eggs from Sasso broiler breeder flock on pre- and post-hatch incubation results. A total of 1,260 Sasso eggs from a 58-wk-old broiler breeder flock were individually numbered, weighed and stored for 7 d or for 18 d in a climate-controlled room (16°C, 75% RH). After storage, eggs were weighed, and randomly assigned equally into 2 incubators. One of the incubators was ventilated (V) for the entire incubation and the second was nonventilated (NV) for the first 12 d. At d 18, the eggs were weighed, candled, and fertile eggs were transferred from the turning trays to hatching baskets. During the last 3 d of incubation, hatching eggs were checked individually every 3 h for hatching events and hatchability of fertile eggs. After pull out at d 21.5, post-hatch performances was determined until 1 wk of age. Results showed that, embryo weights from eggs in NV incubator was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in both stored eggs compared to those from eggs in ventilated incubator, but embryos from eggs stored for 18 d were smaller (P < 0.05) than those from eggs stored for 7 d. Hatchability was higher (P < 0.0001) in NV incubator compared to V incubator in both 7 d and 18 d stored eggs and an interaction was found between incubation ventilation and storage duration on both hatchability and embryonic mortality (P < 0.0001). Chick weights from NV incubator at 7 d post-hatch was greater (P = 0.0009) than those from V incubator. Serum Tri-iodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxin (T4) concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in NV compare to V group. It was concluded that the effect of long-term pre-incubation storage on embryonic physiology and post-hatch growth interacted significantly with incubation ventilation and that nonventilation can compensate for the negative effects of storage on some hatching and post-hatch performances.
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Liu C, Zheng W, Zhu L, Tong Q, Li D. Effect of elevated carbon dioxide on chicken eggs during the early and late incubation periods. Animal 2022; 16:100499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Okur N, Eratalar SA, Yiğit AA, Kutlu T, Kabakçi R, Özsoy ŞY. Effects of incubator oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations on hatchability of fertile eggs, some blood parameters, and histopathological changes of broilers with different parental stock ages in high altitude. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101609. [PMID: 34936960 PMCID: PMC8703081 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of incubator carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) concentrations with parental stock age (PSA) on embryonic deaths (ED), hatchability of fertile eggs (HFE), some blood parameters, and the tissue development of broilers were investigated. Four consecutive repetitions following the similar materials and methods were carried. From 3 different aged ROSS 308 broiler parental flocks 7,680 hatching eggs were obtained and classified as young (Y; 29 wk), middle (M; 37 wk) and old (O; 55 wk) as regards PSA, and randomly distributed. Four different incubator ventilation programs (IVP) as control (C; 0.67% CO2 and 20.33% O2), high CO2 (HC; 1.57% CO2 and 20.26% O2), high O2 (HO; 0.50% CO2 and 21.16% O2), and high CO2 + O2 (HCO; 1.17% CO2 21.03% O2) were applied with oxygen concentrator, and ED and HFE were investigated. Lung and heart tissues, hemoglobin value, packed cell volume, and red blood cell count, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) values of the chicks were analyzed. It was found that IVP affected ED and HFE. Higher rate of early ED (EED) was obtained from the HC than HCO, and higher middle+late stage+pipped but unhatched ED (MLPED) with a lower rate of HFE was observed in the C group than HO and HCO (P < 0.05). Association was found between PSA and IVP (P < 0.05), being more evident in EED for young PSA, in MLPED with HFE for Y and O PSA. From hematological values, no statistical difference in RBC, PCV, and Hb values were found among the treatment groups, ACTH concentration known as a response to stress was found to be higher than C in all groups, triiodothyronine concentration was higher in the HO group than C. In the histopathological examination, used IVPs were found to have negative effects on the lung and heart such as vacuolization, hemorrhage in all PSA groups except for C. Conclusively, PSA and IVP affected some hatching, blood and tissue development parameters of the broiler chicks.
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van den Brand H, Meijerhof R, Heetkamp MJW, van den Anker I, Ooms M, Kemp B, Molenaar R. Interaction between eggshell temperature and carbon dioxide concentration after day 8 of incubation on broiler chicken embryo development. Animal 2021; 15:100223. [PMID: 34030030 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered to be an important factor during incubation of eggs. Effects attributed to higher CO2 concentrations during experiment might be due to confounding effects of other environmental conditions, such as incubation temperature. To disentangle effects of eggshell temperature (EST) and CO2 concentration, an experiment was conducted. A total of 630 Cobb 500 hatching eggs from 37 to 45 wk commercial breeder flocks were collected and incubated according to treatments. The experiment was setup as a complete randomized 2 × 3 factorial design, resulting in 6 treatments. From day 8 of incubation onward, broiler eggs were exposed to one of two EST (37.8 or 38.9 °C) and one of three CO2 concentrations (0.1, 0.4 or 0.8%). Eggs were incubated in climate-respiration chambers and metabolic heat production was determined continuously. At day 18 of incubation and at 6 h after hatching, embryo and chicken quality were determined by evaluation of organ weights, navel condition, blood metabolites and hepatic glycogen. Hatching time and chicken length at 6 h after hatching showed an interaction between EST and CO2 concentration (both P = 0.001). Furthermore, no effect of CO2 concentration was found on embryo development or chicken quality. Metabolic heat production between day 8 and 18 of incubation was not affected by either EST or CO2. At day 18 of incubation, an EST of 38.9 °C resulted in a higher egg weight loss, longer embryos, higher yolk free body mass (YFBM) and lower heart weight than an EST of 37.8 °C (all P < 0.008). At 6 h after hatching, an EST of 38.9 °C resulted in a higher residual yolk weight and lower YFBM, liver weight and heart weight than an EST of 37.8 °C (all P < 0.003). Lactate, uric acid and hepatic glycogen were not affected by EST at either day 18 of incubation or at hatch. Glucose was not affected by EST at day 18 of incubation, but at hatch, it was higher at an EST of 37.8 °C than at an EST of 38.9 °C (P = 0.02). It can be concluded that effects of CO2 concentration (at concentrations ≤0.8%) on embryonic development and chicken quality appear to be limited when EST is maintained at a constant level. Moreover, a higher EST from day 8 of incubation onward appears to negatively affect chicken quality at hatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- H van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - R Meijerhof
- Poultry Performance Plus, Kleine Enkweg 1, 7383 DB Voorst, the Netherlands
| | - M J W Heetkamp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - I van den Anker
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Ooms
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R Molenaar
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Cardiorespiratory and thermal responses to hypercapnia in chickens exposed to CO 2 during embryonic development. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 273:103317. [PMID: 31654812 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of CO2 in the environment surrounding the embryo impacts development and may also influence the cardiorespiratory responses after hatching. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the cardiorespiratory and thermal responses to hypercapnia in chicks that were exposed to CO2 during embryonic development, i.e., incubation. Embryos were incubated without and with a gradual increase in CO2 concentration up to 1 % during the first ten days of incubation. Ten-day-old chicks (males and females) were again acutely exposed to hypercapnia (7 % CO2), or to room air (normocapnia) and pulmonary ventilation, arterial pH and blood gases, arterial blood pressure and heart rate, body temperature (Tb) and oxygen consumption (V⋅O2) were measured. Compared to control animals, male chicks incubated with 1 % CO2 presented an attenuated ventilatory response to hypercapnia (P < 0.05), whereas no difference was found in the hypercapnic ventilatory response in both female chick groups (0 % vs 1 % CO2 incubation). Hypercapnia induced bradycardia in all groups (P < 0.001). The CO2 exposure during incubation did not alter the cardiovascular responses to hypercapnia in post-hatch animals. There were no significant effects of incubation treatment (0 % vs 1 % CO2) or sex in the mean arterial pressure, Tb, and V⋅O2 of animals in normocapnia and hypercapnia. As for the V⋅E/V⋅O2, hypercapnia caused an increase in both groups (P < 0.05), regardless of incubation treatment. In conclusion, among cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables, the ventilatory response to hypercapnia can be attenuated by pre-exposure to 1 % CO2 during embryonic development, especially in male chicks up to 10 days.
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Özlü S, Uçar A, Banwell R, Elibol O. The effect of increased concentration of carbon dioxide during the first 3 days of incubation on albumen characteristics, embryonic mortality and hatchability of broiler hatching eggs. Poult Sci 2019; 98:771-776. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Okur N. Effects of Incubator Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Levels, and Egg Weight on Broilers’ Hatchability of Fertile Eggs. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Okur
- Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Turkey
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Zhong Z, Yu Y, Jin S, Pan J. Effects of mixing eggs of different initial incubation time on the hatching pattern, chick embryonic development and post-hatch performance. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4634. [PMID: 29666771 PMCID: PMC5898426 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The hatch window that varies from 24 to 48 h is known to influence post-hatch performance of chicks. A narrow hatch window is needed for commercial poultry industry to acquire a high level of uniformity of chick quality. Hatching synchronization observed in avian species presents possibilities in altering hatch window in artificial incubation. Methods Layer eggs which were laid on the same day by a single breeder flock and stored for no more than two days started incubation 12 h apart to obtain developmental distinction. The eggs of different initial incubation time were mixed as rows adjacent to rows on day 12 of incubation. During the hatching period (since day 18), hatching time of individual eggs and hatch window were obtained by video recordings. Embryonic development (day 18 and 20) and post-hatch performance up to day 7 were measured. Results The manipulation of mixing eggs of different initial incubation time shortened the hatch window of late incubated eggs in the manipulated group by delaying the onset of hatching process, and improved the hatchability. Compared to the control groups, chick embryos or chicks in the egg redistribution group showed no significant difference in embryonic development and post-hatch performance up to day 7. Discussion We have demonstrated that eggs that were incubated with advanced eggs performed a narrow spread of hatch with higher hatchability, normal embryonic development as well as unaffected chick quality. This specific manipulation is applicable in industrial poultry production to shorten hatch window and improve the uniformity of chick quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Zhong
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shufang Jin
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinming Pan
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Okur N, Eleroğlu H, Türkoğlu M. Impacts of Breeder Age, Storage Time and Setter Ventilation Program on Incubation and Post-Hatch Performance of Broilers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2017-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Okur
- Abant Izzet Baysal University, Turkey
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Tong Q, McGonnell IM, Roulston N, Bergoug H, Romanini CEB, Garain P, Eterradossi N, Exadaktylos V, Bahr C, Berckmans D, Demmers T. Higher levels of CO2during late incubation alter the hatch time of chicken embryos. Br Poult Sci 2015; 56:503-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2015.1041097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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