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Gotardi GC, Kuga GK, Simão RO, Brito MB, Paschoalino GP, Silva GA, Barbieri FA, Polastri PF, Schor P, Navarro M, Rodrigues ST. Combining experiences of race gaming and natural driving affects gaze location strategy in simulated context. ERGONOMICS 2019; 62:1392-1399. [PMID: 31382860 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1652770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to investigate the effects of race gaming experience in playing racing video games on gaze behaviour and performance of drivers and the effects of natural driving experience on gaze behaviour and performance of gamers. Thirty participants, divided into drivers-gamers, drivers-non-gamers and non-drivers-gamers, were asked to drive in a race circuit as fast as possible while their eye movements were recorded. Drivers-gamers spent more time looking at the lane than non-drivers-gamers. Furthermore, drivers-gamers performed greater number of fixations towards the speedometer and showed faster performance in the racing task than the drivers-non-gamers. Combining natural driving and race gaming experiences changed the gaze location strategy of drivers. Practitioner summary: Racing video games practitioners have high propensity to exhibit attitudes and intentions of risky driving behaviour. Combining natural driving and race gaming experiences affects gaze behaviour strategy of drivers. Abbreviations: DG: Drivers-gamers; DNG: Drivers-non-gamers; NDG: Non-drivers-gamers; AOIs: Areas of Interest; r-NUMFIX: Relative number of fixations; r-DURFIX: Relative fixations duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele C Gotardi
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Science, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University , Bauru , Brazil
- Laboratory of Information, Vision, and Action (LIVIA), Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University , Bauru , Brazil
| | - Gabriel K Kuga
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Science, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University , Bauru , Brazil
| | - Rafael O Simão
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Science, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University , Bauru , Brazil
- Laboratory of Information, Vision, and Action (LIVIA), Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University , Bauru , Brazil
| | - Matheus B Brito
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Science, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University , Bauru , Brazil
- Laboratory of Information, Vision, and Action (LIVIA), Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University , Bauru , Brazil
| | - Gabriel P Paschoalino
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Science, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University , Bauru , Brazil
- Laboratory of Information, Vision, and Action (LIVIA), Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University , Bauru , Brazil
| | - Gustavo A Silva
- Laboratory of Information, Vision, and Action (LIVIA), Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University , Bauru , Brazil
- Graduate Program in Design (Ergonomics), Faculty of Architecture, Arts, and Communication, São Paulo State University , Bauru , Brazil
| | - Fabio A Barbieri
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Science, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University , Bauru , Brazil
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI), Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University , Bauru , Brazil
| | - Paula F Polastri
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Science, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University , Bauru , Brazil
- Laboratory of Information, Vision, and Action (LIVIA), Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University , Bauru , Brazil
| | - Paulo Schor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Martina Navarro
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth , United Kingdom
| | - Sergio T Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Science, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University , Bauru , Brazil
- Laboratory of Information, Vision, and Action (LIVIA), Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University , Bauru , Brazil
- Graduate Program in Design (Ergonomics), Faculty of Architecture, Arts, and Communication, São Paulo State University , Bauru , Brazil
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Melman T, Abbink DA, van Paassen MM, Boer ER, de Winter JCF. What determines drivers' speed? A replication of three behavioural adaptation experiments in a single driving simulator study. ERGONOMICS 2018; 61:966-987. [PMID: 29319468 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2018.1426790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We conceptually replicated three highly cited experiments on speed adaptation, by measuring drivers' experienced risk (galvanic skin response; GSR), experienced task difficulty (self-reported task effort; SRTE) and safety margins (time-to-line-crossing; TLC) in a single experiment. The three measures were compared using a nonparametric index that captures the criteria of constancy during self-paced driving and sensitivity during forced-paced driving. In a driving simulator, 24 participants completed two forced-paced and one self-paced run. Each run held four different lane width conditions. Results showed that participants drove faster on wider lanes, thus confirming the expected speed adaptation. None of the three measures offered persuasive evidence for speed adaptation because they failed either the sensitivity criterion (GSR) or the constancy criterion (TLC, SRTE). An additional measure, steering reversal rate, outperformed the other three measures regarding sensitivity and constancy, prompting a further evaluation of the role of control activity in speed adaptation. Practitioner Summary: Results from a driving simulator experiment suggest that it is not experienced risk, experienced effort or safety margins that govern drivers' choice of speed. Rather, our findings suggest that steering reversal rate has an explanatory role in speed adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Melman
- a Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Delft , the Netherlands
| | - David A Abbink
- a Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Delft , the Netherlands
| | - Marinus M van Paassen
- b Faculty of Aerospace Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Delft , the Netherlands
| | - Erwin R Boer
- a Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Delft , the Netherlands
| | - Joost C F de Winter
- a Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Delft , the Netherlands
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van Leeuwen PM, de Groot S, Happee R, de Winter JCF. Differences between racing and non-racing drivers: A simulator study using eye-tracking. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186871. [PMID: 29121090 PMCID: PMC5679571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Motorsport has developed into a professional international competition. However, limited research is available on the perceptual and cognitive skills of racing drivers. By means of a racing simulator, we compared the driving performance of seven racing drivers with ten non-racing drivers. Participants were tasked to drive the fastest possible lap time. Additionally, both groups completed a choice reaction time task and a tracking task. Results from the simulator showed faster lap times, higher steering activity, and a more optimal racing line for the racing drivers than for the non-racing drivers. The non-racing drivers’ gaze behavior corresponded to the tangent point model, whereas racing drivers showed a more variable gaze behavior combined with larger head rotations while cornering. Results from the choice reaction time task and tracking task showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Our results are consistent with the current consensus in sports sciences in that task-specific differences exist between experts and novices while there are no major differences in general cognitive and motor abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. van Leeuwen
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Mekelweg 2, CD Delft, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefan de Groot
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Mekelweg 2, CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Riender Happee
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Mekelweg 2, CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Joost C. F. de Winter
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Mekelweg 2, CD Delft, The Netherlands
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