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Wu J, Wang X, Li J, Tang R. Effect of icon size, icon position and sex on clicking motion when operating smartphones with single hand. ERGONOMICS 2022:1-11. [PMID: 36161546 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2129098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, increasingly more situations exist where smartphones are operated with one hand, requiring an in-depth understanding of human-computer interaction in single-hand scenarios. 104 volunteers (57 men, 47 women) participated in this study. We aimed to explore thumb movements with the right and left hand on smartphone touchscreens at different icon sizes (50, 80, 110 and 140 rpx) in different operation areas (a 4*7 icon matrix). The results partially conformed to Fitts' Law. The movement time (MT) significantly increased as the icon size decreased, but this effect was not found over 110 rpx. The MT increased with distance in the vertical direction, but icons with the same horizontal distance had different MTs, indicating that one-handed operation restricted the click on the same side. Additionally, subjects rated 140 rpx better than other sizes, and men clicked faster than women. Suggestions regarding one-handed interface design for different hands of different sexes are provided. Practitioner summary: This study investigated how icon size, position and sex influenced one-thumb click usability on touch-screen mobile phones with different hands of different sexes. The results indicate single-hand operation partially conformed to Fitts' Law. We suggested the most economical and comfortable size and the fast operation area in one-handed interface design.Abbreviations: MT: movement time; ID: index of difficulty; RPX: responsive pixel; NASA-TLX: task load index of National Aeronautics and Space Administration; ANOVA: analysis of variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Wu
- The Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Software Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Li
- The Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rixin Tang
- The Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
In this study, we developed a modified version of the CRiteria Importance Through Inter-criteria Correlation (CRITIC) method, namely the Distance Correlation-based CRITIC (D-CRITIC) method. The usage of the method was illustrated by evaluating the weights of five smartphone criteria. The same evaluation was repeated using four other objective weighting methods, including the original CRITIC method. The results from all the methods were further analyzed based on three different tests (i.e., the distance correlation test, the Spearman rank-order correlation test, and the symmetric mean absolute percentage error test) to validate D-CRITIC. The tests revealed that D-CRITIC could produce more valid criteria weights and ranks than the original CRITIC method since D-CRITIC yielded a higher average distance correlation, a higher average Spearman rank-order correlation, and a lower symmetric mean absolute percentage error. Besides, additional sensitivity analysis indicated that D-CRITIC has the tendency to deliver more stable criteria weights and ranks with a larger decision matrix. The research has contributed an alternative objective weighting method to the area of multi-criteria decision-making through a unique extension of distance correlation. This study is also the first to propose the idea of a distance correlation test to compare the performance of different criteria weighting methods.
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Chen X, Li Z, Wang Y. Effect of object and human-factor characteristics on the preference of thumb-index finger grasp type. ERGONOMICS 2020; 63:1414-1424. [PMID: 32544008 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2020.1782997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work is to investigate the factors affecting the preference of human thumb-index finger grasping type. A multinomial logistic regression analysis shown that the object characteristics (equivalent diameter and shape) and human-factor characteristics (hand-used, finger-length sum and finger-length ratio) had significant contributions on the preference of thumb-index finger grasp type (p < 0.05) but the gender had not (p > 0.05). Subsequently, two mathematical equations were proposed for predicting the probability at which the precision-pinch and power-grasp were chosen for grasping an object. The probability at which the precision-pinch was chosen gradually decreased with the increase in the equivalent diameter of objects, but it is opposite for the power-grasp case. The shorter the finger-length sum, the more likely the participant was to select the power-grasp for grasping an object compared to the precision-pinch. The power-grasp was the most frequently chosen for the finger-length ratios of 1.0-1.25 and 1.75-2.0. Practitioner summary: This fruitful study gave explanation of the relationship between the object and human-factor characteristics and the preference of human thumb-index finger grasp type, which would be helpful to make intelligent grasping planning strategies for two-finger bionic mechanical hands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Chen
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Zhiguo Li
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China
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Lee S, Kyung G, Kim M, Choi D, Choi H, Hwang K, Park S, Kim SY, Lee S. Shaping Rollable Display Devices: Effects of Gripping Condition, Device Thickness, and Hand Length on Bimanual Perceived Grip Comfort. HUMAN FACTORS 2020; 62:770-786. [PMID: 31265347 DOI: 10.1177/0018720819855225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of the gripping condition, device thickness, and hand length on bimanual perceived grip comfort associated with unrolling hand-held rollable screens. BACKGROUND Rollable displays can be rolled and unrolled to change screen size. Although diverse rollable display device concepts have been suggested, little is known regarding ergonomic forms for comfortable screen unrolling. METHOD Thirty young individuals (10 in each hand-length group) evaluated three rollable display device prototypes in three gripping conditions (no restriction on using side bezels, minimal use of side bezels, and restriction on the gripping type). Prototypes differed in their right-side thickness (2, 6, and 10 mm). Side bezel regions grasped during screen unrolling and corresponding bimanual grip comfort ratings were obtained. RESULTS To improve perceived grip comfort and accommodate user-preferred gripping methods, rollable display devices should be 6 mm (preferably 10 mm) thick (vs. 2 mm) and have at least 20-mm-wide side bezels. Relative to device thickness, gripping conditions were more influential on grip comfort ratings. The "no restriction" condition improved grip comfort ratings and strengthened bimanual coupling in terms of grip comfort ratings. CONCLUSION Contrary to current smartphone trends toward thinner and bezel-less designs, hand-held rollable display devices should be sufficiently thick and have sufficiently wide side bezels for screen unrolling. APPLICATION Hand-held rollable display devices should be 6- or preferably 10-mm thick (vs. 2 mm) and have at least 20-mm-wide side bezels to ensure higher perceived grip comfort during bilateral screen unrolling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songil Lee
- 855225 Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyouhyung Kyung
- 855225 Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjoong Kim
- 855225 Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghee Choi
- 855225 Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeeun Choi
- 855225 Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Hwang
- 855225 Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
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Understanding the Relationship between User’s Subjective Feeling and the Degree of Side Curvature in Smartphone. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10093320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To develop a flexible display, smartphones with edge screens with curved displays on both sides of the main screen have been used widely. Considering that small differences in the form of smartphones, such as length, width, and thickness, could affect user experience, the effects of the curvature of the edge screen should be identified. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the curvature of edge screens on subjective feelings of smartphone users and to find out the optimal curvature. In the experiment, four nonfunctional samples with different radii of curvature (4R/6R/8R/10R) were used as samples, and participants evaluated the five subjective feelings: grip/control comfort, front/side visibility, and stability of the samples with four usage patterns. Our results revealed that 8R is the optimal curvature for the edge screen based on subjective feelings in smartphone usage. Moreover, the effect of the curvature of the edge screen on grip comfort and control comfort varied according to the usage patterns. The results of this study can be applied to design of the curvature of edge screens in smartphones and it is expected that it will contribute to improvement of users’ satisfaction.
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Yi J, Park S, Kyung G. Ambivalent effects of display curvature on smartphone usability. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2019; 78:13-25. [PMID: 31046944 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined the effects of display curvature and hand length on various smartphone usability measures. In total, 20 young participants completed reading, image viewing, video watching, calling, and texting using four smartphone devices with distinct display curvatures. Diverse usability measures related to these tasks were obtained. The four curvatures (flat, horizontally convex, vertically concave, and horizontally concave) each demonstrated both beneficial and detrimental effects; however, hand size effects were non-significant across all usability measures. No single fixed display curvature was found to be beneficial across all considered smartphone usability measures, indicating multiple curvatures (e.g. combinations of flat and vertically concave curvatures) are required from a single smartphone model rather than a single fixed curvature to improve an overall smartphone usability. Such varying curvatures are feasible with bendable displays. Comprehensive usability evaluations, especially focusing on grip comfort and image distortion, are needed when applying display curvatures on small devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihhyeon Yi
- Department of Human Factors Engineering, UNIST, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungryul Park
- Department of Human Factors Engineering, UNIST, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gyouhyung Kyung
- Department of Human Factors Engineering, UNIST, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Lee S, Kyung G, Choi D, Yi J, Kim M, Choi B, Lee S. Where to put the creases? Interactions between hand length, task, screen size, and folding method on the suitability of hand-held foldable display devices. ERGONOMICS 2019; 62:723-733. [PMID: 30938586 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1602287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Limited information is available regarding ergonomic foldable display device forms. This two-stage study involving young South Koreans (divided into three hand-length groups) was conducted to determine ergonomic forms for hand-held foldable display devices considering folding/unfolding comfort and preference. Stage I obtained the suitability of three screen sizes for five tasks. Stage II evaluated 14 different bi- and tri-folding methods considering screen size, folding direction, and folding time. The effects of hand length were all non-significant. Screen size preferences were task-dependent; small screens were preferred for making calls, and medium screens for web searching and gaming. Folding methods affected folding/unfolding comfort and preference; outward screen and Z-shape screen folding were the most preferred bi- and tri-fold concepts, respectively. Screen protection and access appeared to be competing factors in the user preference determination process. Foldable screen size and folding method should be determined by considering tasks, folding/unfolding comfort, and user preferences. Practitioner summary: A 13.5 cm screen was preferred for making calls, whereas a 17.5 cm screen was best for web searching and gaming. An outward bi-fold screen concept with a 17.5 cm screen and Z-shape tri-fold screen concept with a 22.9 cm screen were preferred. Overall, the Z-shape concept was most preferred. Abbreviations: SD: standard deviation; ANOVA: analysis of variance; H: Height; W: Width; T: Thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songil Lee
- a Department of Human Factors Engineering , UNIST , Ulsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Gyouhyung Kyung
- a Department of Human Factors Engineering , UNIST , Ulsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Donghee Choi
- a Department of Human Factors Engineering , UNIST , Ulsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Jihhyeon Yi
- a Department of Human Factors Engineering , UNIST , Ulsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Minjoong Kim
- a Department of Human Factors Engineering , UNIST , Ulsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonghwa Choi
- b Display R&D Center, Samsung Display , Yong-in , Republic of Korea
| | - Seungbae Lee
- b Display R&D Center, Samsung Display , Yong-in , Republic of Korea
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Lee S, Kyung G, Yi J, Choi D, Park S, Choi B, Lee S. Determining Ergonomic Smartphone Forms With High Grip Comfort and Attractive Design. HUMAN FACTORS 2019; 61:90-104. [PMID: 30085850 DOI: 10.1177/0018720818792758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors aimed to identify ergonomic smartphone forms by investigating the effects of hand length, four major smartphone dimensions (height, width, thickness, and edge roundness), and smartphone mass on grip comfort and design attractiveness. BACKGROUND Despite their potential effect on grip comfort and design attractiveness, the dimensions specified above have never been simultaneously considered in a study investigating smartphone gripping. METHOD Seventy-two young individuals participated in a three-stage study. Stage 1 determined the ranges of the four smartphone dimensions suitable for grip comfort and identified the strengths of their influences. Stage 2 investigated the effects of width and thickness (determined to have the greatest influence) on grip comfort and design attractiveness. Mock-ups of varying masses were fabricated using the dimensions determined during the first two stages to investigate the effect of mass on grip comfort and design attractiveness in Stage 3. RESULTS Phone width was found to significantly influence grip comfort and design attractiveness, and the dimensions of 140 × 65 (or 70) × 8 × 2.5 mm (height × width × thickness × edge roundness) provided high grip comfort and design attractiveness. The selected dimensions were fit with a mass of 122 g, with masses in the range of 106-137 g being comparable. CONCLUSION The findings of this study contribute to ergonomic smartphone design developments by specifying dimensions and mass that provide high grip comfort and design attractiveness. APPLICATION The dimensions and mass determined in this study should be considered for improving smartphone design grip comfort and attractiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Donghee Choi
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungryul Park
- Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
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Liu N, Yu R. Investigation of force, contact area and dwell time in finger-tapping tasks on membrane touch interface. ERGONOMICS 2018; 61:1519-1529. [PMID: 29856276 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2018.1484178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the touch characteristics during tapping tasks on membrane touch interface and investigate the effects of posture and gender on touch characteristics variables. One hundred participants tapped digits displayed on a membrane touch interface on sitting and standing positions using all fingers of the dominant hand. Touch characteristics measures included average force, contact area and dwell time. Across fingers and postures, males exerted larger force and contact area than females, but similar dwell time. Across genders and postures, thumb exerted the largest force and the force of the other four fingers showed no significant difference. The contact area of the thumb was the largest, whereas that of the little finger was the smallest; the dwell time of the thumb was the longest, whereas that of the middle finger was the shortest. Relationships among finger sizes, gender, posture and touch characteristics were proposed. The findings helped direct membrane touch interface design for digital and numerical control products from hardware and software perspectives. Practitioner Summary: This study measured force, contact area and dwell time in tapping tasks on membrane touch interface and examined effects of gender and posture on force, contact area and dwell time. The findings will direct membrane touch interface design for digital and numerical control products from hardware and software perspectives. Abbreviations: M: mean; SD: standard deviation; ISO: International Organization for Standardization; LCD: liquid crystal display; ANOVA: analysis of variance; ANSI: American National Standards Institute; HFES: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- a Department of Industrial Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Ruifeng Yu
- a Department of Industrial Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
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CRUZ FAD, SCATENA A, ANDRADE ALM, MICHELI DD. Evaluation of Internet addiction and the quality of life of Brazilian adolescents from public and private schools. ESTUDOS DE PSICOLOGIA (CAMPINAS) 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-02752018000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study evaluated the profile of public and private high school students (N = 254, Mage = 15.1, SD = 1.3) in the city of São Paulo in relation to their Internet use patterns and quality of life. We used the Internet Addiction Test and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. About 70% of the students had moderate Internet addiction. Those students from public school showed higher scores of Internet addiction (p < 0.001) than students from private schools. Regarding the quality of life, those from private school showed better scores regarding academic performance (p < 0.01) and worse scores in social aspect (p < 0.05). The data showed a strong association between Internet addiction and poor levels of quality of life, as observed in studies from other countries.
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Kim HK, Park J, Choi Y, Choe M. Virtual reality sickness questionnaire (VRSQ): Motion sickness measurement index in a virtual reality environment. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2018; 69:66-73. [PMID: 29477332 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to develop a motion sickness measurement index in a virtual reality (VR) environment. The VR market is in an early stage of market formation and technological development, and thus, research on the side effects of VR devices such as simulator motion sickness is lacking. In this study, we used the simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ), which has been traditionally used for simulator motion sickness measurement. To measure the motion sickness in a VR environment, 24 users performed target selection tasks using a VR device. The SSQ was administered immediately after each task, and the order of work was determined using the Latin square design. The existing SSQ was revised to develop a VR sickness questionnaire, which is used as the measurement index in a VR environment. In addition, the target selection method and button size were found to be significant factors that affect motion sickness in a VR environment. The results of this study are expected to be used for measuring and designing simulator sickness using VR devices in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun K Kim
- Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Cheongam-ro 77, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaehyun Park
- Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Incheon National University (INU), Academy-ro 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeongcheol Choi
- Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Incheon National University (INU), Academy-ro 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mungyeong Choe
- Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Incheon National University (INU), Academy-ro 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
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Kim HK, Choe M, Choi Y, Park J. Does the Hand Anthropometric Dimension Influence Touch Interaction? JOURNAL OF COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/08874417.2017.1305876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun K. Kim
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Mungyeong Choe
- Incheon National University (INU), Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongcheol Choi
- Incheon National University (INU), Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Park
- Incheon National University (INU), Incheon, Republic of Korea
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