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Usuda H, Saito M, Ikeda H, Sato S, Kumagai Y, Saito Y, Kawamura S, Hanita T, Sakai H, Kure S, Yaegashi N, Newnham JP, Kemp MW, Watanabe S. Assessment of synthetic red cell therapy for extremely preterm ovine fetuses maintained on an artificial placenta life-support platform. Artif Organs 2021; 46:653-665. [PMID: 34932228 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial placenta therapy (APT) is an experimental care strategy for extremely preterm infants born at 21-24 weeks' gestation. In our previous studies, blood taken from the maternal ewe was used as the basis of priming solutions for the artificial placenta circuit. However, the use of maternal blood as a priming solution is accompanied by several challenges. We explored the use of synthetic red cells (hemoglobin vesicles; HbV) as the basis of a priming solution for APT used to manage extremely early preterm ovine fetuses. METHODS Six ewes with singleton pregnancies at 95 d gestation (term = 150 d) were adapted to APT and maintained with constant monitoring of key vital parameters. The target maintenance period was 72 h in duration. A synthetic red cell solution consisting of HbV, sheep albumin and electrolytes was used as priming solutions for the APT circuit. Fetuses were evaluated on gross appearance, physiological parameters and bleeding after euthanasia. RESULTS Two out of six APT fetuses were successfully maintained for the targeted 72 h experimental period with controllable anemia (>10 g/dl) and methemoglobinemia (<10%) using an infusion of blood transfusion and nitroglycerin delivered >1 h after APT commencement, a sufficient period of time to cross-match blood products and screen for viral agents of concern. CONCLUSIONS Extremely preterm sheep fetuses were maintained for a period of up to 72 h using APT in combination with circuit priming using a synthetic red cell (HbV) preparation. Although significant further refinements are required, these findings demonstrated the potential clinical utility of synthetic blood products in the eventual clinical translation of artificial placenta technology to support extremely preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Usuda
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Center for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Saito
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Center for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ikeda
- Center for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Center for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yusaku Kumagai
- Center for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuya Saito
- Center for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Takushi Hanita
- Center for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Center for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuo Yaegashi
- Center for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - John P Newnham
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Women and Infants Research Foundation, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew W Kemp
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Center for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan.,School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Women and Infants Research Foundation, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shimpei Watanabe
- Center for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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Sakai H. Overview of Potential Clinical Applications of Hemoglobin Vesicles (HbV) as Artificial Red Cells, Evidenced by Preclinical Studies of the Academic Research Consortium. J Funct Biomater 2017; 8:E10. [PMID: 28294960 PMCID: PMC5371883 DOI: 10.3390/jfb8010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) is the most abundant protein in whole blood. This fact implies that the oxygen binding and releasing function of Hb is the most vital for sustaining life. All Hb is compartmentalized in red blood cells (RBCs) with corpuscular Hb concentration of about 35 g/dL, covered with a thin biomembrane. In spite of its abundance, Hb sometimes shows toxicity once it is leaked from RBCs. The shielding effect of the RBC membrane is physiologically important. Based on this structural importance, we have studied artificial red cells (Hb vesicles, HbV) as artificial oxygen carriers, which encapsulate a purified and concentrated Hb solution in phospholipid vesicles, mimicking the cellular structure of RBCs. Our academic research consortium has clarified the safety and efficacy of this HbV, aiming at clinical applications. Because of some superior characteristics to those of RBCs, HbV has the potential for use not only as a transfusion alternative but also for oxygen and carbon monoxide therapeutics, perfusate for transplant organs, and photosensitizer. In this review paper, such potential applications are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
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Taguchi K, Nagao S, Yamasaki K, Sakai H, Seo H, Maruyama T, Otagiri M. Biological Responsiveness and Metabolic Performance of Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin (Hemoglobin-Vesicles) in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice after Massive Intravenous Injection. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 38:1606-16. [PMID: 26424021 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The hemoglobin-vesicle (HbV), a vesicle in which a concentrated human hemoglobin solution is encapsulated, was developed as an artificial oxygen carrier. Although HbV has a favorable safety, metabolic, and excretion performance in healthy animals, the effect of a massive amount of HbV, which also contains a large amount of a lipid component including cholesterol, on physiological response and metabolic performance under hyperlipidemic conditions is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether administration of HbV causes toxicity in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (hyperlipidemic model mice). Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were given a single injection of HbV (2000 mg hemoglobin/kg), and physiological responses and metabolic profiles were monitored for 14 d thereafter. All the mice tolerated the massive amount of HbV and survived, and adequate biocompatibility was observed. Serum biochemical parameters indicate that liver and kidney function were not remarkably affected, and morphological changes in the liver and spleen were negligible. Lipid parameters in serum were significantly increased until 3 d after HbV administration, but recovered within 7 d after the administration. In a pharmacokinetic study, HbV was mainly found distributed in the liver and spleen, and disappeared from the body within 14 d. In conclusion, even under conditions of hyperlipidemia, a massive dose of HbV and its components resulted in favorable biological compatibility, metabolic, and excretion profiles. These findings provide further support for the safety of HbV for clinical use.
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Sakai H, Suzuki Y, Sou K, Kano M. Cardiopulmonary hemodynamic responses to the small injection of hemoglobin vesicles (artificial oxygen carriers) in miniature pigs. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2668-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Çolak Ö, Yaşar A, Çete S, Arslan F. Glucose biosensor based on the immobilization of glucose oxidase on electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole-poly(vinyl sulphonate) composite film by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 40:354-61. [DOI: 10.3109/10731199.2012.678364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sou K. Electrostatics of carboxylated anionic vesicles for improving entrapment capacity. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:211-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Revised: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Li T, Jing X, Huang Y. Polymer/hemoglobin assemblies: biodegradable oxygen carriers for artificial red blood cells. Macromol Biosci 2011; 11:865-75. [PMID: 21312333 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In routine clinical procedures, blood transfusion is now suffering from the defects of the blood products, like cross-matching, short storage time and virus infection. Various blood substitutes have been designed by researchers through continual efforts. With recent progress in nanotechnology, new types of artificial red blood cells with cellular structure are available. This article aims to describe some artificial red blood cells which encapsulate or conjugate hemoglobin molecules through various approaches, especially the nanoscale self-assembly technique, to mitigate the adverse effects of free hemoglobin molecules. These types of artificial red blood cell systems, which make use of biodegradable polymers as matrix materials, show advantages over the traditional types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taihang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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Alteration in the Pharmacokinetics of Hemoglobin-Vesicles in a Rat Model of Chronic Liver Cirrhosis Is Associated with Kupffer Cell Phagocyte Activity. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:775-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Taguchi K, Ogaki S, Watanabe H, Kadowaki D, Sakai H, Kobayashi K, Horinouchi H, Maruyama T, Otagiri M. Fluid resuscitation with hemoglobin vesicles prevents Escherichia coli growth via complement activation in a hemorrhagic shock rat model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 337:201-8. [PMID: 21228067 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.177832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin vesicles (HbVs) could serve as a substitute for red blood cells (RBCs) in resuscitation from massive hemorrhage. A massive transfusion of RBCs can increase the risk of infection, which is not caused by contaminating micro-organisms in the transfused RBCs but by a breakdown of the host defense system. We previously found that complement activity was increased after resuscitation with HbVs at a putative dose in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock. It is known that complement system plays a key role in host defense in the embryonic stage. Therefore, the objective of this study was to address whether the suppression of bacterial infections in hemorrhagic shock rats was a result of increased complement activity after massive HbV transfusion. For this purpose, Escherichia coli were incubated with plasma samples obtained from a rat model of hemorrhagic shock resuscitated by HbVs or RBCs, and bacterial growth was determined under ex vivo conditions. As a result, E. coli growth was found to be suppressed by increased complement activity, mediated by the production of IgM from spleen. However, this antibacterial activity disappeared when the E. coli were treated with complement-inactivated plasma obtained from splenoctomized rats. In addition, the resuscitation of HbVs from hemorrhagic shock increased the survival rate and viable bacterial counts in blood in cecum ligation and puncture rats, a sepsis model. In conclusion, the resuscitation of HbVs in the rat model of hemorrhagic shock suppresses bacterial growth via complement activation induced by IgM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Taguchi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Takahashi D, Azuma H, Sakai H, Sou K, Wakita D, Abe H, Fujihara M, Horinouchi H, Nishimura T, Kobayashi K, Ikeda H. Phagocytosis of Liposome Particles by Rat Splenic Immature Monocytes Makes Them Transiently and Highly Immunosuppressive In Ex Vivo Culture Conditions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 337:42-9. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.172510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Taguchi K, Miyasato M, Ujihira H, Watanabe H, Kadowaki D, Sakai H, Tsuchida E, Horinouchi H, Kobayashi K, Maruyama T, Otagiri M. Hepatically-metabolized and -excreted artificial oxygen carrier, hemoglobin vesicles, can be safely used under conditions of hepatic impairment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 248:234-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abe H, Azuma H, Yamaguchi M, Fujihara M, Ikeda H, Sakai H, Takeoka S, Tsuchida E. Effects of Hemoglobin Vesicles, a Liposomal Artificial Oxygen Carrier, on Hematological Responses, Complement and Anaphylactic Reactions in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 35:157-72. [PMID: 17453702 DOI: 10.1080/10731190601188224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin vesicle (HbV), a liposomal oxygen carrier containing human hemoglobin, was intravenously infused into rats. After the infusion of saline, the HbV or empty vesicle (EV), numbers of red cells, leukocytes and platelets in peripheral blood were unchanged during the observation period of one week in addition to each time point among three groups. However, the lymphocyte ratio transiently decreased and the granulocyte ratio increased in the HbV and EV groups at 6 h after the infusion. Those changes returned to the initial value one day after the infusion and those were maintained for the subsequent observation period. No dramatic change was seen in the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells. A transient decrease of the complement titer was observed three days after the infusion of HbV and EV, although the consumption of complement titer was not detected in rat serum by mixing HbV or EV in vitro, indicating that the transient decrease of complement titer in vivo was not due to the consumption of complement due to the interaction with HbV or EV. Multiple infusions of HbV caused the decrease of complement titer only after the first infusion and no allergic reaction was observed. No anaphylactic shock was observed in rats administered with EV several times, while ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized rats died with symptoms of respiratory distress after the second OVA administration. These results indicate that HbV could be administered without serious clinical symptoms or adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Abe
- Hokkaido Red Cross Blood Center, Sapporo, Japan
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Taguchi K, Urata Y, Anraku M, Maruyama T, Watanabe H, Sakai H, Horinouchi H, Kobayashi K, Tsuchida E, Kai T, Otagiri M. Pharmacokinetic Study of Enclosed Hemoglobin and Outer Lipid Component after the Administration of Hemoglobin Vesicles as an Artificial Oxygen Carrier. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1456-63. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.027094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Tsuchida E, Sou K, Nakagawa A, Sakai H, Komatsu T, Kobayashi K. Artificial Oxygen Carriers, Hemoglobin Vesicles and Albumin−Hemes, Based on Bioconjugate Chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1419-40. [DOI: 10.1021/bc800431d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eishun Tsuchida
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), and Department of General Thoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keitaro Sou
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), and Department of General Thoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akito Nakagawa
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), and Department of General Thoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakai
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), and Department of General Thoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Komatsu
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), and Department of General Thoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), and Department of General Thoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Sakai H, Sou K, Tsuchida E. Chapter 19 Hemoglobin-Vesicles as an Artificial Oxygen Carrier. Methods Enzymol 2009; 465:363-84. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)65019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Yamaguchi M, Fujihara M, Wakamoto S, Sakai H, Takeoka S, Tsuchida E, Azuma H, Ikeda H. Influence of hemoglobin vesicles, cellular-type artificial oxygen carriers, on human umbilical cord blood hematopoietic progenitor cellsin vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 88:34-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sakai H, Tsuchida E. Hemoglobin-vesicles for a Transfusion Alternative and Targeted Oxygen Delivery. J Liposome Res 2008; 17:227-35. [DOI: 10.1080/08982100701529904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Valeri CR, Ragno G. The effects of preserved red blood cells on the severe adverse events observed in patients infused with hemoglobin based oxygen carriers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 36:3-18. [PMID: 18293157 DOI: 10.1080/10731190701857736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The severe adverse events observed in patients who received hemoglobin based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) were associated with the Ringer's D.L lactate resuscitative solution administered and to the excipient used in the HBOCs containing Ringer's D,L lactate and the length of storage of the preserved RBC administered to the patient at the time that the HBOCs were infused. This paper reports the quality of the red blood cells preserved in the liquid state at 4 degrees C and that of previously frozen RBCs stored at 4 degrees C with regard to their survival, function and safety. Severe adverse events have been observed related to the length of storage of the liquid preserved RBC stored at 4 degrees C prior to transfusion. The current methods to preserve RBC in the liquid state in additive solutions at 4 degrees C maintain their survival and function for only 2 weeks. The freezing of red blood cells with 40% W/V glycerol and storage at -80 degrees C allows for storage at -80 degrees C for 10 years and following thawing, deglycerolization and storage at 4 degrees C in the additive solution (AS-3, Nutricel) for 2 weeks with acceptable 24 hour posttransfusion survival, less than 1% hemolysis, and moderately impaired oxygen transport function with no associated adverse events. Frozen deglycerolized RBCs are leukoreduced and contain less than 5% of residual plasma and non-plasma substances. Frozen deglycerolized RBCs are the ideal RBC product to transfuse patients receiving HBOCs.
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Sou K, Tsuchida E. Electrostatic interactions and complement activation on the surface of phospholipid vesicle containing acidic lipids: Effect of the structure of acidic groups. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:1035-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sakai H, Sou K, Horinouchi H, Kobayashi K, Tsuchida E. Haemoglobin-vesicles as artificial oxygen carriers: present situation and future visions. J Intern Med 2008; 263:4-15. [PMID: 18042220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During the long history of development of haemoglobin (Hb)-based O2 carriers (HBOCs), many side effects of Hb molecules have become apparent. They imply the physiological importance of the cellular structure of red blood cells. Hb-vesicles (HbV) are artificial O2 carriers that encapsulate concentrated Hb solution with a thin lipid membrane. We have overcome the intrinsic issues of the suspension of HbV as a molecular assembly, such as stability for storage and in blood circulation, blood compatibility and prompt degradation in the reticuloendothelial system. Animal tests clarified the efficacy of HbV as a transfusion alternative and the possibility for other clinical applications. The results of ongoing HbV research make us confident in advancing further development of HbV, with the expectation of its eventual realization.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sakai
- Oxygen Infusion Project, Advanced Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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