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Di Corrado D, Francavilla VC, La Paglia R, Parisi MC, Buscemi A, Coco M. Short-Term Effects of Specific Sensorimotor Training on Postural Assessment in Healthy Individuals: A Pilot Study with a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8020046. [PMID: 37092378 PMCID: PMC10123614 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that sensorimotor training aims to increase the performance of the sensorimotor system to maintain an upright position. Through the use of a randomized placebo-controlled trial, the specific aim of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of a specific session of sensorimotor training on postural balance, stability and coordination in healthy, recreationally active participants. Ninety subjects were randomly allocated into three groups: experimental (n = 30), placebo (n = 32) and control (n = 28). The experimental group performed a 5 min warm-up, with the sensorimotor training consisting of 60-min specific sensorimotor exercises; the control group was not allowed to perform any sensorimotor training; the placebo group observed a video clip of an individual belonging to the experimental group performing the sensorimotor training accurately. All participants were seen three times per week for 4 weeks. Before and after the entire training, all groups of participants undertook stabilometric parameter assessment. The intervention-mediated sensorimotor training confirmed significant enhancement in the proprioceptive system. Significant improvement in the motor and/or sensory function was observed in the experimental and placebo groups. In conclusion, our findings suggest that specific sensorimotor training performed 3 days per week for 4 weeks could improve postural balance, stability and coordination in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Di Corrado
- Department of Sport Sciences, Kore University, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Buscemi
- Study Center of Italian Osteopathy and Horus Social Cooperative, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Marinella Coco
- Department of Education Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
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2
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Argiles M, Quevedo-Junyent L, Erickson G. Topical Review: Optometric Considerations in Sports vs. E-Sports. Percept Mot Skills 2022; 129:731-746. [PMID: 35084253 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211073401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electronic sports (e-sports) have recently emerged to become a rapidly growing form of videogame competition, requiring gamers to spend many hours in front of a visual display. The nature of this new modality raises important considerations for ocular health, and visual and perceptual functioning, compared to traditional sports. In general, sports performance has been associated with open spaces, gross motor movement, and balance, while electronic sports require visual and attentional stamina at near distances with fine motor control. From an optometric viewpoint, visual perception is specific to both the sports modality and the environment where sports take place. In this topical review, we consider e-sport optometric factors such as screen time and digital eyestrain, visual skill demands, and perceptual cognitive skills such as visual attention. We compare training considerations for traditional sports and training in gaming platforms, with recommendations for future research in this growing modality. The goal of this review is to raise awareness of the various elements to consider when providing vision care to e-sport participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Argiles
- Optics and Optometry16767Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
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3
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Concussion Baseline Retesting Is Necessary When Initial Scores Are Low. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:e40-e51. [PMID: 33239512 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether (1) initial baseline scores are significantly better for those who have valid (initial valid) versus invalid scores (initial invalid) on their concussion baseline testing, (2) retesting results in significantly improved baseline scores, and (3) there is a significant difference in scores between those who have valid scores on their initial attempt and those who retook baseline tests (retest valid). DESIGN Prospective, repeated-measures. SETTING Two years of collegiate preparticipation concussion baseline testing. PARTICIPANTS Five hundred forty-seven male and female Division I collegiate athletes (19.02 ± 1.31 years, female = 217). INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Participants were divided into initial valid and initial invalid. The retest group was further divided into their initial (initial invalid) and final valid attempt (retest valid). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Data were analyzed to determine the relationship between the 3 groups and overall initial and final scores on 28 individual items: total symptoms score, coordination, near-point convergence, CNS Vital Signs (CNSVS), Senaptec Sensory Station, and Neurocom Sensory Organization Test (SOT). RESULTS The initial valid group scored significantly better than the initial invalid group on 8 CNSVS items and 5 Senaptec items (P < 0.002). The retest valid scores were significantly better compared with the initial invalid scores on 17 items (P < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Retesting is recommended for individuals who score below acceptable ranges. This is important because athletes may experience a learning effect and are highly motivated during postinjury testing, so accurate baseline scores are imperative for athlete safety. Completion time for the coordination test may be a more informative option.
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Review: Vision and On-field Performance: A Critical Review of Visual Assessment and Training Studies with Athletes. Optom Vis Sci 2021; 98:723-731. [PMID: 34328451 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Sports vision is an emerging field that seeks to establish the relationships between visual function and sports performance. Here we provide the first critical review of empirical studies that attempt to link visual assessments and vision training to competitive game performance.Vision is essential to producing controlled movement, and therefore, it is intuitive that better visual abilities should relate to better sporting performance. This notion has been central to the field of sports vision, an area of study that seeks to determine the visual skills that underlie optimal sports performance and investigate approaches to train these abilities to improve sports performance. Although this field now contains hundreds of published articles addressing visual assessment and training in athletes, relatively few have attempted to directly link these capabilities to on-field production statistics from competitive matches. The objectives of this article are both to describe the theoretical and experimental framework necessary for such research and to critically review the empirical literature that has attempted to directly link visual assessments and/or training to athletic performance. We begin by describing why such associations are important and then provide an evidence-based framework for evaluating the quality of research in this domain. This is followed by a summary and review of the qualified literature that has addressed either relationships between baseline assessments and game performance or the effects of visual training interventions on game performance. Based on this review, it is concluded that, despite promising evidence supporting the role of vision in sports performance and improvements due to training, the specialty is still in need of methodological improvements. It is recommended that studies aim for larger better-powered studies, consistent and precise outcome measures, and greater scientific rigor such as obtained through randomized placebo-controlled designs with pre-registration of hypotheses.
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Kung SM, Suksreephaisan TK, Perry BG, Palmer BR, Page RA. The Effects of Anticipation and Visual and Sensory Performance on Concussion Risk in Sport: A Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2020; 6:54. [PMID: 33196878 PMCID: PMC7669979 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-00283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sports-related concussions pose a significant public health concern, and preventative measures are needed to help reduce risk in sport. Vision training could be a suitable prevention strategy for sports-related concussion to help improve athletes’ abilities to scan the visual field for oncoming objects or opponents and thus anticipate head impacts. By accurately anticipating impacts, athletes can prepare for impact or attempt to avoid the collision altogether. The purpose of this review is to explore the relationships between anticipation, visual and sensorimotor performance and head accelerations, as well as to examine the efficacy of vision training programmes in reducing concussion risk in sport. Anticipation of head impacts has been shown to help reduce linear and rotational head accelerations, particularly for mild-to-moderate severity head impacts, but less so for severe head impacts. There is conflicting evidence regarding the influences visual and sensorimotor performance and oculomotor behaviour have on concussion risk. However, preliminary research indicates vision training may help reduce concussion rates in collegiate American Football players. Therefore, this promising area of research warrants further investigation, particularly the role of anticipation and visual and sensory performance on reducing concussion risk in non-helmeted contact sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey M Kung
- School of Sport, Exercise & Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Blake G Perry
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Barry R Palmer
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rachel A Page
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
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6
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Schumacher N, Schmidt M, Reer R, Braumann KM. Peripheral Vision Tests in Sports: Training Effects and Reliability of Peripheral Perception Test. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16245001. [PMID: 31835309 PMCID: PMC6950114 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Various studies suggest the importance of peripheral vision (PV) in sports. Computer-based test systems provide objective methods to measure PV. Nevertheless, the reliability and training effects are not clarified in detail. The purpose of this investigation was to present a short narrative non-systematic review on computer-based PV tests and to determine the reliability and the training effects of peripheral perception sub-test (PP) of the Vienna test system (VTS) in a test–retest design. N = 21 male athletes aged between 20 and 30 years (M = 26.15; SD = 3.1) were included. The main outcome parameters were peripheral reaction (PR), PR left (PRL), PR right (PRR), field of vision (FOV), visual angle left (VAL), and visual angle right (VAR). Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland–Altman plots. Training effects were determined by students t-test. Good reliability was observed in PR, PRL, and PRR. Moderate reliability was found in FOV, VAL, and VAR. Significant improvements between T0 and T1 were found in PRL with a mean difference of 0.04 s (95% CI [0.00–0.07]) and in PR with a mean difference of 0.02 s (95% CI [0.00–0.05]). For PRR, FOV, VAL, VAR, no significant differences were detected. These results indicate that PP can be applied to asses PV abilities in sports. Future research is needed to clarify the influence of test repetitions on visuomotor learning in PP. Moreover, PV tests should be cross-validated with sport-specific measurements (e.g., on-field and/or ‘virtual reality’ approaches).
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7
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Burris K, Liu S, Appelbaum L. Visual-motor expertise in athletes: Insights from semiparametric modelling of 2317 athletes tested on the Nike SPARQ Sensory Station. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:320-329. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1698090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Burris
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sicong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lawrence Appelbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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8
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Rao HM, Khanna R, Zielinski DJ, Lu Y, Clements JM, Potter ND, Sommer MA, Kopper R, Appelbaum LG. Sensorimotor Learning during a Marksmanship Task in Immersive Virtual Reality. Front Psychol 2018; 9:58. [PMID: 29467693 PMCID: PMC5808129 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor learning refers to improvements that occur through practice in the performance of sensory-guided motor behaviors. Leveraging novel technical capabilities of an immersive virtual environment, we probed the component kinematic processes that mediate sensorimotor learning. Twenty naïve subjects performed a simulated marksmanship task modeled after Olympic Trap Shooting standards. We measured movement kinematics and shooting performance as participants practiced 350 trials while receiving trial-by-trial feedback about shooting success. Spatiotemporal analysis of motion tracking elucidated the ballistic and refinement phases of hand movements. We found systematic changes in movement kinematics that accompanied improvements in shot accuracy during training, though reaction and response times did not change over blocks. In particular, we observed longer, slower, and more precise ballistic movements that replaced effort spent on corrections and refinement. Collectively, these results leverage developments in immersive virtual reality technology to quantify and compare the kinematics of movement during early learning of full-body sensorimotor orienting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrishikesh M Rao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Bioengineering Systems and Technologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT): Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Rajan Khanna
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David J Zielinski
- Duke Immersive Virtual Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yvonne Lu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jillian M Clements
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nicholas D Potter
- Athletic Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Physical Therapy, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Olympic Team Physiotherapist, USA Shooting, United States Olympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Marc A Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Regis Kopper
- Duke Immersive Virtual Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lawrence G Appelbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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9
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Burris K, Vittetoe K, Ramger B, Suresh S, Tokdar ST, Reiter JP, Appelbaum LG. Sensorimotor abilities predict on-field performance in professional baseball. Sci Rep 2018; 8:116. [PMID: 29311675 PMCID: PMC5758703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18565-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Baseball players must be able to see and react in an instant, yet it is hotly debated whether superior performance is associated with superior sensorimotor abilities. In this study, we compare sensorimotor abilities, measured through 8 psychomotor tasks comprising the Nike Sensory Station assessment battery, and game statistics in a sample of 252 professional baseball players to evaluate the links between sensorimotor skills and on-field performance. For this purpose, we develop a series of Bayesian hierarchical latent variable models enabling us to compare statistics across professional baseball leagues. Within this framework, we find that sensorimotor abilities are significant predictors of on-base percentage, walk rate and strikeout rate, accounting for age, position, and league. We find no such relationship for either slugging percentage or fielder-independent pitching. The pattern of results suggests performance contributions from both visual-sensory and visual-motor abilities and indicates that sensorimotor screenings may be useful for player scouting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Burris
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Kelly Vittetoe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin Ramger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - Sunith Suresh
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Surya T Tokdar
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Jerome P Reiter
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - L Gregory Appelbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, 27710, NC, USA. .,Urbaniak Sports Sciences Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27705, United States.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Roberts
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool
| | - Anthony J. Strudwick
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool
| | - Simon J. Bennett
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool
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11
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Klemish D, Ramger B, Vittetoe K, Reiter JP, Tokdar ST, Appelbaum LG. Visual abilities distinguish pitchers from hitters in professional baseball. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:171-179. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1288296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Klemish
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin Ramger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kelly Vittetoe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jerome P. Reiter
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Surya T. Tokdar
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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