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Xiao Y, Zhou J, Zhou R, Liu Y, Lü J, Huang L. Fronto-parietal theta high-definition transcranial alternating current stimulation may modulate working memory under postural control conditions in young healthy adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1265600. [PMID: 38021229 PMCID: PMC10666918 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1265600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objects This study aimed to investigate the immediate effects of fronto-parietal θ HD-tACS on a dual task of working memory-postural control. Methods In this within-subject cross-over pilot study, we assessed the effects of 20 min of 6 Hz-tACS targeting both the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in 20 healthy adults (age: 21.6 ± 1.3 years). During each session, single- and dual-task behavioral tests (working memory single-task, static tandem standing, and a dual-task of working memory-postural control) and closed-eye resting-state EEG were assessed before and immediately after stimulation. Results Within the tACS group, we found a 5.3% significant decrease in working memory response time under the dual-task following tACS (t = -3.157, p = 0.005, Cohen's d = 0.742); phase synchronization analysis revealed a significant increase in the phase locking value (PLV) of θ band between F3 and P3 after tACS (p = 0.010, Cohen's d = 0.637). Correlation analyses revealed a significant correlation between increased rs-EEG θ power in the F3 and P3 channels and faster reaction time (r = -0.515, p = 0.02; r = -0.483, p = 0.031, respectively) in the dual-task working memory task after tACS. However, no differences were observed on either upright postural control performance or rs-EEG results (p-values <0.05). Conclusion Fronto-parietal θ HD-tACS has the potential of being a neuromodulatory tool for improving working memory performance in dual-task situations, but its effect on the modulation of concurrently performed postural control tasks requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shenshan Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shanwei, Guangdong, China
| | - Junhong Zhou
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Lü
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Kimura T, Matsuura R. The content-dependent effect of the N-back task on dual-task performance. Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114511. [PMID: 37263422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Impaired task accuracy under dual-task conditions leads to issues such as falls and traffic accidents. Specific cognitive tasks (e.g., the N-back task) potentially improves dual-task performance. This study aims to establish an effective cognitive-task methodology for clinical practice and identify dual-task combinations in which the N-back task is likely to improve performance. Twenty-one young, healthy adults performed an intervention task (either N-back or control), followed by single- and dual tasks in the disappearing or dexterity condition, to assess its effect on different days. The participants performed force-control and calculation tasks in both disappearing and dexterity conditions. In the disappearing force-control task, target waveforms disappeared after a few practice trials, and the participants recalled them and adjusted their knee extension torque. The dexterity force-control task involved presenting complex waveforms. The participants carefully observed the waveforms, and adjusted their knee extension torque. We measured changes in the excitability of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) using near-infrared spectroscopy to determine whether the N-back-task-induced changes contributed to improving dual-task performance. For dual-task performance in the disappearing condition, the N-back task improved the performance of the disappearing force-control task, but the control task did not. The other results were the same regardless of the type of intervention task. The N-back task enhanced a portion of the DLPFC excitability. However, no correlation was observed between changes in dual-task performance and in DLPFC excitability. Our findings may contribute to establishing an effective method for improving dual-task performance using cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehide Kimura
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba International University, 6-8-33 Manabe, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Ryouta Matsuura
- Living and Health Sciences Education, Specialized Subject Fields of Education, Graduate School of Education, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Japan
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Li C, Tian W, He Y, Wang C, Wang X, Xu X, Bai L, Xue T, Liao Y, Xu T, Liu X, Wu S. How are patterned movements stored in working memory? Front Psychol 2023; 14:1074520. [PMID: 36874799 PMCID: PMC9982134 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1074520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In this study, the change detection paradigm was used to study the working memory of patterned movements and the relationship of this type of memory with the visuospatial sketchpad in three experiments. Methods Experiment 1 measured participants' working memory capacity for patterned movements and explored the influence of stimulus type with indicators such as response time and accuracy rate. Experiments 2 and 3 explored the relationship between patterned movements and the visual and spatial subsystems, respectively. Results The results of Experiment 1 indicated that individuals can store 3-4 patterned movements in working memory; however, a change in stimulus format or an increase in memory load may decrease the speed and efficiency of working memory processing. The results of Experiment 2 showed that working memory and visual working memory are independent when processing patterned movements. The results of Experiment 3 showed that the working memory of patterned movements was affected by spatial working memory. Discussion Changes in stimulus type and memory load exerted different effects on the working memory capacity of participants. These results provide behavioral evidence that the storage of patterned movement information is independent of the visual subsystem but requires the spatial subsystem of the visuospatial sketchpad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congchong Li
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenqing Tian
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chaoxian Wang
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xianyang Wang
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Air Force Bureau of Trainee Pilot Selection, Nanjing Central Division, Nanjing, China
| | - Lifeng Bai
- Department of Social Sciences, Aviation University of Air Force, Changchun, China
| | - Ting Xue
- Department of Social Sciences, Aviation University of Air Force, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Liao
- Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Secondary Air Force Healthcare Center for Special Services, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xufeng Liu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengjun Wu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Ranganathan R, Tomlinson AD, Lokesh R, Lin TH, Patel P. A tale of too many tasks: task fragmentation in motor learning and a call for model task paradigms. Exp Brain Res 2020; 239:1-19. [PMID: 33170341 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Motor learning encompasses a broad set of phenomena that requires a diverse set of experimental paradigms. However, excessive variation in tasks across studies creates fragmentation that can adversely affect the collective advancement of knowledge. Here, we show that motor learning studies tend toward extreme fragmentation in the choice of tasks, with almost no overlap between task paradigms across studies. We argue that this extreme level of task fragmentation poses serious theoretical and methodological barriers to advancing the field. To address these barriers, we propose the need for developing common 'model' task paradigms which could be widely used across labs. Combined with the open sharing of methods and data, we suggest that these model task paradigms could be an important step in increasing the robustness of the motor learning literature and facilitate the cumulative process of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Ranganathan
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W Circle Dr, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Aimee D Tomlinson
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W Circle Dr, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Rakshith Lokesh
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W Circle Dr, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Tzu-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W Circle Dr, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Priya Patel
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W Circle Dr, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Changes in brain activity induced by the N-back task are related to improved dual-task performance. Behav Brain Res 2020; 396:112881. [PMID: 32858114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dual-task performance often influences athletic competition results. Previous studies have suggested that cognitive tasks might improve dual-task performance. However, the factors that contribute to the manner in which cognitive tasks improve dual-task performance remain unknown. This study aimed to examine whether changes in brain activity induced by cognitive tasks are associated with improvement in dual-task performance. Nineteen young healthy adults performed an N-back and a reaction task on different days. A dual-task was constructed by combining a force-control and a calculation task. In the force-control task, participants adjusted their knee extension force according to target waves. In the calculation task, participants were required to subtract and respond to auditory stimuli delivered via earphones. We evaluated dual-task performance before and after performing each cognitive task. Additionally, we measured cerebral hemodynamic activity using near-infrared spectroscopy during the performance of each cognitive task. As a result, performing the N-back task improved performance in the force-control task under the dual-task setup. Furthermore, increase in oxyhemoglobin in a part of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the N-back task was positively correlated with improved force control during the subsequent dual-task. Cognitive tasks can be easily performed in a clinical field. Thus, cognitive tasks could be incorporated in traditional physical training. Future research should investigate whether the present findings can translate to improving performance in athletic competitions.
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Lee J, Dong S, Jeong J, Yoon B. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) on Cognitive-Motor Dual Control Skills. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 127:803-822. [PMID: 32660347 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520935695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This randomized crossover study investigated whether anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefontal cortex (dlPFC) modulates memory-guided finger isometric maintenance during single motor and dual cognitive-motor tasks, based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Twenty-three healthy participants (14 female; M age = 29.130 years, SD = 10.918) underwent both sham and 2-mA stimulation sessions over the dlPFC for 20 minutes, with a minimum washout period of seven days. We analyzed finger-force isometric maintenance and event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) of the EEG during early and later phases of both tasks. We observed a significant motor accuracy improvement (p = .014) and significant variation of force output (p = .027) with significant decrease in ERSP on the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) (early phase, p = .027; later phase, p = .023) only after 2 mA stimulation. Thus, anodal tDCS over the dlPFC may improve memory-guided force control during cognitive-motor dual tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- JaeHyuk Lee
- Major in Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Korea University
| | - SungHee Dong
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University
| | - JiChai Jeong
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University
| | - BumChul Yoon
- Major in Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Korea University.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Korea University
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Effect of Auditory or Visual Working Memory Training on Dual-Task Interference. Motor Control 2020; 24:304-317. [PMID: 31978873 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2018-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dual-task interference causes many accidents. Working memory (WM) training has the potential to reduce dual-task interference. However, an effective method of WM training for reducing dual-task interference has not been established. This study aimed to examine whether WM training using auditory stimuli (auditory WM training) or visual stimuli (visual WM training) would more effectively reduce dual-task interference. Twenty-two young adults performed an N-back task with auditory or visual stimuli for auditory or visual WM training, for 2 weeks. The authors assessed dual-task interference before and after each training. The authors used a hierarchic multilevel model for these assessment parameters. As a result, visual WM training might be more effective for reducing dual-task interference than auditory WM training.
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