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Rodriguez TR, Rufino KA, Patriquin MA, Anestis JC. An Examination of the Treatment Utility of the MMPI-2-RF: Prediction of Post-Treatment Depressive Symptoms and Increased Understanding of the Therapeutic Alliance in an Inpatient Mood Disorder Treatment. J Pers Assess 2023; 105:667-678. [PMID: 36352739 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2022.2137029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The study examined the ability of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) substantive scales to predict depressive symptoms in a psychiatric inpatient setting. The indirect effect of patient-rated alliance with their treatment team on these relationships was also investigated. Participants included 678 (52.5% female, 97.1% White) inpatients diagnosed with a mood disorder. MMPI-2-RF scales, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) at intake and discharge, and Working Alliance Inventory-Short at discharge were used to test study hypotheses regarding MMPI-2-RF predictive utility and the influence of alliance. Jacobson and Truax's (1991) reliable change index (RCI) was calculated to identify those who did (74% of the sample) and did not (24%) make reliable and clinically significant depressive symptom change, and the predictive utility of MMPI-2-RF scores in distinguishing these groups was examined. MMPI-2-RF scales assessing internalizing and somatic dysfunction accounted for an additional 2% to 8% of the variance in depressive symptoms reported at discharge, above and beyond depressive symptoms reported at intake. Somatic scales were also able to differentiate groups based on clinically significant change on the PHQ-9 (small-sized effect). The relationship between MMPI-2-RF scales and depressive symptoms at discharge was indirect through alliance in 64% of models. Clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R Rodriguez
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts & Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Katrina A Rufino
- The Menninger Clinic, Houston, Texas
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- The University of Houston Downtown, Houston, Texas
| | - Michelle A Patriquin
- The Menninger Clinic, Houston, Texas
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Joye C Anestis
- Department of Health Behavior, Society, & Policy, School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Abstract
In this paper, we review the historical evolution of the MMPI instruments, consider the empirical foundations for its use in Forensic Mental Health Assessments (FMHAs) with particular emphasis on the applicability of MMPI-2-RF research to these evaluations, and identify ways in which the inventory can be effectively but also inappropriately used in these assessments. We also review appellate court decisions related to forensic uses of the MMPI and discuss implications for cross-examination on MMPI-3-based testimony, emphasizing the need for forensic practitioners to be familiar with the empirical research available to guide MMPI-3 use in FHMAs. We identify areas needing further research, including the utility of the test in assessments of persons of color, investigations of the applicability of MMPI-3 results in various specific forensic assessments and rehabilitative applications, and further research on implications of the new English and Spanish-language norms. Potential contributions of studies using the updated MMPI-3 scales in descriptive research on forensic populations are also discussed. We conclude that when used properly to assess for evidence of invalid responding that may affect FMHAs, or psychological functioning relevant to answering psycho-legal referral questions, the MMPI-3 rests on solid empirical foundations that can withstand the scrutiny inherent in forensic evaluations.
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Charles NE, Floyd PN, Bulla BA, Barry CT, Anestis JC. PAI-A Predictors of Treatment Response in a DBT-A-Informed Intervention for Adolescent Boys. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-021-09886-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ruiz MA, Dorritie MT. Clinical Utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in a Residential Treatment Program for Homeless Individuals. Assessment 2020; 28:353-366. [PMID: 31955592 DOI: 10.1177/1073191119899481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the clinical utility of the Restructured Form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2-RF) in a residential treatment program for homeless individuals. MMPI-2-RF scale scores from 146 participants with valid profiles were correlated with variables obtained at intake and during treatment. The sample was then followed 12 months postdischarge to test preregistered hypotheses regarding MMPI-2-RF predictors of hospital readmissions. The results indicated that a variety of MMPI-2-RF scale scores were correlated with historical and diagnostic variables at intake and with measures of treatment outcome, including behavioral problems and successful outcome. A broad range of MMPI-2-RF scale scores were related to readmissions postdischarge and many of these relationships remained significant when tested in Poisson regression models containing other predictors. However, the postdischarge findings were generally inconsistent with our predictions and were of small effect size. The clinical implications of MMPI-2-RF results for residential treatment programs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Ruiz
- James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital and Clinics, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mary T Dorritie
- James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital and Clinics, Tampa, FL, USA
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Patel KD, Suhr JA. The Relationship of MMPI-2-RF Scales to Treatment Engagement and Alliance. J Pers Assess 2019; 102:594-603. [PMID: 31305168 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2019.1635488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Clients' personality characteristics can be important correlates of treatment engagement and alliance. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) is one of the most comprehensive and widely used personality measures in clinical settings and includes measures of symptom validity. A few prior studies using the MMPI-2 and MMPI-2-RF suggest that externalizing characteristics and the validity scales might be associated with treatment engagement, but no studies to date have examined MMPI correlates of treatment alliance. This study examined the relationship of MMPI-2-RF scales to treatment engagement and alliance in 134 individuals seeking outpatient treatment at a psychology department training clinic. It was predicted that validity scales and externalizing scales would be related to treatment engagement (premature termination, no-show rate) and to alliance. Contrary to expectations, MMPI-2-RF validity scales were not related to premature termination but high scores on F-r were related to higher no-show rates and high scores on Symptom Validity (FBS-r) were related to lower alliance. As predicted, higher scores on scales assessing externalizing psychopathology were related to premature termination and higher no-show rate. Exploratory analyses also suggested higher scores on somatic and interpersonal scales were related to lower alliance. Accuracy statistics using clinical cutoffs on MMPI scales are provided.
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Sellbom M. The MMPI-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF): Assessment of Personality and Psychopathology in the Twenty-First Century. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2019; 15:149-177. [PMID: 30601687 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) and situates the instrument in contemporary psychopathology and personality literature. The historical evolution of the MMPI instruments is highlighted, including how failure to update the test for several decades resulted in increasing disinterest by basic researchers and how the restructuring efforts beginning in the 2000s promised to realign the instrument with basic research. In this regard, the construct validity associated with MMPI-2-RF scores in the context of contemporary dimensional models of psychopathology is considered. Research supporting the applied utility of the MMPI-2-RF scales in a variety of contexts-including mental health screenings, presurgical evaluations, forensic assessment, and public safety screening-is also reviewed. Critiques of the MMPI-2-RF are described and addressed. Finally, a series of recommendations for future updates of the MMPI-2-RF are described along with a path toward the MMPI-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sellbom
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
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Tarescavage AM, Cappo BM, Ben-Porath YS. Assessment of Sex Offenders With the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality /Inventory-2-Restructured Form. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2018; 30:413-437. [PMID: 27582132 DOI: 10.1177/1079063216667921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the association between scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) with static and dynamic risk assessment instruments, including the STATIC-99 and Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R). The sample included 304 male adults who were convicted of sexual offenses against children and were referred to a sex offender treatment program. On average, the sample had a Low-Moderate risk of re-offending according to the STATIC-99 and LSI-R. The results indicated that MMPI-2-RF scale scores in this setting are characterized by relatively high levels of under-reporting and externalizing psychopathology compared with the normative sample. We also found that scale scores in this sample produced reliability estimates that were similar to the normative sample. Finally, external correlations between the MMPI-2-RF scales and the risk assessment instruments indicated that the test was associated in expected ways with constructs measured by these instruments. Correlations were most robust among scales in the externalizing/behavioral dysfunction domain of the MMPI-2-RF. Overall, the results of the study support and guide use of the test in this population.
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Romero IE, Toorabally N, Burchett D, Tarescavage AM, Glassmire DM. Mapping the MMPI–2–RF Substantive Scales Onto Internalizing, Externalizing, and Thought Dysfunction Dimensions in a Forensic Inpatient Setting. J Pers Assess 2016; 99:351-362. [DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2016.1223681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nasreen Toorabally
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Monterey Bay
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anthony M. Tarescavage
- Department of Psychology, Kent State University
- Patton State Hospital, Patton, California
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Tarescavage AM, Brewster J, Corey DM, Ben-Porath YS. Use of Prehire Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2–Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) Police Candidate Scores to Predict Supervisor Ratings of Posthire Performance. Assessment 2014; 22:411-28. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191114548445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We examined associations between prehire Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2–Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) scores and posthire performance ratings for a sample of 131 male police officers. Substantive scale scores in this sample were meaningfully lower than those obtained by the test’s normative sample and substantially range restricted, but scores were consistent with those produced by members of the police candidate comparison group (Corey & Ben-Porath). After applying a statistical correction for range restriction, we found several associations between MMPI-2-RF substantive scale scores and supervisor ratings of job-related performance. Findings for scales from the emotional dysfunction and interpersonal functioning domains of the test were particularly strong. For example, scales assessing low positive emotions and social avoidance were associated with several criteria that may be affected by lack of engagement with one’s environment and other people, including problems with routine task performance, decision making, assertiveness, conscientiousness, and social competence. Implications of these findings for assessment science and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David M. Corey
- Corey & Stewart, Portland, OR, USA
- Fielding Graduate University, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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Anestis JC, Gottfried ED, Joiner TE. The Utility of MMPI-2-RF Substantive Scales in Prediction of Negative Treatment Outcomes in a Community Mental Health Center. Assessment 2014; 22:23-35. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191114536771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2–Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) substantive scales in the prediction of premature termination and therapy no-shows while controlling for other relevant predictors in a university-based community mental health center, a sample at high risk of both premature termination and no-show appointments. Participants included 457 individuals seeking services from a university-based psychology clinic. Results indicated that Juvenile Conduct Problems (JCP) predicted premature termination and Behavioral/Externalizing Dysfunction and JCP predicted number of no-shows, when accounting for initial severity of illness, personality disorder diagnosis, therapist experience, and other related MMPI-2-RF scales. The MMPI-2-RF Aesthetic-Literary Interests scale also predicted number of no-shows. Recommendations for applying these findings in clinical practice are discussed.
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Tarescavage AM, Corey DM, Ben-Porath YS. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2–Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) Predictors of Police Officer Problem Behavior. Assessment 2014; 22:116-32. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191114534885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictive validity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2–Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in a sample of law enforcement officers. MMPI-2-RF scores were collected from preemployment psychological evaluations of 136 male police officers, and supervisor ratings of performance and problem behavior were subsequently obtained during the initial probationary period. The sample produced meaningfully lower and less variant substantive scale scores than the general population and the MMPI-2-RF Police Candidate comparison group, which significantly affected effect sizes for the zero-order correlations. After applying a correction for range restriction, MMPI-2-RF substantive scales demonstrated moderate to strong associations with criteria, particularly in the Emotional Dysfunction and Interpersonal Functioning domains. Relative risk ratio analyses showed that cutoffs of 45 T and 50 T maintained reasonable selection ratios because of the exceptionally low scores in this sample and were associated with significantly increased risk for problematic behavior. These results provide support for the predictive validity of the MMPI-2-RF substantive scales in this setting. Implications of these findings and limitations of these results are discussed.
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The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Forensic Applications and Considerations. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-014-9193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsive acts, parasuicidal behavior, and other therapy disruptive incidents occur frequently in the treatment of patients with personality disorders and increase the risk that patients will drop out of treatment. OBJECTIVE This study examined the predictive validity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) and Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) Scales for therapy disruptive behavior and compared them with the original clinical scales. METHODS Using an inventory, the treatment staff recorded the therapy disruptive behavior of 104 patients with personality disorders who were receiving inpatient psychotherapy. RESULTS Both the RC and the PSY-5 scales predicted several categories of therapy disruptive behavior, and both scales predicted more categories of therapy disruptive behavior than the original clinical scales. Anger outbursts were predicted especially well by a combination of two of the RC scales. CONCLUSIONS The information about the MMPI-2 obtained in this study may be helpful in case formulation when initiating inpatient treatment for patients with personality disorders.
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Ben-Porath YS. Addressing Challenges to MMPI-2-RF-Based Testimony: Questions and Answers. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2012; 27:691-705. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acs083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kevin Bolinskey P, Nichols DS. Construct drift in the MMPI-2 restructured clinical scales: further evidence and a possible historic example. J Clin Psychol 2011; 67:907-17. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Dragon WR, Ben-Porath YS, Handel RW. Examining the Impact of Unscorable Item Responses on the Validity and Interpretability of MMPI-2/MMPI-2-RF Restructured Clinical (RC) Scale Scores. Assessment 2011; 19:101-13. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191111415362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article examined the impact of unscorable item responses on the psychometric validity and practical interpretability of scores on the Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2/Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2–Restructured Form (MMPI-2/MMPI-2-RF). In analyses conducted with five archival samples, we found that relatively large proportions of unscorable responses (defined as 10% or more of the items scored on a scale) were relatively uncommon, occurring most often in forensic samples. Simulated unscorable responses were inserted in varying proportions (10% to 90 %) in place of the responses of participants in two of the archival samples for which criterion data were available. Analyses were conducted to gauge the impact of unscorable responses on the criterion validity of scores on these scales and their interpretability. Impact on validity was evaluated by examining correlations with extra-test variables as a function of increasing levels of unscorable responding. Interpretability was evaluated by examining the proportion of participants who produced clinically elevated RC Scale scores as a function of unscorable responding. Results indicate that whereas scale score validity was relatively robust up to a level of 50% unscorable responses, interpretability was substantially compromised at only 10% unscorable responding. This suggests that prorated scores may be used to correct for the impact of unscorable responses on the interpretability of RC Scale scores at levels as high as 50% unscorable responses. Classification analyses supported this possibility. Further steps needed to explore the feasibility of using prorated scores are discussed.
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Ingram PB, Kelso KM, McCord DM. Empirical correlates and expanded interpretation of the MMPI-2-RF Restructured Clinical Scale 3 (Cynicism). Assessment 2010; 18:95-101. [PMID: 21057135 DOI: 10.1177/1073191110388147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The recent release of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) has received much attention from the clinical psychology community. Particular concerns have focused on Restructured Clinical Scale 3 (RC3; Cynicism). This article briefly reviews the major criticisms and responses regarding the restructuring of Clinical Scale 3. The primary purpose of the article is to provide expanded interpretive perspectives on RC3 by correlating it with a selection of external variables that are conceptually related. Forty undergraduate volunteers completed the MMPI-2-RF as well as measures of Machiavellianism, alienation, faith in people, and locus of control. Results showed strong correlations between RC3 and Machiavellianism (.47) and alienation (.60), with item-level information that may extend existing interpretive statements to include, not just a cynical view of others, but a willingness to intentionally lie, cheat, deceive, and manipulate (i.e., Machiavellianism).
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Wise EA. Selected MMPI-2 Scores of Forensic Offenders in a Community Setting. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY PRACTICE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15228930902936048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Thomas ML, Youngjohn JR. Let's Not Get Hysterical: Comparing the MMPI-2 Validity, Clinical, and RC Scales in TBI Litigants Tested for Effort. Clin Neuropsychol 2009; 23:1067-84. [DOI: 10.1080/13854040902795000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gervais RO, Ben-Porath YS, Wygant DB. Empirical Correlates and Interpretation of the MMPI-2-RF Cognitive Complaints (COG) Scale. Clin Neuropsychol 2009; 23:996-1015. [DOI: 10.1080/13854040902748249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Tellegen A, Ben-Porath YS, Sellbom M. Construct Validity of the MMPI–2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales: Reply to Rouse, Greene, Butcher, Nichols, and Williams. J Pers Assess 2009; 91:211-21; discussion 222-6. [DOI: 10.1080/00223890902794192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Greene RL, Rouse SV, Butcher JN, Nichols DS, Williams CL. The MMPI–2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales and Redundancy: Response to Tellegen, Ben-Porath, and Sellbom. J Pers Assess 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00223890902800825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Butcher JN, Williams CL. Personality Assessment with the MMPI-2: Historical Roots, International Adaptations, and Current Challenges. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-0854.2008.01007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Arbisi PA, Sellbom M, Ben-Porath YS. Empirical correlates of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales in psychiatric inpatients. J Pers Assess 2008; 90:122-8. [PMID: 18444105 DOI: 10.1080/00223890701845146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We identified empirical correlates of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) scales in 1,872 male and 498 female psychiatric inpatients drawn from 2 large tertiary care medical centers. We generated clinical criteria from a systematic review of the patients' intake and discharge medical records. We report zero order correlations between RC scales and clinical criteria and relative risk ratios for dichotomous variables. We found the RC scales to be correlated with conceptually relevant criteria such that for each scale, we identified significant increases in the risk for a variety of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral problems among individuals whose T score exceed 64.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Arbisi
- Minneapolis Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
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Ben-Porath YS, Tellegen A. Empirical correlates of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales in mental health, forensic, and nonclinical settings: an introduction. J Pers Assess 2008; 90:119-21. [PMID: 18444104 DOI: 10.1080/00223890701845120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We introduce 3 studies of the empirical correlates of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales: a study by Arbisi, Sellbom, and Ben-Porath (2008/this issue) that expands the range of correlates of the RC scale in mental health settings; an investigation by Sellbom, Ben-Porath, Baum, Erez, and Gregory (2008/this issue) of the empirical correlates of the scales in a forensic setting; and a study by Forbey and Ben-Porath (2008/this issue) examining convergent and discriminant validities of the RC scale in a nonclinical setting. To serve as a general introduction to the 3 new empirical studies presented in this special section, we begin with a review of the existing literature on the RC scales and briefly describe these studies.
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