Some correlates of trust

The relationship between trust and outcomes during physical therapy care for chronic low back pain

INTRODUCTION

Enhancing the therapeutic alliance has been associated with improved outcomes for patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Qualitatively trust has been described to be part of the therapeutic alliance, but it has not been measured quantitatively within the physical therapy literature.

OBJECTIVE

Examine the relationship between trust and outcomes during physical therapy for CLBP.

METHODS

Observational study of patients with CLBP being seen for physical therapy were assessed through self-report measures. The Primary Care Assessment Survey (PCAS) trust measurement scale was completed by patients at initial, post-initial, and discharge visit. These measurements were compared for correlations with patient reported outcome measures for pain and function recorded at initial visit and discharge.

RESULTS

A convenience sample of 29 patients (49.3 ± 15 years old) with CLBP were measured. The PCAS showed correlations for changes in trust throughout treatment for improvements in pain and discharge pain rating. Average discharge pain rating correlated to changes in the PCAS (rs = -0.692, p < .001), with lower pain ratings relating to higher changes in trust over time. Average change in pain (rs = 0.745, p < .001) throughout treatment also correlated with higher changes in trust. Higher trust scores at discharge also correlated with improved Global Rating of Change and Oswestry Disability Index scores at discharge. The linear regression model showed adjusted R2 values for the trust scores and outcomes varied between 0.247 and 0.642.

CONCLUSION

Both increases in trust throughout the treatment and end trust scores during physical therapy were related to improved outcomes for patients with CLBP.

The experiences of men in prison who do not receive visits from family or friends: A qualitative systematic review

BACKGROUND

Visits present an opportunity for prisoners to preserve family ties and reduce isolation, but not all receive visits from family or friends whilst incarcerated.

AIMS

To locate, appraise and synthesise qualitative data on the experiences of adult male prisoners (aged 18 years+) who do not receive prison visits from family or friends.

METHODS

Nine electronic databases were searched from the date of their inception until March 2023. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist for qualitative studies, and data from the studies were synthesised using the thematic synthesis method.

RESULTS

Eighteen studies from seven countries (the USA, the UK [England, Northern Ireland & Scotland], Canada, Netherlands and the Philippines) were eligible for inclusion. Three main themes emerged: (1) reasons for not receiving visits, (2) harmful effects of not receiving visits and (3) the value of volunteer visitor programmes. Practical problems were cited as interfering with visiting opportunities, but also some prisoners or families chose not to meet in prison. Loneliness and depression were extensively described as effects of not receiving visits. Qualities associated with volunteer visitors included raised self-esteem, improved mood and personal growth.

CONCLUSION

Narratives of the experiences of adult men in prison without visits from family or friends suggest that not only the practical difficulties of imprisonment affect visiting; barriers that prisoners themselves impose would merit further exploration, as would family and relationship dynamics during incarceration and the emotional impact of prison visits, for both prisoners and their families. There are suggestions of therapeutic as well as humanitarian benefits from volunteer visiting programmes. There is a gap in the literature about any specific effect on rebuilding family relationships.

Seven lessons from the coronavirus pandemic for primary health care: A qualitative study of registered and assistant nurses in Sweden

Aim

The aim of this study was to explore lessons from the pandemic by registered and assistant nurses in Swedish primary health care (PHC) of potential relevance for the future operation of PHC.

Methods

Twenty‐one semi‐structured interviews were conducted with registered and assistant nurses. We used a purposeful sampling strategy to achieve a diverse sample with regard to size and location of PHC centres. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis.

Results

Analysis yielded two categories: lessons from the pandemic pertaining to PHC personnel and patient behaviours (adaptability of the personnel; importance of hygiene and maintaining physical distance; and importance of being attentive to illness symptoms) and lessons from the pandemic related to primary healthcare work routines (effectiveness of digital job meetings; advantages of digital patient consultations; importance of keeping infectious patients separate from other patients; and the need to allow only pre‐booked patient appointments).

Conclusions

The seven sub‐categories represent seven lessons from the pandemic. The lessons generated both instrumental knowledge, which the nurses could apply in work‐related decisions, and conceptual knowledge which yielded improved understanding of problems and potential solutions for PHC.

The Influence of Power on Leisure: Implications for Inclusive Leisure Services

Many people experience domination as they encounter oppression and marginalization because of power differentials limiting their leisure. We rely on Foucault for guidance to examine connections between power and opportunities for people to be included in leisure and recognize that, like Foucault, we experience privilege. Considering such privilege, we explore power and people connections, scrutinize ways power influences leisure, and examine methods to promote or resist power to increase leisure. Drawing on the analysis of power and leisure, we examine how discourse influences leisure and identify ways to facilitate inclusive leisure. We consider these aspects via Allen’s (1998) modalities of power-over, power-to, and power-with. Analyzing these modalities, we address barriers to leisure associated with power, strategies people use to engage in resistance through leisure, and ways inclusive leisure might occur. We conclude that each person can make positive contributions and offer inclusive leisure.

Conceptualizing trust with cultural perspective in international business operations

Purpose

The growing international landscape of business has underlined the significance of multiculturalism and the novel challenges it brings to business implementation. The purpose of this paper is to draw attention of the readers toward how trust can be conceptualized and how trust-building process is affected in global business environments where more and more projects and businesses come into operation.

Design/methodology/approach

This research employs intensive literature review to conceptualize trust and develop a model of culture effects for trust building in global business environment. However, this study is presently explanatory in nature because no empirical evidence is provided.

Findings

Culture is a significant factor in building trust among global project stakeholders for the reason that trust is vital for developing a well-functioning long-term business relationship. The study highlighted that cultural differences among project teams can cause conflict, misunderstanding, and poor project performance.

Research limitations/implications

Future empirical research should investigate various scenarios, types of projects, cultures, and countries. Cultural issues are pretty sensitive, which have immediate association with trust-building process among international project stakeholders. Diminutive systematic research has been done on the cultural effects for trust building in international business context. The probe of how culture affects trust building efforts in global business environments remains unrequited.

Originality/value

This study adds value by creating awareness in the research community for undertaking a detailed and comprehensive research on this topic, and because of its originality, it serves as a foundation for future studies.

Residents’ trust predicting attitudes towards infill development

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyse what constitutes trust for residents in the infill development context, who are the targets of trust, and does residents’ trust predict their attitudes towards infill development.

Design/methodology/approach

Two studies were carried out. A qualitative study in three housing developments was followed by a quantitative study with 906 respondents in the Helsinki area, Finland.

Findings

Four stakeholders relevant to the residents’ trust were identified: the board of housing development, the housing manager, city planners, and construction companies. Three dimensions were found to constitute residents’ trust in these stakeholders (competence, benevolence and integrity). Furthermore, analyses revealed that trust in city planners and construction companies significantly predicted residents’ attitudes towards infill development.

Research limitations/implications

The findings of this study have implications on the management of the infill development process. More attention should be paid to how residents’ perceptions of trust towards the other stakeholders are formed in order to facilitate successful infill projects. The quantitative study was carried out in different residential areas. Based on this study, the authors were not able to analyse whether and how the characteristics of the residential areas might influence the results, which represents a limitation of this study.

Originality/value

This paper provides in-depth insights into the role of trust in explaining residents’ attitudes towards infill development. Previous research devoted to the topic is scarce, neglects residents’ perspectives and lacks empirical evidence. The discussions are mainly contemplation based on case examples. No previous studies have explicitly studied the significance of trust with large samples.

Reciprocity of Trust between Professionals and Their Secretaries

This paper proposes and tests a model of interpersonal trust. It is hypothesized that trust between professionals and their secretaries is a reciprocally-reinforcing phenomenon. Participants were 21 attorneys, 31 high-school principals, 28 university department heads, and the secretaries of these professionals. Exogenous variables are locus of control, power expressed, power wanted, perceptions of power expressed and wanted by the other person, and the duration of the superior-subordinate relationship. Explanatory endogenous variables are boss' trust in their secretaries and secretaries' trust in their bosses. These two variables are specified as mutual reinforcers in a nonrecursive structural model, which is tested with a two-stage least squares confirmatory analysis. The reciprocal effects of trust overwhelmed the effects of the exogenous variables on the amount of trust bosses and secretaries had in each other.

Self-Other Agreement on Charismatic Leadership

The purpose of this study was to examine whether self-awareness of managers (defined as agreement between self and other leadership ratings) would influence work attitudes (i. e., trust and organizational commitment) of managers and their subordinates and relationships between charismatic leadership behavior and managerial performance. Multisource data were collected from 83 managers (who responded about their trust, organizational commitment, charismatic leadership, and socially desirable responding), 249 subordinates (who rated their manager’s charismatic leadership and responded about their trust and organizational commitment), and 83 superiorsof focal managers (who rated managerial performance). Results indicated that levels of work attitudes and correlations between work attitudes, charismatic leadership, and performance varied as a function of self-awareness of managers. The practical and research implications of these findings are discussed.

Facing the open innovation gap: measuring and building open innovation in supply chains

Purpose

– This study aims to develop a standardized instrument to measure open innovation and trust. The instrument is designed to examine the willingness of those involved in supply chains (SCs) to apply open innovation. It may also be used to observe the potential role of customers, competitors and suppliers in improving the performance of SCs.

Design/methodology/approach

– This survey of the extant studies of Multinational Automobiles Assembly lines in Egypt involved a questionnaire, which was provided across all grades at the middle managerial level. This questionnaire was divided into two main sections. The first section was concerned with elements of open innovation such as innovation, shared values and shared knowledge. The second section was focused on interrelated types of organizational and extra-organizational trust.

Findings

– The developed instrument was designed to access and analyze the different types of trust required for the optimal application of open innovation. Its purpose was to enhance customer satisfaction, and to help to create better internal-customer performance and the provision of innovative products. This explorative study indicated that Multinational Automobile Assembly lines in Egypt are willing to apply open innovation methods to improve their performance.

Research limitations/implications

– The study had a number of limitations. As the survey was conducted entirely on Multinational Automobile Assembly lines in Egypt, the applicability of the proposed scale will need to be tested further on different countries and types of industry.

Originality/value

– There is little empirical research about implementation of open innovation. Practitioners and researchers should find value in this unique instrument tool.

The pernicious effects of unstable work group membership: How work group changes undermine unique task contributions and newcomer acceptance

This research demonstrates that group membership instability tends to raise self-related concerns that make it less likely that people value and accept constructive task contributions offered by newcomers. In Study 1 ( N = 88), unstable group membership heightened self-related concerns. Participants indicated increased intentions to make unique task contributions and lowered the evaluations of others’ contributions, particularly those from a newcomer. Study 2 ( N = 81) used an online minimal group paradigm to obtain behavioral outcomes. Unstable group membership again heightened self-related concerns and gave rise to unique task contributions, even when a newcomer had just offered a high-quality task solution that benefitted the group. Because of their self-related concerns, members with an unstable position also evaluated other members—and the newcomer in particular—more negatively than did members with a stable position. In this way, workgroup instability can undermine (rather than foster) change and innovation.

A Two-Dimensional Model for the Study of Interpersonal Attraction

We describe a model for understanding interpersonal attraction in which attraction can be understood as a product of the initial evaluations we make about others. The model posits that targets are evaluated on two basic dimensions, capacity and willingness, such that affective and behavioral attraction result from evaluations of (a) a target’s capacity to facilitate the perceiver’s goals/needs and (b) a target’s potential willingness to facilitate those goals/needs. The plausibility of the two-dimensional model of attraction is evaluated vis-à-vis the extant literature on various attraction phenomena including the reciprocity of liking effect, pratfall effect, matching hypothesis, arousal effects, and similarity effect. We conclude that considerable evidence across a wide range of phenomena supports the idea that interpersonal attraction is principally determined by inferences about the target’s capacity and willingness.