Three new species of Trichoderma in the Harzianum and Longibrachiatum lineages from Peruvian cacao crop soils based on an integrative approach

Two new Trichoderma species (Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) isolated from decaying tubers of Gastrodiaelate

Species of Trichoderma are widely distributed around the world. In this study, two new species in Trichoderma, named as T.albidum and T.variegatum, were introduced and illustrated. These species were isolated from diseased tubers of Gastrodiaelata in China and identified based on morphological characteristics and multi-gene sequence analyses of three loci that is the internal transcribed spacer regions of the ribosomal DNA (ITS), the translation elongation factor 1-α encoding gene (tef1-α) and the gene encoding the second largest nuclear RNA polymerase subunit (rpb2). Distinctions between the new species and their close relatives were discussed. According to results of the phylogenetic analyses, T.albidum belonged to the Harzianum clade and T.variegatum are grouped with species of the Spirale clade. The expansion of two clades provided research foundations for the prevention and control of tuber diseases in G.elata.

The Importance of Microorganisms for Sustainable Agriculture-A Review

In the face of climate change, progressive degradation of the environment, including agricultural land negatively affecting plant growth and development, endangers plant productivity. Seeking efficient and sustainable agricultural techniques to replace agricultural chemicals is one of the most important challenges nowadays. The use of plant growth-promoting microorganisms is among the most promising approaches; however, molecular mechanisms underneath plant-microbe interactions are still poorly understood. In this review, we summarized the knowledge on plant-microbe interactions, highlighting the role of microbial and plant proteins and metabolites in the formation of symbiotic relationships. This review covers rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbiomes, the role of root exudates in plant-microorganism interactions, the functioning of the plant's immune system during the plant-microorganism interactions. We also emphasized the possible role of the stringent response and the evolutionarily conserved mechanism during the established interaction between plants and microorganisms. As a case study, we discussed fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma. Our review aims to summarize the existing knowledge about plant-microorganism interactions and to highlight molecular pathways that need further investigation.

Taxonomy and control of Trichoderma hymenopellicola sp. nov. responsible for the first green mold disease on Hymenopellis raphanipes

Trichoderma spp. are a group of widespread fungi with important applications in many aspects of human life, but they are also pathogens that cause green mold disease on mushrooms. During a survey of mushroom cultivation in Guizhou, China, five strains of Trichoderma from three different localities were isolated from soil in mushroom bags of Hymenopellis raphanipes. The typical morphology of having gregarious, reddish stromata and gregarious phialides and the results of phylogenetic analyses based on a combined dataset of RPB2, TEF, and ITS gene sequences demonstrated that these green-spored Trichoderma belong to a new taxon, Trichoderma hymenopellicola. Pathogenicity tests by covering fungal mycelial blocks or soil mixed with spore suspension in mushroom bags showed similar symptoms to those in the field, and the same fungal pathogen had been observed and re-isolated from these symptoms, which fulfill Koch’s postulates. A primary screening test of nine common fungicides indicated that prochloraz-manganese chloride complex and propiconazole are the top two effective fungicides inhibiting the pathogen, whereas the former was further indicated as a suitable fungicide to control Trichoderma hymenopellicola, with a high inhibition ratio to the pathogen and low toxicity to the mushroom.

Five new species of Trichoderma from moist soils in China

Trichoderma isolates were collected from moist soils near a water source in different areas of China. ITS sequences were submitted to MIST (Multiloci Identification System for Trichoderma) and meets the Trichoderma [ITS76] standard. Combined analyses of phylogenetic analyses of both phylograms (tef1-α and rpb2) and morphological characteristics, revealed five new species of Trichoderma, namely Trichoderma hailarense, T. macrofasciculatum, T. nordicum, T. shangrilaense and T. vadicola. Phylogenetic analyses showed T. macrofasciculatum and T. shangrilaense belong to the Polysporum clade, T. hailarense, while T. nordicum and T. vadicola belong to the Viride clade. Each new taxon formed a distinct clade in phylogenetic analysis and have unique sequences of tef1-α and rpb2 that meet the Trichoderma new species standard. The conidiation of T. macrofasciculatum typically appeared in white pustules in concentric rings on PDA or MEA and its conidia had one or few distinctly verrucose. Conidiophores of T. shangrilaense are short and rarely branched, phialides usually curved and irregularly disposed. The aerial mycelium of T. hailarense and T. vadicola formed strands to floccose mat, conidiation tardy and scattered in tufts, conidiophores repeatedly rebranching in dendriform structure. The phialides of T. nordicum lageniform are curved on PDA and its conidia are globose to obovoidal and large.

Exploring the diversity of andean berries from northern Peru based on molecular analyses

More than 12,000 species have been listed under the category of berries, and most of them belong to the orders Ericales and Rosales. Recent phylogenetic studies using molecular data have revealed disagreements with morphological approaches mainly due to diverse floral arrangements, which has proven to be a problem when recognizing species. Therefore, the use of multilocus sequence data is essential to establish robust species boundaries. Although berries are common in Andean cloud forests, diversity of these taxa has not been extensively evaluated in the current context of DNA-based techniques. In this regard, this study characterized morphologically and constructed multilocus phylogenies using four molecular markers, two chloroplast markers (matK and rbcL) and two nuclear markers (ITS and GBSSI-2). Specimens did not show diagnostic features to delimit species of berries. A total of 125 DNA-barcodes of andean berries were newly generated for the four molecular markers. The multilocus phylogenies constructed from these markers allowed the identification of 24 species grouped into the order Ericales (Cavendishia = 1, Clethra = 2, Disterigma = 2, Gaultheria = 4, Thibaudia = 4, Vaccinium = 3) and Rosales (Rubus = 8), incorporating into the Peruvian flora four new records (Disterigma ecuadorense, Disterigma synanthum, Vaccinium meridionale and Rubus glabratus) and revealing the genus Rubus as the most diverse group of berries in the Amazonas region. The results of this study showed congruence in all the multilocus phylogenies, with internal transcribed spacer (ITS) showing the best resolution to distinguish the species. These species were found in coniferous forests, dry and humid forests, rocky slopes, and grasslands at 2,506–3,019 masl from Amazonas region. The integration of morphological and DNA-based methods is recommended to understand the diversity of berries along the Peruvian Andean cloud forest.

Abstract in Quechua language

Qhawarqan astawan chunka iskayniyuq waranqa especiekuna bayasmanta huch’uy mit’a maypichus hatun rak’i chayaqi ordenkunata Ericaleswan Rosaleswan. Chayraqpi Khuski filogeneticamanta rurachiy allincharqan chanikuna molecularkuna willarqan ayñi rikunawanta morfologicokunamanta, qaylla llapan rantichay t’ika tiktutaywan ñawray, ima kay kaqta qhawacgirqan kay huk champay pachaman riqsiypa especiekunamanta. Hina kaqtintaq, chanikuna qatikipaykunamanta multilocus hat’alliy tiksipmi takyachiypaq saywakuna sinchikuna especiekunamanta. Pana bayaskuna kanku allatinkuna sach’a-sach’api phuyusqa anti runap, ñawran manan karqan achka kamaykuy kunan pacha allwiyaraykupi takyasqakuna ADN. Chayrayku, Noqanchispa taqwi allincharqan huk filogenia multilocus, rarachikupúnmi tawa molecular marcadorkuna, caspa iskay markadorkunawan cloroplastomanta (matK, rbcL) iskay markadorkunawan nuclearkunamanta (ITS, GBSSI-2). Kaykunawan filogeniamanta huniqamuran kikinchay iskay chunka tawayoq especies ima tantaqamuran q'anchis generospi (Cavendishia=1, Clethra=2, Disterigma=2, Gaultheria=4, Thibaudia=4, Vaccinium=3, Rubus=8), kaykunata huñuyqamuranta piruwanu llacha kamay tawa musuq quillqakamachikuta (Disterigma ecuadorense, Disterigma synanthum, Vaccinium meridionale, Rubus glabratus). Nocaykuq lluqsisqan kuwirinti rikuchirurqan llapankuna filogeniaspi multilocusmanta, kaspa espaciador transcrito interno (ITS) pi rikuchina kutuwi mihur rantichay riqsiypaq especiekunata.

Abstract in Awajun language

Dekanauwai juú weantug 12000 sag nagkaikiut, júna nejég tente ainawai nuintushkam kuashtai Ericales nuigtu Rosales weantui. Molecularesjai takasmaug juki filogeneticos augtus yamá dekai antugnaiñasmauwa nuna Morfologicosjai disa umikmaug, juka waignawai kuashag yagkunum, juwai dekaata tamanum kuashat utugchata ama nunuka. Nunui asamtai multilocus takasmauwa nujai dekanui wajukut ainawa pipish tumaig aidaush. Tujashkam kuashtai tentee nejég ainaug ikam naig yujagkim amuamua nunuig, wajupá kuashtakit tusajig ashi dekapasjig ADNjain dischamui. Nuni tamaugmak, ii augtusag duka takasé filogenia multilocus dekamua nujai, takasji ipák usumat marcadores molecularesjai, jimag marcadores cloroplastosjai (matK nuigtu rbcL) nuigtu jimag marcadores nuclearesjai (ITS nuigtu GBSSI-2). Juu filogenias dekaji 24 sag nagkaikiut tuwaka 7 generosnug tuwaka awa nunu (Cavendishia=1, Clethra=2, Disterigma=2, Gaultheria=4, Thibaudia=4, Vaccinium=3, Rubus=8), juui dekanai yamajam ipák usumat ajag perunum awanunu (Disterigma ecuadorense, Disterigma synanthum, Vaccinium meridionale nuigtu Rubus glabratus).

Type specimen sequencing, multilocus analyses, and species delimitation methods recognize the cosmopolitan Corallina berteroi and establish the northern Japanese C. yendoi sp. nov. (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta)

A partial rbcL sequence of the lectotype specimen of Corallina berteroi shows that it is the earliest available name for C. ferreyrae. Multilocus species delimitation analyses (ABGD, SPN, GMYC, bPTP, and BPP) using independent or concatenated COI, psbA, and rbcL sequences recognized one, two, or three species in this complex, but only with weak support for each species hypothesis. Conservatively, we recognize a single worldwide species in this complex of what appears to be multiple, evolving populations. Included in this species, besides C. ferreyrae, are C. caespitosa, the morphologically distinct C. melobesioides, and, based on a partial rbcL sequence of the holotype specimen, C. pinnatifolia. Corallina berteroi, not C. officinalis, is the cosmopolitan temperate species found thus far in the NE Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, warm temperate NW Atlantic and NE Pacific, cold temperate SW Atlantic (Falkland Islands), cold and warm temperate SE Pacific, NW Pacific and southern Australia. Also proposed is C. yendoi sp. nov. from Hokkaido, Japan, which was recognized as distinct by 10 of the 13 species discrimination analyses, including the multilocus BPP.