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Pérez-Cantero A, Guarro J. Sarocladium and Acremonium infections: New faces of an old opportunistic fungus. Mycoses 2020; 63:1203-1214. [PMID: 33090564 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The genera Acremonium and Sarocladium comprise a high diversity of morphologically and genetically related fungi generally found in the environment, although a few species, mainly Sarocladium kiliense and Acremonium egyptiacum, can also be involved in many human infections. Clinical management of opportunistic infections caused by these fungi is very complex, since their correct identification is unreliable, and they generally show poor antifungal response. More than 300 clinical cases involving a broad range of Acremonium/Sarocladium infections have so far been published, and with this review we aim to compile and provide a detailed overview of the current knowledge on Acremonium/Sarocladium human infections in terms of presentation, diagnosis, treatments and prognoses. We also aim to summarise and discuss the data currently available on their antifungal susceptibility, emphasising the promising results obtained with voriconazole as well as their impact in terms of animal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Pérez-Cantero
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili and Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Josep Guarro
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili and Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
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Douglas AP, Chen SCA, Slavin MA. Emerging infections caused by non-Aspergillus filamentous fungi. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:670-80. [PMID: 26812445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There are three broad groups of non-Aspergillus moulds: the mucormycetes, the hyalohyphomycetes and the phaeohyphomycetes. Infections with these pathogens are increasingly reported, particularly in the context of increasing use of immunosuppressant agents and improved diagnostics. The epidemiology of non-Aspergillus mould infections varies with geography, climate and level of immunosuppression. Skin and soft-tissue infections are the predominant presentation in the immunocompetent host and pulmonary and other invasive infections in the immunocompromised host. The more common non-Aspergillus moulds include Rhizopus, Mucor, Fusarium and Scedosporium species; however, other emerging pathogens are Rasamsonia and Verruconis species, which are discussed in this article. Outbreaks of non-Aspergillus mould infections have been increasingly reported, with contaminated medical supplies and natural disasters as common sources. Currently culture and other conventional diagnostic methods are the cornerstone of diagnosis. Molecular methods to directly detect and identify mould pathogens in tissue and body fluids are increasingly used.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Douglas
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S C-A Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR-Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M A Slavin
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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3
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Fusarium falciforme Infection of Foot in a Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Mycopathologia 2013; 176:225-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9646-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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4
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Wilson AD, Baietto M. Advances in electronic-nose technologies developed for biomedical applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2011; 11:1105-76. [PMID: 22346620 PMCID: PMC3274093 DOI: 10.3390/s110101105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The research and development of new electronic-nose applications in the biomedical field has accelerated at a phenomenal rate over the past 25 years. Many innovative e-nose technologies have provided solutions and applications to a wide variety of complex biomedical and healthcare problems. The purposes of this review are to present a comprehensive analysis of past and recent biomedical research findings and developments of electronic-nose sensor technologies, and to identify current and future potential e-nose applications that will continue to advance the effectiveness and efficiency of biomedical treatments and healthcare services for many years. An abundance of electronic-nose applications has been developed for a variety of healthcare sectors including diagnostics, immunology, pathology, patient recovery, pharmacology, physical therapy, physiology, preventative medicine, remote healthcare, and wound and graft healing. Specific biomedical e-nose applications range from uses in biochemical testing, blood-compatibility evaluations, disease diagnoses, and drug delivery to monitoring of metabolic levels, organ dysfunctions, and patient conditions through telemedicine. This paper summarizes the major electronic-nose technologies developed for healthcare and biomedical applications since the late 1980s when electronic aroma detection technologies were first recognized to be potentially useful in providing effective solutions to problems in the healthcare industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphus D. Wilson
- Southern Hardwoods Laboratory, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 432 Stoneville Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Manuela Baietto
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; E-Mail:
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Das S, Saha R, Dar SA, Ramachandran VG. Acr emonium Species: A Review of the Etiological Agents of Emerging Hyalohyphomycosis. Mycopathologia 2010; 170:361-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Geyer AS, Fox LP, Husain S, Della-Latta P, Grossman ME. Acremonium mycetoma in a heart transplant recipient. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 55:1095-100. [PMID: 17097407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycetomas are chronic, progressive infections caused either by fungi (eumycetoma) or filamentous bacteria (actinomycetoma) and are characterized by the triad of draining sinuses, tumefaction, and the presence of macroscopic grains. We describe a case of eumycetoma in a cardiac transplant recipient caused by the soil saprophyte Acremonium species. This represents only the fifth case of eumycetoma reported in a solid organ transplant recipient. With the population of immunosuppressed patients and the incidence of invasive fungal infections increasing, consideration should be given to unusual saprophytic fungal infections as emerging opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Geyer
- Department of Dermatology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
Biopsy specimens from 211 cases of mycetoma were examined histologically. Pale grain eumycetoma was found in seven cases. Four of these were studied mycologically, Acremonium kiliense was isolated from two and Acremonium falciforme and Pseudallescheria boydii from one case each. The geographic distribution of these organisms, and their incidence and prevalence are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Venugopal
- Institute of Microbiology and Pathology, Madras Medical College, India
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Lee MW, Kim JC, Choi JS, Kim KH, Greer DL. Mycetoma caused by Acremonium falciforme: successful treatment with itraconazole. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995; 32:897-900. [PMID: 7722053 DOI: 10.1016/0190-9622(95)91557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mycetoma has not been previously reported in Korea. A case of mycetoma caused by Acremonium falciforme in a 72-year-old man is described. The patient had a single, large, well-demarcated, erythematous, swollen, black, escharlike lesion and three small satellite lesions on his right temporal area. He was treated with itraconazole, and all lesions healed with residual scars in 70 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Taegu, Korea
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Turiansky GW, Benson PM, Sperling LC, Sau P, Salkin IF, McGinnis MR, James WD. Phialophora verrucosa: a new cause of mycetoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995; 32:311-5. [PMID: 7829731 DOI: 10.1016/0190-9622(95)90393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A 29-year-old Thai woman had draining sinus tracts, tumefaction, and granules on the plantar aspect of the foot. Phialophora verrucosa was isolated from the lesion. P. verrucosa is a major agent of chromoblastomycosis, which is known to rarely cause subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis. This dematiaceous fungus has not been previously reported to cause mycetoma. This case illustrates the clinical spectrum of disease of this fungus. The salient features of mycetoma and management options are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Turiansky
- Dermatology Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C
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Machado LADP, Rivitti MCDM, Cucé LC, Salebian A, Lacaz CDS, Heins-Vaccari EM, Belda Jr. W, Melo NTD. Eumicetoma de grãos pretos por Madurella grisea: registro de dois casos. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1992. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46651992000600012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Os Autores registram dois casos de eumicetoma de grãos pretos, com localização podal, procedentes da Bahia, provocados por Madurella grisea Mackinnon et al., 1949. São estudadas a estrutura dos grãos, bem como as características micromorfológicas do fungo em vida saprofítica. Acreditam os Autores que estas observações correspondem ao sétimo e oitavo casos registrados na literatura do país, provocadas por este fungo. Os Autores consideram nomen dubium ou nomina confusa as seguintes espécies de Madurella: M. ramiroi, M. oswaldoi, M. bovoi, M. tozeuri, M. mansonii, M. brumpti, M. reynieri, M. americana, M. lackawanna e M. ikedae, o mesmo ocorrendo com a chamada Rubromadurella mycetomi. As únicas espécies válidas são Madurella mycetomatis McGinnis, 1980 (=Madurella mycetomi Brumpt, 1905) e Madurella grisea Mackinnon et al., 1949. Nos dois casos registrados o tratamento com itraconazol, por um período de 3 meses não fez regredir as lesões, havendo ligeira melhora clínica.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Milburn
- Department of Dermatology, State University of New York, Brooklyn 11203
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12
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Abstract
A patient from Vanuatu with a mycetoma of the foot of 25 years' duration is described. Culture of a biopsy specimen from the foot grew a fungus which was identified as Acremonium falciforme. This agent has not been described previously in association with mycetomas in the Pacific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G McCormack
- Mater Misericordiae Adult Hospital, South Brisbane, Qld
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Mikami Y, Gregory KF, Levadoux WL, Balagopalan C, Whitwill ST. Factors Affecting Yield and Safety of Protein Production from Cassava by
Cephalosporium eichhorniae. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982; 43:403-11. [PMID: 16345946 PMCID: PMC241839 DOI: 10.1128/aem.43.2.403-411.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of
Cephalosporium eichhorniae
152 (ATCC 38255) affecting protein production from cassava carbohydrate, for use as an animal feed, were studied. This strain is a true thermophile, showing optimum growth at 45° to 47°C, maximum protein yield at 45°C, and no growth at 25°C. It has an optimum pH of about 3.8 and is obligately acidophilic, being unable to sustain growth at pH 6.0 and above in a liquid medium, or pH 7.0 and above on solid media. The optimum growth conditions of pH 3.8 and 45°C were strongly inhibitive to potential contaminants. It rapidly hydrolyzed cassava starch. It did not utilize sucrose, but some (around 16%) of the small sucrose component of cassava was chemically hydrolyzed during the process. Growth with cassava meal (50 g/liter [circa 45 g/liter, glucose equivalent]) was complete in around 20 h, yielding around 22.5 g/liter (dry biomass), containing 41% crude protein (48 to 50% crude protein in the mycelium) and 31% true protein (7.0 g/liter). Resting and germinating spores (10
6
to 10
8
per animal) injected by various routes into normal and γ-irradiated 6-week-old mice and 7-day-old chickens failed to initiate infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mikami
- Department of Microbiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Abstract
Histological findings in 24 cases of pale grain eumycetoma have been compared. The inflammatory response and morphology of grains caused by different organisms are very similar. However the histological appearances of Neotestudina rosatii infections, although reminiscent of dermatophyte mycetomas, are distinctive. The characteristic features include the presence of cement and the short swollen hyphal segments. Petriellidium boydii grains are more likely to contain numerous vesicles or swollen hyphae and be surrounded by a prominent eosinophilic fringe. In contrast, Fusarium and Acremonium grains usually have a minimal fringe and contain a dense mass of intermeshing hyphae. However the features separating P. boydii and Fusarium/Acremonium grains are not invariable and can only be used as an approximate guide to the correct identity of the organism.
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