Multiple opportunistic infections after high-dose steroid therapy for giant cell arteritis in a patient previously treated with a purine analog

Cryptococcal Meningitis in A Patient With Giant Cell Arteritis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a rare complication of giant cell vasculitis. Because its manifestations are very similar to those of giant cell vasculitis relapse, the diagnosis is often delayed and/or misdiagnosed. In this article, we present the case of a 65-year-old female patient who suffered from cryptococcal meningitis during high-dose steroid therapy for giant cell vasculitis.

AP-VAS 2012 case report: a case of ANCA-negative crescentic glomerulonephritis complicating multiple opportunistic infections in the digestive tract

Crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) is one of the common causes of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN). Pauci-immune crescentic GN is usually associated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA). However, patients with pauci-immune crescentic GN who lack ANCAs have recently been reported. Approximately 10-30 % of patients with pauci-immune crescentic GN lack ANCAs. The clinical characteristics of patients with ANCA-negative pauci-immune crescentic GN are not entirely the same as patients with ANCA-positive GN, and this suggests that ANCA-negative and ANCA-positive pauci-immune crescentic GN might be different disease entities. We report a patient with ANCA-negative crescentic GN complicated with multiple opportunistic infections (Candida albicans, herpes simplex virus, and Cytomegalovirus) in the digestive tract during the course of immunosuppressive therapy. After antifungal and antiviral therapies including itraconazole, valaciclovir, and ganciclovir, she recovered from multiple opportunistic infections. The occurrence of comorbid opportunistic infections during the course of immunosuppressive therapy may not be rare in the elderly. However, a case of multiple opportunistic infections limited to the digestive tract is very rare.

Infections in vasculitis

Infections, mainly viral, are the cause of some vasculitides, like polyarteritis nodosa (hepatitis B virus) or mixed cryoglobulinemia (hepatitis C virus), and it has been hypothesized that others might be due to infectious agents (HIV, EBV, parvovirus...). Among etiologies of vasculitis, the responsibility of a Burkholderia-like strain has been recently demonstrated as the cause of giant-cell arteritis. On the other hand, patients frequently develop infections, mainly as a consequence of steroids, immunosuppressants and most immunomodulating treatments prescribed to treat vasculitides. Infections occur when patients receive steroids and immunosuppressants, especially in the long term. They are more frequently observed in elderly patients or in patients with poor general condition. Infection risk is not reduced when biotherapies are prescribed to induce or maintain remission. Patients, considered at higher risk for infections, should be followed closely and their immunological status monitored periodically. We recommend especially to monitor neutrophiles, lymphocytes and if needed CD3-, CD4- and CD8-cell counts in patients receiving steroids and cyclophosphamide or other cytotoxic agents. In patients treated with rituximab, CD19 and gammaglobulins should be monitored regularly. Prophylaxis are needed in patients at risk to develop infections.

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in giant cell arteritis: A case series

OBJECTIVE

To describe the clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and outcome of patients with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) and biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis (GCA) seen at a tertiary referral center.

METHODS

Using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes, all patients with GCA and PCP between January 1, 1976 and December 31, 2008 were identified. Medical records were reviewed. PCP was defined by the identification of Pneumocystis jiroveci organisms in the clinical setting of pneumonia.

RESULTS

We identified 7 patients with GCA (5 women and 2 men) who developed PCP (the mean ± SD age at diagnosis was 71.6 ± 6.1 years). The median time from GCA diagnosis to PCP diagnosis was 3 months (range 1-18 months). All patients were taking prednisone (the median dosage 50 mg/day [range 30-80]) when diagnosed as having PCP. No patients were receiving PCP prophylaxis. PCP was diagnosed by positive smear on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in 6 patients (86%) and by positive sputum polymerase chain reaction in 1 patient. All the patients were hospitalized (median duration 17 days [range 12-39 days]). Four patients (57%) were admitted to the intensive care unit. Three patients (43%) required mechanical ventilation. Two patients (29%) died; both were on mechanical ventilation.

CONCLUSION

Although PCP is rare among patients with GCA, this preventable infection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.

Intraoperative predictability of temporal artery biopsy results

PURPOSE

To determine whether inflammatory/granulomatous changes of giant cell arteritis can be grossly identified by the surgeon during temporal artery biopsy to allow institution or discontinuation of steroid therapy without delay.

METHODS

The records of 113 consecutive patients operated on by the same surgeon (R.C.K.) between November 2002 and June 2007 were reviewed. Demographic characteristics, date and site of the surgeries, surgical complications, surgeon's intraoperative presumption about the outcome (based on his assessment of the thickness, nodularity, tortuosity, and color/pallor of the arterial wall, blood flow, and the lumen size), and histopathologic biopsy results were collected from the chart review. The main outcome measure was the correspondence of the surgeon's intraoperative impression expressed in the operative note to the ultimate histopathologic diagnosis.

RESULTS

After exclusion of 5 cases with incomplete data, the study consisted of 108 patients (78 females and 30 males) with an average age of 72.4 +/- 11.4 years (range, 45-93 years). There were no complications during or after surgery. The surgeon's comment was "grossly positive" in 17 cases, and 15 of these cases were pathologically positive. For all of the cases that the surgeon's impression was negative, the pathology was negative as well (100% negative predictive value). Overall, the surgeon's intraoperative comments had a 100% sensitivity to detect giant cell arteritis. The specificity and accuracy values were 97.9% and 98.2%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The surgeon's intraoperative evaluation of the temporal artery may be extremely valuable in predicting the biopsy result and may allow the surgeon to determine whether steroids could be discontinued in patients in whom the clinical history is not highly suggestive of giant cell arteritis.

Síndrome de Cushing exógena e retirada de glicocorticóides

Glicocorticóides são amplamente utilizados na prática clínica para o controle da atividade de doenças auto-imunes, inflamatórias, alérgicas e outras entidades nosológicas. Doses terapêuticas de glicocorticóides são muita vezes administradas inapropriadamente e isto é um problema particular, pois a terapia crônica tem muitos efeitos colaterais que se estendem desde a supressão do eixo hipotálamo-hipofisário-adrenal e síndrome de Cushing até infecções e alterações do status mental. Fatores que influenciam tanto nos efeitos adversos quanto nos terapêuticos dos glicocorticóides incluem propriedades farmacocinéticas do glicocorticóide, dose diária, diferenças individuais no metabolismo esteróide e duração do tratamento. Quando utilizados para o controle da atividade destas doenças, quatro aspectos da retirada de glicocorticóide merecem atenção especial. Primeiro, a doença tratada pelo esteróide pode recorrer. Segundo, o eixo hipotálamo- hipófise-adrenal pode permanecer suprimido por um longo período. Terceiro, muitas vezes desenvolve-se dependência psicológica a esses hormônios. Quarto, uma síndrome de retirada inespecífica pode desenvolver mesmo enquanto os pacientes estão recebendo doses de reposição fisiológica de glicocorticóides. A gravidade da síndrome de retirada depende da fase e o grau de dependência e inclui sintomas tais como anorexia, náusea, vômitos, perda de peso, fadiga, mialgias, artralgias, cefaléia, dor abdominal, letargia, hipotensão postural, febre e descamação da pele.