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Gilman J, Walls L, Bandiera L, Menolascina F. Statistical Design of Experiments for Synthetic Biology. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:1-18. [PMID: 33406821 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The design and optimization of biological systems is an inherently complex undertaking that requires careful balancing of myriad synergistic and antagonistic variables. However, despite this complexity, much synthetic biology research is predicated on One Factor at A Time (OFAT) experimentation; the genetic and environmental variables affecting the activity of a system of interest are sequentially altered while all other variables are held constant. Beyond being time and resource intensive, OFAT experimentation crucially ignores the effect of interactions between factors. Given the ubiquity of interacting genetic and environmental factors in biology this failure to account for interaction effects in OFAT experimentation can result in the development of suboptimal systems. To address these limitations, an increasing number of studies have turned to Design of Experiments (DoE), a suite of methods that enable efficient, systematic exploration and exploitation of complex design spaces. This review provides an overview of DoE for synthetic biologists. Key concepts and commonly used experimental designs are introduced, and we discuss the advantages of DoE as compared to OFAT experimentation. We dissect the applicability of DoE in the context of synthetic biology and review studies which have successfully employed these methods, illustrating the potential of statistical experimental design to guide the design, characterization, and optimization of biological protocols, pathways, and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gilman
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, U.K
| | - Laura Walls
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, U.K
| | - Lucia Bandiera
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, U.K
| | - Filippo Menolascina
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, U.K
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Waseem M, Salah B, Habib T, Saleem W, Abas M, Khan R, Ghani U, Siddiqi MUR. Multi-Response Optimization of Tensile Creep Behavior of PLA 3D Printed Parts Using Categorical Response Surface Methodology. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122962. [PMID: 33322445 PMCID: PMC7764475 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printed plastic products developed through fused deposition modeling (FDM) endure long-term loading in most of the applications. The tensile creep behavior of such products is one of the imperative benchmarks to ensure dimensional stability under cyclic and dynamic loads. This research dealt with the optimization of the tensile creep behavior of 3D printed parts produced through fused deposition modeling (FDM) using polylactic acid (PLA) material. The geometry of creep test specimens follows the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D2990) standards. Three-dimensional printing is performed on an open-source MakerBot desktop 3D printer. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is employed to predict the creep rate and rupture time by undertaking the layer height, infill percentage, and infill pattern type (linear, hexagonal, and diamond) as input process parameters. A total of 39 experimental runs were planned by means of a categorical central composite design. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results revealed that the most influencing factors for creep rate were layer height, infill percentage, and infill patterns, whereas, for rupture time, infill pattern was found significant. The optimized levels obtained for both responses for hexagonal pattern were 0.1 mm layer height and 100% infill percentage. Some verification tests were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the adopted RSM technique. The implemented research is believed to be a comprehensive guide for the additive manufacturing users to determine the optimum process parameters of FDM which influence the product creep rate and rupture time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waseem
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan; (M.W.); (T.H.)
| | - Bashir Salah
- Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Tufail Habib
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan; (M.W.); (T.H.)
| | - Waqas Saleem
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Institute of Technology, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland;
| | - Muhammad Abas
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan; (M.W.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (R.K.)
| | - Razaullah Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, University of Technology, Nowshera 24100, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (R.K.)
| | - Usman Ghani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Jalozai Campus 24240, Pakistan;
| | - Muftooh Ur Rehman Siddiqi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan;
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Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to address misconceptions about the design of experiments (DoE) usefulness, avoid bad practices and foster processes’ efficiency and products’ quality in a timely and cost-effective manner with this tool.
Design/methodology/approach
To revisit and discuss the hindrances to DoE usage as well as bad practices in using this tool supported on the selective literature from Web of Science and Scopus indexed journals.
Findings
A set of recommendations and guidelines to mitigate DoE hindrances and avoid common errors or wrong decisions at the planning, running and data analysis phases of DoE are provided.
Research limitations/implications
Errors or wrong decisions in planning, running and analyzing data from statistically designed experiments are always possible so the expected results from DoE usage are not always 100 percent guaranteed.
Practical implications
Novice and intermediate DoE users have another perspective for developing and improving their “test and learn” capability and be successful with DoE. To appropriately plan and run statistically designed experiments not only save the user of DoE from incorrect decisions and depreciation of their technical competencies as they can optimize processes’ efficiency and products’ quality (reliability, durability, performance, robustness, etc.) in a structured, faster and cheaper way at the design and manufacturing stages.
Social implications
DoE usefulness will be increasingly recognized in industry and academy and, as consequence, better products can be made available for consumers, business performance can improve, and the link between industry and academy can be strengthened.
Originality/value
A supplemental perspective on how to succeed with DoE and foster its usage among managers, engineers and other technical staff is presented.
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Kahle J, Stein M, Wätzig H. Design of experiments as a valuable tool for biopharmaceutical analysis with (imaged) capillary isoelectric focusing. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2382-2389. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kahle
- Technische Universität BraunschweigInstitute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Braunschweig Germany
| | - Matthias Stein
- Technische Universität BraunschweigInstitute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Braunschweig Germany
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Technische Universität BraunschweigInstitute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Braunschweig Germany
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Settharaksa S, Monton C, Charoenchai L. Optimization of Caesalpinia sappan L. heartwood extraction procedure to obtain the highest content of brazilin and greatest antibacterial activity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2019; 17:351-358. [PMID: 31130448 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the work was to optimize the extraction conditions of Caesalpinia sappan L. heartwood in order to maximize the brazilin content and antibacterial activity of the extract. METHODS Two independent factors were studied: extraction temperature (45-95 °C) and extraction time (30-60 min). In addition, five dependent factors were monitored, including extraction yield, brazilin content, and clear zones against Staphylococcus aureus TISTR 1466, Staphylococcus epidermidis TISTR 518 and Propionibacterium acnes DMST 14961. The brazilin content was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography and antibacterial activity was determined by disk diffusion assay. RESULTS The high temperature provided high total extract yield as well as brazilin content, while extraction time had little effect on yield or brazilin content. Extraction time had a positive effect, while extraction temperature had little effect on clear zone against S. aureus. The largest clear zone against S. epidermidis was achieved at low extraction temperature and long extraction time. Conversely, short extraction time and high extraction temperature provided the largest clear zone against P. acnes. The optimal conditions providing the highest brazilin content was an extraction temperature and extraction time of 95 °C and 30 min, respectively. The same optimal conditions also provided the simultaneous greatest antibacterial activity against the three bacteria. Modeled optimal conditions were validated be conducting extraction using these values. Yield and antibacterial activity of the resulting extract demonstrated that the model had a low percentage error. CONCLUSION The optimal condition will be used as a standard condition for extraction of C. sappan heartwood to maximize brazilin content and antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Settharaksa
- Drug and Herbal Product Research and Development Center, College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Muang, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand.
| | - Chaowalit Monton
- Drug and Herbal Product Research and Development Center, College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Muang, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand
| | - Laksana Charoenchai
- Drug and Herbal Product Research and Development Center, College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Muang, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand
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Genna S, Tagliaferri F, Papa I, Leone C, Palumbo B. Multi-response optimization of CFRP laser milling process based on response surface methodology. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Genna
- CIRTIBS ResearchCentre; University of Naples Federico II; Naples 80125 Italy
| | - Flaviana Tagliaferri
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Naples Federico II; Naples 80125 Italy
| | - Ilaria Papa
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering; Naples 80125 Italy
| | - Claudio Leone
- CIRTIBS ResearchCentre; University of Naples Federico II; Naples 80125 Italy
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering; University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli; Aversa (CE) 81031 Italy
| | - Biagio Palumbo
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Naples Federico II; Naples 80125 Italy
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Tensile Properties Characterization of AlSi10Mg Parts Produced by Direct Metal Laser Sintering via Nested Effects Modeling. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10020144. [PMID: 28772505 PMCID: PMC5459190 DOI: 10.3390/ma10020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A statistical approach for the characterization of Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes is presented in this paper. Design of Experiments (DOE) and ANalysis of VAriance (ANOVA), both based on Nested Effects Modeling (NEM) technique, are adopted to assess the effect of different laser exposure strategies on physical and mechanical properties of AlSi10Mg parts produced by Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS). Due to the wide industrial interest in AM technologies in many different fields, it is extremely important to ensure high parts performances and productivity. For this aim, the present paper focuses on the evaluation of tensile properties of specimens built with different laser exposure strategies. Two optimal laser parameters settings, in terms of both process quality (part performances) and productivity (part build rate), are identified.
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Andreetta-Gorelkina I, Gorelkin I, Rustad T. Determination of apparent diffusion coefficient in balls made from haddock mince during brining. J FOOD ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Dittrich M, Dix M, Kuhl M, Palumbo B, Tagliaferri F. Process Analysis of Water Abrasive Fine Jet Structuring of Ceramic Surfaces via Design of Experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schunk SA, Böhmer N, Futter C, Kuschel A, Prasetyo E, Roussière T. High throughput technology: approaches of research in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. CATALYSIS 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849737203-00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
High throughput experimentation (HTE) approaches and the choice of the design of experiment (DoE) tools are discussed with regard to their convenience and applicability in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis as a concerted workflow. Much attention is given to diverse methodologies and strategies, which are fundamental for the experimental planning. For two target reactions in two case studies presented in this chapter, HTE methods were applied to create and evaluate catalyst libraries. A homogeneous catalyst case study is illustrated first, which deals with parallel synthesis and screening of organometallic catalysts in the polymerisation of ethylene. The second case study (heterogeneous catalysis) focuses on coherent synthesis and testing of dopant effects on the performance of oxidation catalysts in a reaction of transformation of n-butane to maleic anhydride. Supporting examples from the literature described here show that careful planning of libraries and test conditions is vital in high throughput experimentation in order to deliver meaningful results leading to performance improvements or disruptive new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Böhmer
- hte Aktiengesellschaft Kurpfalzring 104, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Futter
- hte Aktiengesellschaft Kurpfalzring 104, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Kuschel
- hte Aktiengesellschaft Kurpfalzring 104, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eko Prasetyo
- hte Aktiengesellschaft Kurpfalzring 104, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Roussière
- hte Aktiengesellschaft Kurpfalzring 104, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
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Kumar S, Satsangi P, Prajapati D. Optimization of process factors for controlling defects due to melt shop using Taguchi method. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUALITY & RELIABILITY MANAGEMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1108/02656711311288397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Book Reviews. J Am Stat Assoc 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2012.664485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Pieracci J, Perry L, Conley L. Using partition designs to enhance purification process understanding. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 107:814-24. [PMID: 20632374 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of purification processes by identifying significant input parameters and establishing predictive models is vital to developing robust processes. Current experimental design approaches restrict analysis to one process step at a time, which can severely limit the ability to identify interactions between process steps. This can be overcome by the use of partition designs which can model multiple, sequential process steps simultaneously. This paper presents the application of partition designs to a monoclonal antibody purification process. Three sequential purification steps were modeled using both traditional experimental designs and partition designs and the results compared as a proof of concept study. The partition and traditional design approaches identified the same input parameters within each process step that significantly affected the product quality output examined. The partition design also identified significant interactions between input parameters across process steps that could not be uncovered by the traditional approach.
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Celik C, Burnak N. A systematic approach to the solution of the design optimization problem. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/0954412989298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Tanco M, Viles E, Ilzarbe L, Jesus Alvarez M. Barriers faced by engineers when applying design of experiments. TQM JOURNAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1108/17542730910995846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Shur J, Nevell TG, Shute JK, Smith JR. The Spray Drying of Unfractionated Heparin: Optimization of the Operating Parameters. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 34:559-68. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040701657552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Costa NR, Pires AR, Ribeiro CO. Guidelines to help practitioners of design of experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1108/09544780610671057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Han IS, Kim M, Lee CH, Cha W, Ham BK, Jeong JH, Lee H, Chung CB, Han C. Application of partial least squares methods to a terephthalic acid manufacturing process for product quality control. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02706925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ch. 1. Guidelines for selecting factors and factor levels for an industrial designed experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-7161(03)22003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Pinto JC. On the costs of parameter uncertainties. Part 2: Impact of EVOP procedures on the optimization and design of experiments. CAN J CHEM ENG 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450790314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mantell SC, Chanda H, Bechtold JE, Kyle RF. A parametric study of acetabular cup design variables using finite element analysis and statistical design of experiments. J Biomech Eng 1998; 120:667-75. [PMID: 10412447 DOI: 10.1115/1.2834760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To isolate the primary variables influencing acetabular cup and interface stresses, we performed an evaluation of cup loading and cup support variables, using a Statistical Design of Experiments (SDOE) approach. We developed three-dimensional finite element (FEM) models of the pelvis and adjacent bone. Cup support variables included fixation mechanism (cemented or noncemented), amount of bone support, and presence of metal backing. Cup loading variables included head size and cup thickness, cup/head friction, and conformity between the cup and head. Interaction between and among variables was determined using SDOE techniques. Of the variables tested, conformity, head size, and backing emerged as significant influences on stresses. Since initially nonconforming surfaces would be expected to wear into conforming surfaces, conformity is not expected to be a clinically significant variable. This indicates that head size should be tightly toleranced during manufacturing, and that small changes in head size can have a disproportionate influence on the stress environment. In addition, attention should be paid to the use of nonmetal backed cups, in limiting cup/bone interface stresses. No combination of secondary variables could compensate for, or override the effect of, the primary variables. Based on the results using the SDOE approach, adaptive FEM models simulating the wear process may be able to limit their parameters to head size and cup backing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Mantell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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Pinto JC. On the costs of parameter uncertainties. Effects of parameter uncertainties during optimization and design of experiments. Chem Eng Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2509(98)00025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Altland HW. Engineering Methods for Robust Product Design. Technometrics 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/00401706.1996.10484511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Agresti A. Book Reviews. AM STAT 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/00031305.1994.10476095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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