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Lee YS, Kim JY, Yi SM, Kim H, Park ES. Predicting latent source-specific PM 2.5 pollution from regional sources at unmonitored sites by Bayesian spatial multivariate receptor modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 324:121389. [PMID: 36870595 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been a pollutant of main interest globally for more than two decades, owing to its well-known adverse health effects. For developing effective management strategies for PM2.5, it is vital to identify its major sources and quantify how much they contribute to ambient PM2.5 concentrations. With the expanded monitoring efforts established during recent decades in Korea, speciated PM2.5 data needed for source apportionment of PM2.5 are now available for multiple sites (cities). However, many cities in Korea still do not have any speciated PM2.5 monitoring station, although quantification of source contributions for those cities is in great need. While there have been many PM2.5 source apportionment studies throughout the world for several decades based on monitoring data collected from receptor site(s), none of those receptor-oriented studies could predict unobserved source contributions at unmonitored sites. This study predicts source contributions of PM2.5 at unmonitored locations using a recently developed novel spatial multivariate receptor modeling (BSMRM) approach, which incorporates spatial correlation in data into modeling and estimation for spatial prediction of latent source contributions. The validity of BSMRM results is also assessed based on the data from a test site (city), not used in model development and estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Su Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Muk Yi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, & Institute of Sustainable Development, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sug Park
- Texas A&M Transportation Institute, 3135 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3135, USA.
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Lee YS, Kim YK, Choi E, Jo H, Hyun H, Yi SM, Kim JY. Health risk assessment and source apportionment of PM 2.5-bound toxic elements in the industrial city of Siheung, Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:66591-66604. [PMID: 35507225 PMCID: PMC9066139 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The emission sources and their health risks of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Siheung, Republic of Korea, were investigated as a middle-sized industrial city. To identify the PM2.5 sources with error estimation, a positive matrix factorization model was conducted using daily mean speciated data from November 16, 2019, to October 2, 2020 (95 samples, 22 chemical species). As a result, 10 sources were identified: secondary nitrate (24.3%), secondary sulfate (18.8%), traffic (18.8%), combustion for heating (12.6%), biomass burning (11.8%), coal combustion (3.6%), heavy oil industry (1.8%), smelting industry (4.0%), sea salts (2.7%), and soil (1.7%). Based on the source apportionment results, health risks by inhalation of PM2.5 were assessed for each source using the concentration of toxic elements portioned. The estimated cumulative carcinogenic health risks from the coal combustion, heavy oil industry, and traffic sources exceeded the benchmark, 1E-06. Similarly, carcinogenic health risks from exposure to As and Cr exceeded 1E-05 and 1E-06, respectively, needing a risk reduction plan. The non-carcinogenic risk was smaller than the hazard index of one, implying low potential for adverse health effects. The probable locations of sources with relatively higher carcinogenic risks were tracked. In this study, health risk assessment was performed on the elements for which mass concentration and toxicity information were available; however, future research needs to reflect the toxicity of organic compounds, elemental carbon, and PM2.5 itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Su Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kwon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Policy Research, Green Technology Center, Seoul, 04554, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhwa Choi
- Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeri Jo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeseung Hyun
- College of Environmental Design, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Seung-Muk Yi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Hopke PK, Dai Q, Li L, Feng Y. Global review of recent source apportionments for airborne particulate matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140091. [PMID: 32559544 PMCID: PMC7456793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Source apportionments have become increasingly performed to determine the origins of ambient particulate pollution. The results can be helpful in designing mitigation strategies to improve air quality. Source specific particulate matter (PM) concentrations are also being used in health effects studies to be able to focus attention on those sources most likely to be responsible for the observed adverse health effects. In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) released its initial compilation of source apportionment studies published through August 2014. This initial database was described by Karagulian et al. (Atmospheric Environment120 (2015) 475-483). In the present report, a new compilation has been prepared of those apportionments published since 2014 through December 2019. In addition, the database has been expanded to include apportionments of heavy metals, water-soluble components, and carbonaceous components in ambient PM. As a result of this work, we have developed and presented some perspectives on source apportionment going forward. We also have made a series of recommendations for source apportionment studies and reporting them. It is essential for papers to provide a minimum set of information so that the study can be adequately assessed, and the results utilized by others in making policy decisions or as part of other scientific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Linxuan Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Park ES, Sullivan DW, Kang DH, Ying Q, Spiegelman CH. Assessment of mobile source contributions in El Paso by PMF receptor modeling coupled with wind direction analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137527. [PMID: 32325575 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that El Paso is the only border area in Texas that has violated national air quality standards. Mobile source emissions (including vehicle exhaust) contribute significantly to air pollution, along with other sources including industrial, residential, and cross-border. This study aims at separating unobserved vehicle emissions from air-pollution mixtures indicated by ambient air quality data. The level of contributions from vehicle emissions to air pollution cannot be determined by simply comparing ambient air quality data with traffic levels because of the various other contributors to overall air pollution. To estimate contributions from vehicle emissions, researchers employed advanced multivariate receptor modeling called positive matrix factorization (PMF) to analyze hydrocarbon data consisting of hourly concentrations measured from the Chamizal air pollution monitoring station in El Paso. The analysis of hydrocarbon data collected at the Chamizal site in 2008 showed that approximately 25% of measured Total Non-Methane Hydrocarbons (TNMHC) was apportioned to motor vehicle exhaust. Using wind direction analysis, researchers also showed that the motor vehicle exhaust contributions to hydrocarbons were significantly higher when winds blow from the south (Mexico) than those when winds blow from other directions. The results from this research can be used to improve understanding source apportionment of pollutants measured in El Paso and can also potentially inform transportation planning strategies aimed at reducing emissions across the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sug Park
- Texas A&M Transportation Institute, 3135 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3135, United States of America.
| | - David W Sullivan
- The University of Texas at Austin, Center for Energy and Environmental Resources, 10100 Burnet Rd, Bldg 133, MC R7100, Austin, TX 78758-4445, United States of America
| | - Dong Hun Kang
- Texas A&M Transportation Institute, 3135 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3135, United States of America
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, United States of America
| | - Clifford H Spiegelman
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3143, United States of America
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Henneman LR, Choirat C, Ivey C, Cummiskey K, Zigler CM. Characterizing population exposure to coal emissions sources in the United States using the HyADS model. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2019; 203:271-280. [PMID: 31749659 PMCID: PMC6867130 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In anticipation of the expanding appreciation for air quality models in health outcomes studies, we develop and evaluate a reduced-complexity model for pollution transport that intentionally sacrifices some of the sophistication of full-scale chemical transport models in order to support applicability to a wider range of health studies. Specifically, we introduce the HYSPLIT average dispersion model, HyADS, which combines the HYSPLIT trajectory dispersion model with modern advances in parallel computing to estimate ZIP code level exposure to emissions from individual coal-powered electricity generating units in the United States. Importantly, the method is not designed to reproduce ambient concentrations of any particular air pollutant; rather, the primary goal is to characterize each ZIP code's exposure to these coal power plants specifically. We show adequate performance towards this goal against observed annual average air pollutant concentrations (nationwide Pearson correlations of 0.88 and 0.73 withSO 4 2 - and PM2.5, respectively) and coal-combustion impacts simulated with a full-scale chemical transport model and adjusted to observations using a hybrid direct sensitivities approach (correlation of 0.90). We proceed to provide multiple examples of HyADS's single-source applicability, including to show that 22% of the population-weighted coal exposure comes from 30 coal-powered electricity generating units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R.F. Henneman
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Christine Choirat
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | - Kevin Cummiskey
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Corwin M. Zigler
- Department of Statistics and Data Sciences and Department of Women’s Health, University of Texas at Austin and Dell Medical School, Austin, TX
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