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Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Bovine and Human. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2023-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, penicillin, oxacillin, and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) resistance in S. aureus strains that were isolated from bovine mastitis cases, and human patients were investigated. Inducible clindamycin resistance (iML) was not found in 30 bovine isolates, while it was detected in 3 (10%) of 30 human isolates. MIC90 values of penicillin, oxacillin and macrolide-lincosamides (ML) were 2, 0.19, >256 µg/ml in bovine isolates and were 3, 3 and 0.19-1.5 µg/ml in human isolates, respectively. Streptogramin resistance was not found in both bovine and human isolates. Although the mecA gene was detected in all of the oxacillin resistant isolates, blaZ gene could not be detected in penicillin resistant isolates. The erm(B) gene was detected in 5 (38.6%) of 13 ML-resistant bovine isolates, and the mph(C) gene was detected in 2 (66.66%) of 3 human isolates. As a result, resistance to penicillin and oxacillin was found to be higher in human S. aureus isolates, while ML resistance was found to be higher in bovine isolates in this investigation. It was concluded that the presence of genes in extra-chromosomal elements associated to penicillin and macrolide resistance should be investigated. The data obtained from this study will contribute to the studies on antimicrobial susceptibility in the field of human and veterinary medicine.
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Pattis I, Weaver L, Burgess S, Ussher JE, Dyet K. Antimicrobial Resistance in New Zealand-A One Health Perspective. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060778. [PMID: 35740184 PMCID: PMC9220317 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasing global threat that affects human, animal and, often less acknowledged, environmental health. This complex issue requires a multisectoral One Health approach to address the interconnectedness of humans, animals and the natural environment. The prevalence of AMR in these reservoirs varies widely among countries and thus often requires a country-specific approach. In New Zealand (NZ), AMR and antimicrobial usage in humans are relatively well-monitored and -understood, with high human use of antimicrobials and the frequency of resistant pathogens increasing in hospitals and the community. In contrast, on average, NZ is a low user of antimicrobials in animal husbandry systems with low rates of AMR in food-producing animals. AMR in New Zealand’s environment is little understood, and the role of the natural environment in AMR transmission is unclear. Here, we aimed to provide a summary of the current knowledge on AMR in NZ, addressing all three components of the One Health triad with a particular focus on environmental AMR. We aimed to identify knowledge gaps to help develop research strategies, especially towards mitigating AMR in the environment, the often-neglected part of the One Health triad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Pattis
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Louise Weaver
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Sara Burgess
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - James E Ussher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Kristin Dyet
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., Porirua 5022, New Zealand
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The Genetic Relatedness and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Mastitis-Causing Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from New Zealand Dairy Cattle. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110287. [PMID: 34822660 PMCID: PMC8625616 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading causes of bovine mastitis worldwide and is a common indication for use of antimicrobials on dairy farms. This study aims to investigate the association between on-farm antimicrobial usage and the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of mastitis-causing S. aureus. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 57 S. aureus isolates derived from cows with either clinical or subclinical mastitis from 17 dairy herds in New Zealand. The genetic relatedness between isolates was examined using the core single nucleotide polymorphism alignment whilst AMR and virulence genes were identified in-silico. The association between gene presence-absence and sequence type (ST), antimicrobial susceptibility and dry cow therapy treatment was investigated using Scoary. Altogether, eight STs were identified with 61.4% (35/57) belonging to ST-1. Furthermore, 14 AMR-associated genes and 76 virulence-associated genes were identified, with little genetic diversity between isolates belonging to the same ST. Several genes including merR1 which is thought to play a role in ciprofloxacin-resistance were found to be significantly overrepresented in isolates sampled from herds using ampicillin/cloxacillin dry cow therapy. Overall, the presence of resistance genes remains low and current antimicrobial usage patterns do not appear to be driving AMR in S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis.
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McDougall S, Penry J, Dymock D. Antimicrobial susceptibilities in dairy herds that differ in dry cow therapy usage. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9142-9163. [PMID: 34001359 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intramammary infusion of antimicrobials at the end of lactation (dry cow therapy; DCT) is a central part of mastitis control programs and is one of the major indications for antimicrobial use in dairy cows. However, with increasing focus on prudent use of antimicrobials and concerns about emergence of antimicrobial resistance, the practice of treating every cow at the end of lactation with DCT is in question. This cross-sectional, observational study determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 10 antimicrobials for coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis isolates from milk samples from dairy cows with somatic cell counts >200,000 cells/mL in herds that had been organic for >3 yr (n = 7), or had used either ampicillin-cloxacillin DCT (n = 11) or cephalonium DCT (n = 8) in the preceding 3 yr. The organic herds were certified under the United States Department of Agriculture National Organic Program, meaning that there was no blanket DCT, and minimal use of antimicrobials in general, with a loss of organic status of the animal if treated with antimicrobials. Breakpoints (where available) were used to categorize isolates as resistant, intermediate, or susceptible to antimicrobials. The MIC distributions of isolates from different herd types were compared using binomial or multinomial logistic regression. Of 240 CNS isolates, 12.9, 0.8, 7.1, 32.6, and 1.2%, were intermediate or resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin, erythromycin, penicillin, and tetracycline, respectively. Of 320 Staph. aureus isolates, 29.0, 2.5, 1.2, and 34.9% were intermediately resistant or resistant to ampicillin, penicillin, erythromycin, and oxacillin, respectively. Of 184 Strep. uberis isolates, 1.1, 25.0, 1.6, and 1.6% were intermediately resistant or resistant to erythromycin, penicillin, pirlimycin, and tetracycline, respectively. Generally, the MIC of CNS and streptococcal isolates from organic herds were lower than isolates from herds using DCT. However, the differences in MIC distributions occurred at MIC below clinical breakpoints, so that the bacteriological cure rates may not differ between isolates of differing MIC. Bimodal distributions of MIC for ampicillin and penicillin were found in Staph. aureus isolates from organic herds, suggesting that isolates with a higher MIC are a natural part of the bacterial population of the bovine mammary gland, or that isolates with higher MIC have persisted within these organic herds from a time when antimicrobials had been used. Given these observations, further work is required to determine if exposure to DCT is causally associated with the risk of elevated MIC, and whether reduction or removal of DCT from herds would reduce the risk of elevated MIC of mastitis pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S McDougall
- Cognosco, Anexa, PO Box 21, Morrinsville 3300, New Zealand.
| | - J Penry
- Cognosco, Anexa, PO Box 21, Morrinsville 3300, New Zealand
| | - D Dymock
- MSD, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand
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Hardefeldt L, Nielsen T, Crabb H, Gilkerson J, Squires R, Heller J, Sharp C, Cobbold R, Norris J, Browning G. Veterinary Students' Knowledge and Perceptions About Antimicrobial Stewardship and Biosecurity-A National Survey. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:E34. [PMID: 29670064 PMCID: PMC6023091 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of veterinary students’ perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge about antimicrobial stewardship and biosecurity could facilitate more effective education of future veterinarians about these important issues. A multicenter cross-sectional study was performed by administering a questionnaire to veterinary students expected to graduate in 2017 or 2018 in all Australian veterinary schools. Four hundred and seventy-six of 1246 students (38%) completed the survey. Many students were unaware of the high importance of some veterinary drugs to human medicine, specifically enrofloxacin and cefovecin (59% and 47% of responses, respectively). Fewer than 10% of students would use appropriate personal protective equipment in scenarios suggestive of Q fever or psittacosis. Students expected to graduate in 2018 were more likely to select culture and susceptibility testing in companion animal cases (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.33–2.69, p < 0.001), and were more likely to appropriately avoid antimicrobials in large animal cases (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.26–2.44, p = 0.001) than those expected to graduate in 2017. However, 2018 graduates were less likely to correctly identify the importance rating of veterinary antimicrobials for human health (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.34–0.67, p < 0.001) than 2017 graduates. Students reported having a good knowledge of antimicrobial resistance, and combating resistance, but only 34% thought pharmacology teaching was adequate and only 20% said that teaching in lectures matched clinical teaching. Efforts need to be made to harmonize preclinical and clinical teaching, and greater emphasis is needed on appropriate biosecurity and antimicrobial stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hardefeldt
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Grattan St, Carlton, VIC 3050, Australia.
| | - Torben Nielsen
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia.
| | - Helen Crabb
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Grattan St, Carlton, VIC 3050, Australia.
| | - James Gilkerson
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
| | - Richard Squires
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia.
| | - Jane Heller
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
| | - Claire Sharp
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Rowland Cobbold
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Glenn Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Grattan St, Carlton, VIC 3050, Australia.
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Ji X, Liu X, Peng Y, Zhan R, Xu H, Ge X. Comparative analysis of methicillin-sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus exposed to emodin based on proteomic profiling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 494:318-324. [PMID: 29017918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Emodin has a strong antibacterial activity, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, the mechanism by which emodin induces growth inhibition against MRSA remains unclear. In this study, the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomics approach was used to investigate the modes of action of emodin on a MRSA isolate and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus ATCC29213(MSSA). Proteomic analysis showed that expression levels of 145 and 122 proteins were changed significantly in MRSA and MSSA, respectively, after emodin treatment. Comparative analysis of the functions of differentially expressed proteins between the two strains was performed via bioinformatics tools blast2go and STRING database. Proteins related to pyruvate pathway imbalance induction, protein synthesis inhibition, and DNA synthesis suppression were found in both methicillin-sensitive and resistant strains. Moreover, Interference proteins related to membrane damage mechanism were also observed in MRSA. Our findings indicate that emodin is a potential antibacterial agent targeting MRSA via multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ji
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yuanxia Peng
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Ruoting Zhan
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, China.
| | - Xijin Ge
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, South Dakota State University, Box 2220, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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Worthing KA, Abraham S, Pang S, Coombs GW, Saputra S, Jordan D, Wong HS, Abraham RJ, Trott DJ, Norris JM. Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Australian Animals and Veterinarians. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 24:203-212. [PMID: 28598251 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the frequency and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from Australian animals and whether animal-derived MRSA was similar to that from Australian veterinarians. A total of 1,080 clinical coagulase positive Staphylococcus isolates from Australian animals were collected during 2013. Sixteen (4%) of 360 S. aureus isolates were MRSA. Most MRSA came from companion animals, while none came from livestock. MRSA isolates were characterized using whole genome sequencing. ST22-IV (EMRSA-15) was the most common clone in dogs and cats. Clonal complex (CC) 8 was most common in horses. Most ST22-IV isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Animal-derived MRSA genomes were interrogated for the presence of host-specific genetic markers (staphylokinase gene [scn], chemotaxis-inhibiting proteins gene [chp], staphylococcal complement inhibitor gene [sak], enterotoxin A gene [sea], and Von Willebrand Factor binding protein gene [vwb]). A subset of MRSA genomes previously collected from Australian veterinarians was also interrogated. There was no clear pattern in the distribution of host-specific markers among animal and veterinarian isolates. Animal- and veterinarian-derived MRSA were intermingled in the phylogenetic tree. The absence of MRSA in Australian livestock is in stark contrast with its presence in livestock from other countries. Possible explanations include Australia's geographic isolation, the absence of live animal importation into Australia, and most notably, the restrictions placed on the use of antimicrobials of critical importance in Australian livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Worthing
- 1 Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- 2 Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stanley Pang
- 2 Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- 3 PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital , Murdoch, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W Coombs
- 2 Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- 3 PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital , Murdoch, Australia
| | - Sugiyono Saputra
- 4 Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide , Roseworthy, Australia
- 5 Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences , Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - David Jordan
- 6 New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, Australia
| | - Hui S Wong
- 4 Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide , Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Abraham
- 2 Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- 4 Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide , Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Darren J Trott
- 4 Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide , Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Norris
- 1 Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
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Hardefeldt LY, Holloway S, Trott DJ, Shipstone M, Barrs VR, Malik R, Burrows M, Armstrong S, Browning GF, Stevenson M. Antimicrobial Prescribing in Dogs and Cats in Australia: Results of the Australasian Infectious Disease Advisory Panel Survey. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1100-1107. [PMID: 28514013 PMCID: PMC5508328 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Investigations of antimicrobial use in companion animals are limited. With the growing recognition of the need for improved antimicrobial stewardship, there is urgent need for more detailed understanding of the patterns of antimicrobial use in this sector. Objectives To investigate antimicrobial use for medical and surgical conditions in dogs and cats by Australian veterinarians. Methods A cross‐sectional study was performed over 4 months in 2011. Respondents were asked about their choices of antimicrobials for empirical therapy of diseases in dogs and cats, duration of therapy, and selection based on culture and susceptibility testing, for common conditions framed as case scenarios: 11 medical, 2 surgical, and 8 dermatological. Results A total of 892 of the 1,029 members of the Australian veterinary profession that completed the survey satisfied the selection criteria. Empirical antimicrobial therapy was more common for acute conditions (76%) than chronic conditions (24%). Overall, the most common antimicrobial classes were potentiated aminopenicillins (36%), fluoroquinolones (15%), first‐ and second‐generation cephalosporins (14%), and tetracyclines (11%). Third‐generation cephalosporins were more frequently used in cats (16%) compared to dogs (2%). Agreement with Australasian Infectious Disease Advisory Panel (AIDAP) guidelines (generated subsequently) was variable ranging from 0 to 69% between conditions. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Choice of antimicrobials by Australian veterinary practitioners was generally appropriate, with relatively low use of drugs of high importance, except for the empirical use of fluoroquinolones in dogs, particularly for otitis externa and 3rd‐generation cephalosporins in cats. Future surveys will determine whether introduction of the 2013 AIDAP therapeutic guidelines has influenced prescribing habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Hardefeldt
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - S Holloway
- Advanced Vetcare, Kensington, Vic., Australia
| | - D J Trott
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M Shipstone
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia
| | - V R Barrs
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R Malik
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M Burrows
- Animal Dermatology, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - S Armstrong
- Zoetis Animal Health, Rhodes, NSW, Australia
| | - G F Browning
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - M Stevenson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Karkaba A, Benschop J, Hill KE, Grinberg A. Characterisation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates from animals in New Zealand, 2012-2013, and subclinical colonisation in dogs and cats in Auckland. N Z Vet J 2016; 65:78-83. [PMID: 27604152 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2016.1222919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To characterise methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from infection sites in animals in New Zealand and assess the prevalence of subclinical MRSA colonisation in dogs and cats attending veterinary clinics in Auckland. METHODS MRSA isolates from clinical specimens obtained by the main New Zealand veterinary diagnostic laboratories between June 2012 and June 2013, were genotypically characterised by DNA microarray hybridisation analysis and spa typing. In addition, nasal or perineal skin swabs collected from a cross-sectional sample of dogs (n=361) and cats (n=225) attending 29 veterinary clinics in Auckland during the same period were analysed for MRSA by culture. RESULTS Eight MRSA clinical isolates were submitted for characterisation by the participating laboratories. The isolates originated from five dogs, including two isolates from the same dog, one foal, and one isolate had no identification of the source. The strain-types identified were AK3 (ST-5 SCCmecIV t045; n=1), USA500 (ST8 SCCmecIV t064; n=1), WSPP (ST30 SCCmecIV t019; n=1), Rhine Hesse (ST5 SCCmecII t002; n=2), and EMRSA-15 (ST22 SCCmecIV t032; n=3). No MRSA were isolated from 586 cultured swabs. Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus were detected in 9/257 (3.5%) swabs and non-aureus staphylococci in 22/257 (8.5%) swabs. The estimated true MRSA subclinical colonisation prevalence was 0%, with an upper 95% CI boundary of 1.9% for cats and 1.4% for dogs. CONCLUSIONS The modest number of MRSA isolates submitted for this study by the participating laboratories suggests clinical MRSA infection in animals in New Zealand continues to be sporadic. The wide variety of strain-types found mirrored the evolving strain-type diversity observed in humans. We cannot rule out bias due to the non-random sampling of dogs and cats, but the apparent colonisation prevalence of 0% was consistent with the low prevalence of subclinical colonisation in humans in New Zealand. These similarities indicate the epidemiology of animal and human MRSA infections are linked. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In the last decade, the prevalence of human MRSA infections in New Zealand has steadily increased. This is the second published study of MRSA in animals in New Zealand. The results indicate clinical MRSA infection in animals remains sporadic, but the diversification of the strain-types may pose new therapeutic challenges to veterinarians, due to their diverse resistome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karkaba
- a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Infectious Diseases Group , Massey University , Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442 , New Zealand
| | - J Benschop
- b Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, mEpiLab , Massey University , Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442 , New Zealand
| | - K E Hill
- a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Infectious Diseases Group , Massey University , Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442 , New Zealand
| | - A Grinberg
- a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Infectious Diseases Group , Massey University , Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442 , New Zealand
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McDougall S, Hussein H, Petrovski K. Antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae from dairy cows with mastitis. N Z Vet J 2013; 62:68-76. [PMID: 24215609 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2013.843135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of antimicrobials for common mastitis pathogens from dairy cows in New Zealand; and to assess the effect of source of the isolates, i.e. commercial veterinary laboratories or collected as part of research studies; the clinical status of the cow, i.e. subclinical or clinical mastitis; cow age and herd on the distribution of the MIC. METHODS Minimal inhibitory concentrations for Staphylococcus aureus (n=364), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (n=65) and Streptococcus uberis (n=102) isolated from milk samples from dairy cows were determined for a variety of antimicrobials using broth microdilution. Isolates of S. aureus were sourced from research studies from both subclinically (n=161) and clinically (n=104) affected cows, as well as from commercial veterinary laboratories (n=101); while all the streptococcal isolates were from commercial laboratories. Resistance was defined using the cut-points provided by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). RESULTS The distribution of MIC varied among the bacterial species for every antimicrobial tested (p<0.001). Of the S. aureus isolates, 28, 2 and 0.5% were resistant to penicillin, ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, respectively. For S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis isolates, 17 and 13% were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, respectively. One isolate (1%) of S. uberis was resistant to penicillin. The distribution of MIC of S. aureus varied with clinical status, between herds, and with age of cow (p<0.05). The distribution of MIC for S. aureus for penicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cloxacillin and ampicillin were lower from clinical than subclinical cases, and those for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and oxytetracycline from isolates from veterinary laboratories were lower than for those from research studies. CONCLUSIONS Resistance to some beta-lactam antimicrobials and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were found in isolates from cases of bovine mastitis. The distribution of MIC for isolates of S. aureus varied with clinical status of the cow, the age of the cow, the herd and with the source of isolate. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Resistance to penicillin was found in a quarter of S. aureus isolates, but in virtually no Streptococcus isolates; therefore microbial identification and sensitivity testing would be beneficial when assessing treatment options. The source of the isolates affected the estimated MIC, suggesting that selection of isolates for monitoring of resistance requires care and that use of routine submissions to commercial laboratories to assess antimicrobial resistance patterns may result in biased estimates of prevalence of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S McDougall
- a Cognosco, Anexa Animal Health , PO Box 21, Morrinsville , New Zealand
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Bergström A, Gustafsson C, Leander M, Fredriksson M, Grönlund U, Trowald-Wigh G. Occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococci in surgically treated dogs and the environment in a Swedish animal hospital. J Small Anim Pract 2012; 53:404-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2012.01238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Bergström
- University Animal Hospital; Box 7040; SE-750 07; Uppsala; Sweden
| | - C. Gustafsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Bacteriology and Food Safety; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 7009; SE-750 07; Uppsala; Sweden
| | - M. Leander
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Bacteriology and Food Safety; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 7009; SE-750 07; Uppsala; Sweden
| | - M. Fredriksson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Bacteriology and Food Safety; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 7009; SE-750 07; Uppsala; Sweden
| | - U. Grönlund
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies; National Veterinary Institute (SVA); SE-75189; Uppsala; Sweden
| | - G. Trowald-Wigh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Bacteriology and Food Safety; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 7009; SE-750 07; Uppsala; Sweden
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Pleydell EJ, Souphavanh † K, Hill KE, French NP, Prattley DJ. Descriptive epidemiological study of the use of antimicrobial drugs by companion animal veterinarians in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2012; 60:115-22. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2011.643733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Cohn LA, Middleton JR. A veterinary perspective on methicillin-resistant staphylococci. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2010; 20:31-45. [PMID: 20230433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To familiarize the reader with the epidemiology, diagnosis, and infectious and zoonotic potential of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. DATA SOURCES Original research publications, scientific reviews and abstracts, case reports, and conference proceedings. HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS Staphylococcus aureus is a common human commensal organism; acquisition of genes encoding an altered penicillin-binding protein confers resistance to beta-lactam antimicrobial drugs. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are often resistant to non-beta-lactam antimicrobial drugs as well. Originally described as an important cause of nosocomial infection, MRSA colonization and infection are now often identified in humans outside healthcare settings. Like other S. aureus, MRSA may be present without clinical illness. However, when they do cause infection the consequences can be extremely serious. VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS The major domestic animal species, including pets and livestock, may become contaminated, colonized, or infected with methicillin-resistant staphylococci, including MRSA. Dogs and cats are more likely to be colonized/infected with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius than S. aureus, but this pathogen can acquire genes encoding methicillin resistance (ie, MRSP). Diagnosis of MRSA or MRSP has implications not only for treatment of infected animals, but for potential zoonotic transmission. CONCLUSIONS MRSA infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. Animals may be contaminated, colonized, or infected with MRSA, with implications for the animal's health and as a potential reservoir for human infection. Staphylococci other than S. aureus may also acquire genes for methicillin resistance, and these species can also result in animal and occasionally human morbidity or mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A Cohn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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15
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Enhanced discrimination of highly clonal ST22-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus IV isolates achieved by combining spa, dru, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing data. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:1839-52. [PMID: 20335411 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02155-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ST22-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus type IV (ST22-MRSA-IV) is endemic in Irish hospitals and is designated antibiogram-resistogram type-pulsed-field group (AR-PFG) 06-01. Isolates of this highly clonal strain exhibit limited numbers of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns and spa types. This study investigated whether combining PFGE and spa typing with DNA sequencing of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmec)-associated direct repeat unit (dru typing) would improve isolate discrimination. A total of 173 MRSA isolates recovered in one Irish hospital during periods in 2007 and 2008 were investigated using antibiogram-resistogram (AR), PFGE, spa, dru, and SCCmec typing. Isolates representative of each of the 17 pulsed-field group 01 (PFG-01) spa types identified underwent multilocus sequence typing, and all isolates were ST22. Ninety-seven percent of isolates (168 of 173) exhibited AR-PFG 06-01 or closely related AR patterns, and 163 of these isolates harbored SCCmec type IVh. The combination of PFGE, spa, and dru typing methods significantly improved discrimination of the 168 PFG-01 isolates, yielding 65 type combinations with a Simpson's index of diversity (SID) of 96.53, compared to (i) pairwise combinations of spa and dru typing, spa and PFGE typing, and dru and PFGE typing, which yielded 37, 44, and 43 type combinations with SIDs of 90.84, 91.00, and 93.57, respectively, or (ii) individual spa, dru, and PFGE typing methods, which yielded 17, 17, and 21 types with SIDs of 66.9, 77.83, and 81.34, respectively. Analysis of epidemiological information for a subset of PFG-01 isolates validated the relationships inferred using combined PFGE, spa, and dru typing data. This approach significantly enhances discrimination of ST22-MRSA-IV isolates and could be applied to epidemiological investigations of other highly clonal MRSA strains.
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16
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Atyah MAS, Zamri-Saad M, Siti-Zahrah A. First report of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from cage-cultured tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Vet Microbiol 2010; 144:502-4. [PMID: 20189324 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Swabs from the brain, eyes and kidneys of tilapia from 11 farms were collected for a period of 2 years. They were grown on blood agar before cultures of suspected Staphylococcus aureus were subjected to ABI STAPH Detection Kit and PCR for identification. They were then grown on oxacillin resistance screening agar base (ORSAB) and subjected to PCR using the MRSA 17 kb forward and reverse primers to identify the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). A total of 559 isolates of Staphylococcus spp. were obtained, from which 198 (35%) isolates were identified as S. aureus. Of the 198 S. aureus isolated from tilapias, 98 (50%) were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Since global spread of multi-drug-resistant bacteria has increased in the past decade, this new finding in fish should be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A S Atyah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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17
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Companion animals: a reservoir for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the community? Epidemiol Infect 2010; 138:595-605. [PMID: 20056014 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268809991476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the literature on the epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in dogs, cats and horses. Over the past 10 years, MRSA has emerged as an important pathogen in veterinary medicine, especially in countries with a high MRSA burden in human hospitals. During the same period, community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections in humans without apparent links to healthcare facilities have increased dramatically. Although animal infections occur outside human hospitals, significant epidemiological, clinical and genetic differences exist between CA-MRSA in humans and the majority of MRSA infections in the different animal species. The recognition of MRSA in animals has raised concern over their role as potential reservoirs or vectors for human MRSA infection in the community. However, available data on MRSA transmission between humans and companion animals are limited and the public health impact of such transmission needs to be the subject of more detailed epidemiological studies.
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18
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Scicluna EA, Shore AC, Thürmer A, Ehricht R, Slickers P, Borg MA, Coleman DC, Monecke S. Characterisation of MRSA from Malta and the description of a Maltese epidemic MRSA strain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 29:163-70. [PMID: 19911206 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-009-0834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Malta has one of the highest prevalence rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Europe. However, only limited typing data are currently available. In order to address this situation, 45 MRSA isolates from the Mater Dei Hospital in Msida, Malta, were characterised using DNA microarrays. The most common strain was ST22-MRSA-IV (UK-EMRSA-15, 30 isolates). Sporadic strains included ST36-MRSA-II (UK-EMRSA-16, two isolates), PVL-positive ST80-MRSA-IV (European Clone, one isolate), ST228-MRSA-I (Italian Clone/South German Epidemic Strain, one isolate) and ST239-MRSA-III (Vienna/Hungarian/Brazilian Epidemic Strain, one isolate). Ten MRSA isolates belonged to a clonal complex (CC) 5/ST149, spa type t002 strain. This strain harboured an SCCmec IV element (mecA, delta mecR, ugpQ, dcs, ccrA2 and ccrB2), as well as novel alleles of ccrA/B and the fusidic acid resistance element Q6GD50 (previously described in the sequenced strain MSSA476, BX571857.1:SAS0043). It also carried the gene for enterotoxin A (sea) and the egc enterotoxin locus, as well as (in nine out of ten isolates) genes encoding the toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst1) and enterotoxins C and L (sec, sel). While the presence of the other MRSA strains suggests foreign importation due to travel between Malta and other European countries, the CC5/t002 strain appears, so far, to be restricted to Malta.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Scicluna
- Infection Control Unit, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
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19
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Weese JS, van Duijkeren E. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in veterinary medicine. Vet Microbiol 2009; 140:418-29. [PMID: 19246166 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococci are important opportunistic pathogens in most animal species. Among the most relevant species are the coagulase positive species Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Methicillin resistance has emerged as an important problem in both of these organisms, with significant concerns about animal and public health. The relative importance of these staphylococci on different animal species varies, as do the concerns about zoonotic transmission, yet it is clear that both present a challenge to veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada.
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