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Ibáñez C, Moreno-Manrique M, Villagrá A, Bueso-Ródenas J, Mínguez C. Evaluation of Non-Contact Device to Measure Body Temperature in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:98. [PMID: 38200829 PMCID: PMC10778359 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-contact devices have been used in the measurement of body temperature in livestock production as a tool for testing disease in different species. However, there are few studies about the variation and correlations in body temperature between rectal temperature (RT) and non-contact devices such as non-contact infrared thermometers (NCIT) and thermal imaging/infrared thermography (IRT). The objective of this work was to evaluate the accuracy of non-contact devices to measure the body temperature in sheep, considering six body regions and the possibility of implementing these systems in herd management. The experiment was carried out at the experimental farm of the Catholic University of Valencia, located in the municipality of Massanassa in July of 2021, with 72 dry manchega ewes, and we compared the rectal temperature with two types of non-contact infrared devices for the assessment of body temperature in healthy sheep. Except for the temperature taken by NCIT at the muzzle, the correlation between RT vs. NCIT or IRT showed a low significance or was difficult to use for practical flock management purposes. In addition, the variability between devices was high, which implies that measurements should be interpreted with caution in warm climates and open pens, such as most sheep farms in the Spanish Mediterranean area. The use of infrared cameras devices to assess body temperature may have a promising future, but in order to be widely applied as a routine management method on farms, the system needs to become cheaper, simpler in terms of measurements and quicker in terms of analyzing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ibáñez
- Department of Animal Production and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Experimental Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (C.I.); (C.M.)
| | - María Moreno-Manrique
- Doctoral School, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Aránzazu Villagrá
- Centro de Investigación en Tecnología Animal (CITA), Valencian Institute for Agricultura Research (IVIA), 12400 Segorbe, Spain;
| | - Joel Bueso-Ródenas
- Department of Animal Production and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Experimental Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (C.I.); (C.M.)
| | - Carlos Mínguez
- Department of Animal Production and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Experimental Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (C.I.); (C.M.)
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Kang H, Zsoldos RR, Sole-Guitart A, Narayan E, Cawdell-Smith AJ, Gaughan JB. Heat stress in horses: a literature review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023; 67:957-973. [PMID: 37060454 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Healthy adult horses can balance accumulation and dissipation of body heat to maintain their body temperature between 37.5 and 38.5 °C, when they are in their thermoneutral zone (5 to 25 °C). However, under some circumstances, such as following strenuous exercise under hot, or hot and humid conditions, the accumulation of body heat exceeds dissipation and horses can suffer from heat stress. Prolonged or severe heat stress can lead to anhidrosis, heat stroke, or brain damage in the horse. To ameliorate the negative effects of high heat load in the body, early detection of heat stress and immediate human intervention is required to reduce the horse's elevated body temperature in a timely manner. Body temperature measurement and deviations from the normal range are used to detect heat stress. Rectal temperature is the most commonly used method to monitor body temperature in horses, but other body temperature monitoring technologies, percutaneous thermal sensing microchips or infrared thermometry, are currently being studied for routine monitoring of the body temperature of horses as a more practical alternative. When heat stress is detected, horses can be cooled down by cool water application, air movement over the horse (e.g., fans), or a combination of these. The early detection of heat stress and the use of the most effective cooling methods is important to improve the welfare of heat stressed horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsuk Kang
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia.
| | - Rebeka R Zsoldos
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - Albert Sole-Guitart
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - Edward Narayan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - A Judith Cawdell-Smith
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - John B Gaughan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
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Easterwood L, Cohen ND. Agreement of Temperatures Measured Using a Non-Contact Infrared Thermometer With a Rectal Digital Thermometer in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 123:104243. [PMID: 36806714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the body temperature of horses is an essential tool for monitoring horse health and biosecurity in groups of horses. Temperatures of horses and foals are determined most often using rectal thermometry. Rectal thermometry has limitations that include safety considerations for horses and humans. Thus, we investigated the agreement between a noncontact infrared thermometer (NCIT) and a rectal digital thermometer in 142 horses and 34 foals. For each horse and foal, measurements using the NCIT were collected from the forehead (n = 2) or neck (n = 1) and with a rectal digital thermometer (n = 1). Although the NCIT demonstrated good reliability (i.e. repeatability of measurements), a large negative bias (nearly 2°F (-16.7°C) in adult horses and >3°F (-16.1°C) in foals) was observed between readings from the NCIT and the rectal thermometer in healthy horses. Although horses with febrile illness were not included in the study, our results indicate that the large and inconsistent bias observed with the NCIT indicates that these devices will not be a suitable substitute for rectal thermometry for obtaining valid estimates of core body temperature in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Easterwood
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
| | - Noah D Cohen
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Kang H, Zsoldos RR, Skinner JE, Gaughan JB, Mellor VA, Sole-Guitart A. The Use of Percutaneous Thermal Sensing Microchips to Measure Body Temperature in Horses during and after Exercise Using Three Different Cool-Down Methods. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101267. [PMID: 35625113 PMCID: PMC9137820 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequent monitoring of a horse’s body temperature post strenuous exercise is critical to prevent or alleviate exertional heat illness (EHI) from occurring. Percutaneous thermal sensing microchip (PTSM) technology has the potential to be used as a means of monitoring a horse’s body temperature during and post-exercise. However, the accuracy of the temperature readings obtained, and their relationship to core body temperature are dependent on where they are implanted. This study aimed to document the relationship between core body temperature, and temperature readings obtained using PTSM implanted in different muscles, during exercise and post application of different cool-down methods. PTSMs were implanted into the right pectoral, right gluteal, right splenius muscles, and nuchal ligament. The temperatures were monitored during treadmill exercise, and post application of three different cool-down methods: no water application (Wno), water application only (Wonly), and water application following scraping (Wscraping). Central venous temperature (TCV) and PTSM temperatures from each region were obtained to investigate the optimal body site for microchip implantation. In this study, PTSM technology provided a practical, safe, and quick means of measuring body temperature in horses. However, its temperature readings varied depending on the implantation site. All muscle temperature readings exhibited strong relationships with TCV (r = 0.85~0.92, p < 0.05) after treadmill exercise without human intervention (water application), while the nuchal ligament temperature showed poor relationship with TCV. The relationships between TCV and PTSM temperatures became weaker with water application. Overall, however the pectoral muscle temperature measured by PTSM technology had the most constant relationships with TCV and showed the best potential to act as an alternate means of monitoring body temperature in horses for 50 min post-exercise, when there was no human intervention with cold water application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsuk Kang
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (H.K.); (R.R.Z.); (J.E.S.); (J.B.G.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Rebeka R. Zsoldos
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (H.K.); (R.R.Z.); (J.E.S.); (J.B.G.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Jazmine E. Skinner
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (H.K.); (R.R.Z.); (J.E.S.); (J.B.G.); (V.A.M.)
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - John B. Gaughan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (H.K.); (R.R.Z.); (J.E.S.); (J.B.G.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Vincent A. Mellor
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (H.K.); (R.R.Z.); (J.E.S.); (J.B.G.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Albert Sole-Guitart
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Zakari FO, Ayo JO. Comparison of body temperature in donkeys using rectal digital, infrared, and mercury-in-glass thermometers during the hot-dry season in a tropical savannah. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:1053-1067. [PMID: 33616760 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-021-02087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed at comparing variations in body temperature values recorded using rectal digital, infrared, and mercury-in-glass thermometers in donkeys during the hot-dry season, prevailing under tropical savannah conditions. Thirty donkeys that served as subjects were divided into three groups of adults, yearlings, and foals. Values of the body temperature of each donkey were recorded bihourly, starting from 06:00 h till 18:00 h, by digital (5-cm depth of insertion), mercury-in-glass (3 cm depth), and infrared thermometers. The values obtained by each type of the thermometer were compared with those recorded using a 15-cm digital probe (Model HI935007, Hanna Instruments, range -50.0 to 150.0°C; accuracy ± 0.2°C) which served as the gold standard. Dry-bulb temperature (34.00 ± 0.50°C), temperature-humidity index (79.65 ± 0.15), and wet-bulb globe temperature (28.00 ± 0.50) index peaked at 14:00 h. The mean body temperatures for rectal probe, digital, mercury-in-glass, and infrared thermometers were 38.35 ± 0.11°C, 37.24 ± 0.04°C, 36.76 ± 0.06°C, and 36.92 ± 0.07°C, respectively. In comparison to the rectal probe, the mean bias for digital (-1.11 ± 0.05°C), mercury-in-glass (-1.59 ± 0.07°C), and infrared thermometers (-1.38 ± 0.07°C) was large. The Passing-Bablok regression plot demonstrated significant deviation from linearity (p < 0.01) when digital, infrared, and mercury-in-glass thermometers were compared to the rectal probe. The area under the curve (AUC) for digital (AUC: 0.7005 ± 0.01 [95%: 0.6853 - 0.7310], infrared (AUC: 0.6711 ± 0.01 [95%: 0.6322 - 0.7100], and mercury-in-glass (AUC: 0.6321 ± 0.01 [95%: 0.6001 - 0.7873] thermometers showed poor accuracy with low sensitivity. In conclusion, the use of digital, mercury-in-glass, and infrared thermometers in recording body temperature in donkeys during the hot-dry season underestimated the values. Their use in measuring body temperature may result in wrong diagnosis, and compromise the control of hyperthermia and diseases associated with thermoregulatory impairments in donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friday Ocheja Zakari
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria.
| | - Joseph Olusegun Ayo
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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de Oliveira Scarpino van Cleef F, Haydt Castello Branco van Cleef E, de Abreu Santos DJ, Herédias Ribas CM, Zirondi Longhini V, Ruggieri AC. Physiological and behavioural responses of sheep grazing in a tropical silvopastoral system. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an20317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Integrating trees and pastures can provide benefits to grazing animals in warm climates, such as provision of shade during the excessive heat.
Aim
Our aim was to evaluate the effects of two arrangements of trees on grass production and behavioural, physiological and blood parameters of crossbred lambs grazing massai grass (Megathyrsus maximus) pastures in a tropical environment in São Paulo state, Brazil.
Methods
Two groups of 24 Santa Inês × Dorper male lambs (~90 days old, 24.0 ± 3.3 and 22.0 ± 2.4 kg bodyweight, respectively) were used in two growing seasons, stratified by initial bodyweight and randomly assigned to one of three treatments: unshaded massai grass (no shading, NS), moderate shading (MS), or intense shading (IS). Treatments MS and IS were established with single rows of eucalyptus trees at spacing 12 m or 6 m between rows and 2 m within rows, corresponding to 786 and 1190 trees/ha. Each growing season consisted of two grazing cycles of ~20 days each, when tester animals grazed simultaneously in a rotational stocking system with variable stocking rate. Behavioural observations were feeding, lying ruminating, standing ruminating, lying, standing still, searching for food, and other. Physiological measurements were rectal temperature, respiratory frequency and heart rate. Blood parameters included haemogram, acute-phase proteins and serum cortisol concentrations.
Key results
Animals under treatment IS spent more time (P < 0.05) lying, standing still and at other activities than animals under NS and MS. Moreover, they presented lower rectal temperature and respiratory and heart rates than animals under NS during the first growing season, which was the season with higher temperatures. Cortisol and acute-phase proteins were not affected by treatment.
Conclusions
When animals were exposed to sun, the silvopastoral system was efficient for avoiding heat stress; however, the density of trees reduced the forage mass.
Implications
The silvopastoral system is a viable alternative production system in warm climates to improve the welfare of sheep, but the density of trees must be considered so that it does not negatively influence the forage mass.
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Feng YZ, Zhao HT, Jia GF, Ojukwu C, Tan HQ. Establishment of validated models for non-invasive prediction of rectal temperature of sows using infrared thermography and chemometrics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:1405-1415. [PMID: 31375909 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-019-01758-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rectal temperature is an important physiological indicator used to characterize the reproductive and health status of sows. Infrared thermography, a surface temperature measurement technology, was investigated in this study to explore its feasibility in non-invasive detection of rectal temperature in sows. A total of 124 records of rectal temperature and surface temperature in various body regions of 99 Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred sows were collected. These surface temperatures together with ambient temperature, ambient humidity, and wind speed in pig pens were correlated with the real rectal temperature of sows to establish rectal temperature prediction models by introducing chemometrics algorithms. Two types of models, i.e., full feature models and selected feature models, were established by applying the partial least squares regression (PLSR) method. The optimal model was attained when 7 important features were selected by LARS-Lasso, where correlation coefficients and root mean squared errors of calibration were 0.80 and 0.30 °C, respectively. Particularly, the validity and stability of established simplified models were further evaluated by applying the model to an independent prediction set, where correlation coefficients and root mean squared errors for prediction were 0.80 and 0.35 °C, respectively. The validation of established models is scarce in previous similar studies. Above all, this study demonstrated that introduction of chemometrics methodologies would lead to more reliable and accurate model for predicting sow rectal temperature, thus the potential for ensuring animal welfare in a broader view if extended to more applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ze Feng
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Hai-Tao Zhao
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gui-Feng Jia
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chijioke Ojukwu
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - He-Qun Tan
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Buczinski S, Faure C, Jolivet S, Abdallah A. Evaluation of inter-observer agreement when using a clinical respiratory scoring system in pre-weaned dairy calves. N Z Vet J 2016; 64:243-7. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2016.1153439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Buczinski
- Clinique Ambulatoire Bovine, Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, CP 5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C6
| | - C Faure
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique (INP), Toulouse, 31076, France
| | - S Jolivet
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique (INP), Toulouse, 31076, France
| | - A Abdallah
- Clinique Ambulatoire Bovine, Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, CP 5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C6
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44519, Egypt
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