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M de Freitas Pereira R, de Oliveira Filho HS, C Duarte JL, R P Júnior F, de Sousa Lima T, Dos Santos KMOL, da Silva Pereira E, Jerônimo da Silva N, Bruno de Oliveira CJ, Leal de Araújo J, de Souza Mendonça F. Fibrinonecrotic enteritis and orchitis associated with Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae infection in a short-tailed boa (Boa constrictor amarali). J Comp Pathol 2024; 209:1-5. [PMID: 38306731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae has been recovered from a wide variety of species, including reptiles, and has been linked to important clinical manifestations in snakes and lizards. We describe a case of concomitant fibrinonecrotic enteritis and orchitis associated with S. enterica subsp houtenae infection in a short-tailed boa (Boa constrictor amarali). At necropsy, the mucosa of the large intestine was covered by a focally extensive fibrinonecrotic exudate (diphtheritic pseudomembrane). The left testicle was enlarged, firm and diffusely expanded by a thick fibrinous yellow exudate. Polymerase chain reaction and conclusive antigenic testing indicated that the bacteria isolated from the lesions were S. enterica subsp houtenae, and the virulence genes InvA, slyA, stn and spvC were identified. This report reinforces that, although S. enterica subsp houtenae has been isolated from asymptomatic reptiles, it has the potential to cause life-threatening disease in snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel M de Freitas Pereira
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Manuel de Medeiros Street 97, Recife-PE, 52171-900, Brazil.
| | - Hodias S de Oliveira Filho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - José L C Duarte
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Fabiano R P Júnior
- Department of Wild Animals, Cesmac University Center, Highway Divaldo Suruagy S/N, Marechal Deodoro-AL, 57081-350, Brazil
| | - Telma de Sousa Lima
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Manuel de Medeiros Street 97, Recife-PE, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Kin M O L Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Edivaldo da Silva Pereira
- Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Nádyra Jerônimo da Silva
- Laboratory for the Evaluation of Products of Animal Origin, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Celso J Bruno de Oliveira
- Laboratory for the Evaluation of Products of Animal Origin, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Jeann Leal de Araújo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Souza Mendonça
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Manuel de Medeiros Street 97, Recife-PE, 52171-900, Brazil
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Salmonella Infection in Turtles: A Risk for Staff Involved in Wildlife Management? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061529. [PMID: 34073932 PMCID: PMC8225080 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of non-typhoidal Salmonella in the turtles housed in a regional wildlife rescue centre of Apulia, in southern Italy, to assess the presence of Salmonella serovars that may represent a risk for operators involved in wildlife management. Sixty-nine tortoises, of which 36 were males and 33 were females, belonging to different species (Testudo hermanni hermanni, T. h. boettgeri, T. graeca, and T. marginata) were tested. All the turtles were adults (34 between 6 and 10 years of age and 35 more than 10 years of age). Salmonella was statistically detected more frequently in T. hermanni hermanni. No differences of the infection prevalence related to animal gender or age were found. Two different species, S. enterica and S. bongori, three S. enterica subspecies (enterica, diarizonae, salamae), and five different serovars (Hermannswerder, Abony, Ferruch, Richmond, Vancouver) within the group S. enterica subspecies enterica were identified. Two Salmonella types with different combinations were simultaneously found in specimens of T. h. hermanni. Most of the detected Salmonella types may represent a potential risk for operators in wildlife rescue centres. Abstract Monitoring of infections that may be transmitted to humans by animals in wildlife rescue centres is very important in order to protect the staff engaged in rehabilitation practices. Salmonella may be a natural inhabitant of the intestinal tract of turtles, rarely causing disease. This may represent a potential risk for humans, increasing the sanitary risk for operators in wildlife rescue centres. In this paper, the occurrence of non-typhoidal Salmonella among terrestrial turtles housed in a wildlife rescue centre in Southern Italy was investigated, in order to assess the serovars more frequently carried by turtles and identify those that may represent a risk for operators involved in wildlife management. Sixty-nine adult turtles (Testudo hermanni hermanni, T. h. boettgeri, T. graeca, and T. marginata) were tested. Detection and serotyping of Salmonella strains were performed according to ISO 6579-1 and ISO/TR 6579-3:2013, respectively. The distribution of Salmonella spp. was significantly higher in T. hermanni hermanni than in other species, independent of the age and gender of the animals. Two different Salmonella species, S. enterica and S. bongori, three S. enterica subspecies (enterica, diarizonae, salamae), and five different serovars (Hermannswerder, Abony, Ferruch, Richmond, Vancouver) within the group S. enterica subspecies enterica were identified. Different combinations of Salmonella types were simultaneously found in specimens of T. h. hermanni. Most of detected Salmonella types may represent a potential risk for public health. Adopting correct animal husbandry procedures and informing on potential sanitary risks may be useful for minimising the risk of transmission of Salmonella to workers involved in wildlife management.
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Salmonella enterica subspecies houtenae as an opportunistic pathogen in a case of meningoencephalomyelitis and bacteriuria in a dog. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:437. [PMID: 33176763 PMCID: PMC7659121 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We report the first case of canine Salmonella meningoencephalomyelitis and second case of canine Salmonella bacteriuria, as well as the first reported case of Salmonella enterica subspecies houtenae in a dog. Case presentation Immunosuppressive treatment in a dog for a relapse of steroid-responsive meningitis and arteritis (SRMA) allowed for the opportunistic establishment of a bacteremia with Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae, ultimately causing meningoencephalomyelitis and subclinical bacteriuria. The bacterial infections were treated with a four-month course of amoxicillin; clinical treatment success was determined by serial negative urine cultures and lack of clinical signs correlated to the meningoencephalomyelitis. Conclusions Both the bacteriuria and meningoencephalomyelitis represented opportunistic infections in a dog immunosuppressed for SRMA. The clinical course of this infectious meningoencephalitis emphasizes the importance of differentiating relapse of initial disease from opportunistic infection occurring in a compromised central nervous system. The novel Salmonella species identified in this case acts as a reminder that infectious disease diagnostics should not be curbed by anecdotal prediction of routine pathogenic suspects. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-020-02652-5.
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Work TM, Dagenais J, Stacy BA, Ladner JT, Lorch JM, Balazs GH, Barquero-Calvo E, Berlowski-Zier BM, Breeden R, Corrales-Gómez N, Gonzalez-Barrientos R, Harris HS, Hernández-Mora G, Herrera-Ulloa Á, Hesami S, Jones TT, Morales JA, Norton TM, Rameyer RA, Taylor DR, Waltzek TB. A novel host-adapted strain of Salmonella Typhimurium causes renal disease in olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) in the Pacific. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9313. [PMID: 31249336 PMCID: PMC6597722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are frequently shed by wildlife including turtles, but S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium or lesions associated with Salmonella are rare in turtles. Between 1996 and 2016, we necropsied 127 apparently healthy pelagic olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) that died from drowning bycatch in fisheries and 44 live or freshly dead stranded turtles from the west coast of North and Central America and Hawaii. Seven percent (9/127) of pelagic and 47% (21/44) of stranded turtles had renal granulomas associated with S. Typhimurium. Stranded animals were 12 times more likely than pelagic animals to have Salmonella-induced nephritis suggesting that Salmonella may have been a contributing cause of stranding. S. Typhimurium was the only Salmonella serovar detected in L. olivacea, and phylogenetic analysis from whole genome sequencing showed that the isolates from L. olivacea formed a single clade distinct from other S. Typhimurium. Molecular clock analysis revealed that this novel clade may have originated as recently as a few decades ago. The phylogenetic lineage leading to this group is enriched for non-synonymous changes within the genomic area of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 suggesting that these genes are important for host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry M Work
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu Field Station, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96850, United States of America.
| | - Julie Dagenais
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu Field Station, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96850, United States of America
| | - Brian A Stacy
- NOAA Fisheries, Office of Protected Resources, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32603, United States of America
| | - Jason T Ladner
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M Lorch
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, 53711, United States of America
| | - George H Balazs
- Golden Honu Services of Oceania, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96825, United States of America
| | - Elías Barquero-Calvo
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria (EMV), Universidad Nacional Costa Rica, Heredia, 3000, Costa Rica
| | - Brenda M Berlowski-Zier
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, 53711, United States of America
| | - Renee Breeden
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu Field Station, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96850, United States of America
| | | | - Rocio Gonzalez-Barrientos
- Pathology Area National Service of Animal Health (SENASA), Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Heredia, 3000, Costa Rica
| | - Heather S Harris
- NOAA Fisheries West Coast Region, Morro Bay, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Hernández-Mora
- Pathology Area National Service of Animal Health (SENASA), Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Heredia, 3000, Costa Rica
| | - Ángel Herrera-Ulloa
- Bacteriology Area, National Service of Animal Health (SENASA), Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Heredia, 3000, Costa Rica
| | - Shoreh Hesami
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32603, United States of America
| | - T Todd Jones
- NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96818, United States of America
| | - Juan Alberto Morales
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria (EMV), Universidad Nacional Costa Rica, Heredia, 3000, Costa Rica
| | - Terry M Norton
- Georgia Sea Turtle Center/Jekyll Island Authority, Jekyll Island, Georgia, 31527, United States of America
| | - Robert A Rameyer
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu Field Station, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96850, United States of America
| | - Daniel R Taylor
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, 53711, United States of America
| | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32603, United States of America
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Cojean O, Vergneau-Grosset C, Masseau I. Ultrasonographic anatomy of reproductive female leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius). Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 59:333-344. [PMID: 29458234 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Captive leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) often present to the exotic clinic for gastrointestinal impactions, follicular stasis, or dystocia. To our knowledge, normal ultrasonographic anatomy of these lizards has not been described. The objectives of this prospective, anatomic, analytical study were to develop ultrasound techniques for this species and to describe the normal sonographic anatomy of the head, coelomic cavity, and tail. Eleven, healthy, female leopard geckos were included. A linear array 13-18 MHz transducer was used. Geckos were sedated and restrained in dorsal recumbency for coelomic structure examination and in ventral recumbency for head and tail examinations. Sagittal and transverse images were acquired and authors recorded qualitative and quantitative ultrasonographic characteristics of anatomic structures. The ventral surface of the lungs, liver, gallbladder, caudal vena cava, portal vein, ventral abdominal vein, aorta, ovarian follicles, fat bodies, tail, and brain were visualized in 10 of 11 individuals. In one individual, molt precluded ultrasonographic examination. The heart, kidneys, urinary bladder, spleen, and pancreas were not visualized. The digestive tract was observed in 10 individuals but was too small to be measured. Findings from the current study could be used as a reference for future studies of leopard geckos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Cojean
- Service de médecine zoologique, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Québec, Canada
| | - Claire Vergneau-Grosset
- Service de médecine zoologique, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Masseau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Québec, Canada
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Russo TP, Varriale L, Borrelli L, Pace A, Latronico M, Menna LF, Fioretti A, Dipineto L. Salmonella serotypes isolated in geckos kept in seven collections in southern Italy. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:294-297. [PMID: 29315571 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reptiles are considered an important reservoir of Salmonella species. This study evaluated the prevalence of Salmonella species in different species of gecko kept as pets in Italy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Faecal swab samples were collected from 70 clinically healthy geckos and examined for Salmonella species by culture that were then serotyped. RESULTS Salmonella species were isolated from 24 of 70 (34·3%) samples. Eighteen isolates expressed resistance to ceftazidime and four isolates to ampicillin. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Salmonella spp. can be isolated from apparently healthy captive gecko which should be considered as a potential source of infection for humans and other companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - L Varriale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - L Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - A Pace
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - M Latronico
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - L F Menna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - A Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - L Dipineto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
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Corrente M, Sangiorgio G, Grandolfo E, Bodnar L, Catella C, Trotta A, Martella V, Buonavoglia D. Risk for zoonotic Salmonella transmission from pet reptiles: A survey on knowledge, attitudes and practices of reptile-owners related to reptile husbandry. Prev Vet Med 2017; 146:73-78. [PMID: 28992930 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reptiles are becoming increasingly popular as pets. Those animals are reservoirs of a wide variety of Salmonella serotypes, that may be transmitted to warm-blooded animals, including humans. Accordingly, good hygiene practices related to husbandry are important for prevention of Reptile-associated salmonellosis (RAS). A cross-sectional study was conducted among reptile owners, by administration of a detailed questionnaire. In addition, the cloacal swabs of the sampled reptiles were screened for Salmonella spp. and the husbandry management practices were evaluated in order to assess any possible link between the presence of Salmonella spp. and the hygiene practices. The response rate to the questionnaire was 66.6% (100 out of 150 contacted owners). In 26 out of 100 families, members at risk of RAS (children and elderly) were present. One hundred animals were screened for the presence of Salmonella spp. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. carriers was 57% (Confidence interval 47-66%). Co-habitation of the animals with other reptiles in the same terrarium was associated with a 2-fold increase in the risk of infection by Salmonella spp.(Odds ratio=2.3, CI 1.2;13, p=0.02). Animals handled by owners that did not report washing their hands after the cleaning procedures or the handling were exposed to a 3-fold increase in the risk of infection (OR=3.1, CI 1.1;16, p=0.019). When drinking water was not replaced regularly, the animals were 7 times more exposed to infection (OR=6.8, CI 1.8;25, p=0.005). When the diet was constituted by rodents, 27 out of 48 reptiles (56.3%) were fed with live animals. In the present survey the typical reptile owner was a person, aware of ethological aspects of reptile husbandry but ignorant of some ethical recommendations and poorly informed about the health risks for himself and for the other family members. Prevention of RAS must rely mainly on information and education, with the veterinarian health bodies primarily involved in this difficult task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Corrente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km.3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Sangiorgio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km.3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Erika Grandolfo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km.3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Livia Bodnar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km.3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Cristiana Catella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km.3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Adriana Trotta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km.3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km.3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Domenico Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km.3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
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