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Guedes JS, Carneiro TR, Pinheiro PDSM, Fraga CA, Sant′Anna CM, Barreiro EJ, Lima LM. Methyl Effect on the Metabolism, Chemical Stability, and Permeability Profile of Bioactive N-Sulfonylhydrazones. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38752-38765. [PMID: 36340078 PMCID: PMC9631887 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonylhydrazones are privileged structures with multifaceted pharmacological activity. Exploring the hypoglycemic properties of these organic compounds, we previously revealed a new series of N-sulfonylhydrazones (NSH) as antidiabetic drug candidates. Here, we evaluated the microsomal metabolism, chemical stability, and permeability profile of these NSH prototypes, focusing on the pharmacokinetic differences in N-methylated and non-N-methylated analogs. Our results demonstrated that the N-methylated analogs (LASSBio-1772 and LASSBio-1774) were metabolized by CYP, forming three and one metabolites, respectively. These prototypes exhibited chemical stability at pH 2.0 and 7.4 and brain penetration ability. On the other hand, non-N-methylated analogs (LASSBio-1771 and LASSBio-1773) were hydrolyzed in acid pH and could not cross the artificial blood-brain barrier. The cyano group in LASSBio-1771 was postulated as a possible site of interaction with the heme group, potentially inhibiting CYP enzymes. Moreover, prototypes with the methyl ester group were metabolized by carboxylesterase, and non-N-methylated analogs did not show oxidative metabolism. The prototypes (except LASSBio-1774) showed excellent gastrointestinal absorption. Altogether, our data support the idea that the methyl effect on NSH strongly alters their pharmacokinetic profile, enhances the recognition by CYP enzymes, promotes brain penetration, and plays a protective effect upon acid hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica
de Siqueira Guedes
- Instituto
Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos
(INCT-INOFAR), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese
de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-902, Brazil
- Pós-graduação
em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Teiliane Rodrigues Carneiro
- Instituto
Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos
(INCT-INOFAR), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese
de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Pedro de Sena Murteira Pinheiro
- Instituto
Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos
(INCT-INOFAR), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese
de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto
Manssour Fraga
- Instituto
Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos
(INCT-INOFAR), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese
de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-902, Brazil
- Pós-graduação
em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Carlos Mauricio
R. Sant′Anna
- Instituto
Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos
(INCT-INOFAR), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese
de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-902, Brazil
- Departamento
de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica 23970-000, Brazil
| | - Eliezer J. Barreiro
- Instituto
Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos
(INCT-INOFAR), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese
de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-902, Brazil
- Pós-graduação
em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Lídia Moreira Lima
- Instituto
Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos
(INCT-INOFAR), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese
de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-902, Brazil
- Pós-graduação
em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-909, Brazil
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Yamazoe Y, Yoshinari K. Prediction of regioselectivity and preferred order of CYP1A1-mediated metabolism: Solving the interaction of human and rat CYP1A1 forms with ligands on the template system. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:165-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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3
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Prediction of regioselectivity and preferred order of metabolisms on CYP1A2-mediated reactions. Part 2: Solving substrate interactions of CYP1A2 with non-PAH substrates on the template system. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 32:229-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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4
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Backman JT, Filppula AM, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ. Role of Cytochrome P450 2C8 in Drug Metabolism and Interactions. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:168-241. [PMID: 26721703 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 10-15 years, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8 has emerged as an important drug-metabolizing enzyme. CYP2C8 is highly expressed in human liver and is known to metabolize more than 100 drugs. CYP2C8 substrate drugs include amodiaquine, cerivastatin, dasabuvir, enzalutamide, imatinib, loperamide, montelukast, paclitaxel, pioglitazone, repaglinide, and rosiglitazone, and the number is increasing. Similarly, many drugs have been identified as CYP2C8 inhibitors or inducers. In vivo, already a small dose of gemfibrozil, i.e., 10% of its therapeutic dose, is a strong, irreversible inhibitor of CYP2C8. Interestingly, recent findings indicate that the acyl-β-glucuronides of gemfibrozil and clopidogrel cause metabolism-dependent inactivation of CYP2C8, leading to a strong potential for drug interactions. Also several other glucuronide metabolites interact with CYP2C8 as substrates or inhibitors, suggesting that an interplay between CYP2C8 and glucuronides is common. Lack of fully selective and safe probe substrates, inhibitors, and inducers challenges execution and interpretation of drug-drug interaction studies in humans. Apart from drug-drug interactions, some CYP2C8 genetic variants are associated with altered CYP2C8 activity and exhibit significant interethnic frequency differences. Herein, we review the current knowledge on substrates, inhibitors, inducers, and pharmacogenetics of CYP2C8, as well as its role in clinically relevant drug interactions. In addition, implications for selection of CYP2C8 marker and perpetrator drugs to investigate CYP2C8-mediated drug metabolism and interactions in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne T Backman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
| | - Anne M Filppula
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
| | - Mikko Niemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
| | - Pertti J Neuvonen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University
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Oda S, Fukami T, Yokoi T, Nakajima M. A comprehensive review of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and esterases for drug development. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:30-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
Because of proven efficacy, reduced side effects, and less concern about addiction, non-benzodiazepine receptor agonists (non-BzRA) have become the most commonly prescribed hypnotic agents to treat onset and maintenance insomnia. First-line treatment is cognitive-behavioral therapy. When pharmacologic treatment is indicated, non-BzRA are first-line agents for the short-term and long-term management of transient and chronic insomnia related to adjustment, psychophysiologic, primary, and secondary causation. In this article, the benefits and risks of non-BzRA are reviewed, and the selection of a hypnotic agent is defined, based on efficacy, pharmacologic profile, and adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Becker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA; Sleep Medicine Associates of Texas, 5477 Glen Lakes Drive, Suite 100, Dallas, TX 75231, USA.
| | - Manya Somiah
- Sleep Medicine Associates of Texas, 5477 Glen Lakes Drive, Suite 100, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
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Shimizu M, Fukami T, Ito Y, Kurokawa T, Kariya M, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Indiplon Is Hydrolyzed by Arylacetamide Deacetylase in Human Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:751-8. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.056184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Ho MYK, Morris MJ, Pirhalla JL, Bauman JW, Pendry CB, Orford KW, Morrison RA, Cox DS. Trametinib, a first-in-class oral MEK inhibitor mass balance study with limited enrollment of two male subjects with advanced cancers. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:352-68. [PMID: 23971497 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.831143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. This study assessed the mass balance, metabolism and disposition of [(14)C]trametinib, a first-in-class mitogen-activated extracellular signal-related kinase (MEK) inhibitor, as an open-label, single solution dose (2 mg, 2.9 MBq [79 µCi]) in two male subjects with advanced cancer. 2. Trametinib absorption was rapid. Excretion was primarily via feces (∼81% of excreted dose); minor route was urinary (∼19% of excreted dose). The primary metabolic elimination route was deacetylation alone or in combination with hydroxylation. Circulating drug-related component profiles (composed of parent with metabolites) were similar to those found in elimination together with N-glucuronide of deacetylation product. Metabolite analysis was only possible from <50% of administered dose; therefore, percent of excreted dose (defined as fraction of percent of administered dose recovery over total dose recovered in excreta) was used to assess the relative importance of excretion and metabolite routes. The long elimination half-life (∼10 days) favoring sustained targeted activity was important in permitting trametinib to be the first MEK inhibitor with clinical activity in late stage clinical studies. 3. This study exemplifies the challenges and adaptability needed to understand the metabolism and disposition of an anticancer agent, like trametinib, with both low exposure and a long elimination half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Y K Ho
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline , King of Prussia, PA , USA
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10
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Löser R, Fischer S, Hiller A, Köckerling M, Funke U, Maisonial A, Brust P, Steinbach J. Use of 3-[(18)F]fluoropropanesulfonyl chloride as a prosthetic agent for the radiolabelling of amines: Investigation of precursor molecules, labelling conditions and enzymatic stability of the corresponding sulfonamides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1002-11. [PMID: 23766817 PMCID: PMC3678395 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
3-[(18)F]Fluoropropanesulfonyl chloride, a recently proposed prosthetic agent for fluorine-18 labelling, was prepared in a two-step radiosynthesis via 3-[(18)F]fluoropropyl thiocyanate as an intermediate. Two benzenesulfonate-based radiolabelling precursors were prepared by various routes. Comparing the reactivities of 3-thiocyanatopropyl nosylate and the corresponding tosylate towards [(18)F]fluoride the former proved to be superior accounting for labelling yields of up to 85%. Conditions for a reliable transformation of 3-[(18)F]fluoropropyl thiocyanate to the corresponding sulfonyl chloride with the potential for automation have been identified. The reaction of 3-[(18)F]fluoropropanesulfonyl chloride with eight different aliphatic and aromatic amines was investigated and the identity of the resulting (18)F-labelled sulfonamides was confirmed chromatographically by comparison with their nonradioactive counterparts. Even for weakly nucleophilic amines such as 4-nitroaniline the desired radiolabelled sulfonamides were accessible in satisfactory yields owing to systematic variation of the reaction conditions. With respect to the application of the (18)F-fluoropropansulfonyl group to the labelling of compounds relevant as imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET), the stability of N-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-fluoropropanesulfonamide against degradation catalysed by carboxylesterase was investigated and compared to that of the analogous fluoroacetamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reik Löser
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research (formerly Institute of Radiopharmacy), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany ; Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Bergstraße 66c, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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11
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Fenwick SJ, Scarth JP. In vitro metabolism of tiletamine, zolazepam and nonbenzodiazepine sedatives: Identification of target metabolites for equine doping control. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:705-16. [PMID: 21916022 DOI: 10.1002/dta.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Within horseracing, the detection of prohibited substance doping often requires urine analysis; hence, it is necessary to understand the metabolism of the drugs in question. Here, the previously unknown equine metabolism of eight sedatives is reported in order to provide information on target metabolites for use in doping control. Phase I metabolite information was provided by incubation with equine liver S9 fraction. In vitro techniques were chosen in order to reduce the ethical and financial issues surrounding the study of so many compounds, none of which are licensed for use in horses in the UK. Several metabolites of each drug were identified using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometric (LC-HRMS) analysis on an LTQ-Orbitrap. Further structural information was obtained by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis; allowing postulation of the structure of some of the most abundant in vitro metabolites. The most abundant metabolites of alpidem, etifoxine, indiplon, tiletamine, zaleplon, zolazepam, zolpidem, and zopiclone related to hydroxylation/N-oxidation, deethylation, demethylation, deethylation, hydroxylation/N-oxidation, demethylation, hydroxylation/N-oxidation and hydroxylation/N-oxidation, respectively. In many cases, further work would be required to fully elucidate the precise positioning of the functional groups involved. The results of this study provide metabolite information that can be used to enhance equine anti-doping screening methods. However, the in vitro metabolites identified are at present only a prediction of those that may occur in vivo. In the future, any positive findings of these drugs and/or their metabolites in horse urine samples could help validate these findings and/or refine the choice of target metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna J Fenwick
- HFL Sport Science Ltd, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, CB7 5WW, UK.
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12
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Yamaura Y, Yoshinari K, Yamazoe Y. Predicting Oxidation Sites with Order of Occurrence among Multiple Sites for CYP4A-mediated Reactions. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 26:351-63. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-11-rg-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Zhou SF, Wang B, Yang LP, Liu JP. Structure, function, regulation and polymorphism and the clinical significance of human cytochrome P450 1A2. Drug Metab Rev 2010; 42:268-354. [PMID: 19961320 DOI: 10.3109/03602530903286476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human CYP1A2 is one of the major CYPs in human liver and metabolizes a number of clinical drugs (e.g., clozapine, tacrine, tizanidine, and theophylline; n > 110), a number of procarcinogens (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene and aromatic amines), and several important endogenous compounds (e.g., steroids). CYP1A2 is subject to reversible and/or irreversible inhibition by a number of drugs, natural substances, and other compounds. The CYP1A gene cluster has been mapped on to chromosome 15q24.1, with close link between CYP1A1 and 1A2 sharing a common 5'-flanking region. The human CYP1A2 gene spans almost 7.8 kb comprising seven exons and six introns and codes a 515-residue protein with a molecular mass of 58,294 Da. The recently resolved CYP1A2 structure has a relatively compact, planar active site cavity that is highly adapted for the size and shape of its substrates. The architecture of the active site of 1A2 is characterized by multiple residues on helices F and I that constitutes two parallel substrate binding platforms on either side of the cavity. A large interindividual variability in the expression and activity of CYP1A2 has been observed, which is largely caused by genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors (e.g., smoking). CYP1A2 is primarily regulated by the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and CYP1A2 is induced through AhR-mediated transactivation following ligand binding and nuclear translocation. Induction or inhibition of CYP1A2 may provide partial explanation for some clinical drug interactions. To date, more than 15 variant alleles and a series of subvariants of the CYP1A2 gene have been identified and some of them have been associated with altered drug clearance and response and disease susceptibility. Further studies are warranted to explore the clinical and toxicological significance of altered CYP1A2 expression and activity caused by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Feng Zhou
- Discpline of Chinese Medicine, School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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14
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Niwa T, Murayama N, Yamazaki H. Comparison of the Contributions of Cytochromes P450 3A4 and 3A5 in Drug Oxidation Rates and Substrate Inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.56.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Niwa
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University
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Lemon MD, Strain JD, Hegg AM, Farver DK. Indiplon in the management of insomnia. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2009; 3:131-42. [PMID: 19920929 PMCID: PMC2769245 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s3207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Indiplon is a novel pyrazolopyrimidine, nonbenzodiazepine γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist studied for the treatment of insomnia. This article reviews the chemistry, pharmacology, clinical pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, clinical trials, safety, tolerability, contraindications, use in special populations, and dosing of indiplon. OVID, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA), and PubMed databases were searched (1966 to February 2009) for the keywords indiplon, NBI-34060, and insomnia. References of key articles were also reviewed to identify additional publications. Only English language articles were selected for review. Indiplon has been shown to have high affinity and selectivity for the GABAα1 receptor subunit associated with sedation. In clinical studies, indiplon has demonstrated efficacy in improving latency to sleep onset, latency to persistent sleep, total sleep time, wake time after sleep onset, number of awakenings after sleep onset, and overall sleep quality when compared to placebo. Indiplon has a favorable safety profile with limited rebound insomnia and no tolerance. Neurocrine Biosciences, Incorporated received an Approvable Letter from the United States Food and Drug Administration in December 2007 for the indiplon IR 5 mg and 10 mg capsules based on meeting three additional requirements. At the time of this writing, indiplon remains unapproved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Lemon
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, South Dakota State University College of Pharmacy, VA Black Hills Health Care System, 13 Comanche Road, Fort Meade, SD 57741, USA.
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Marrs JC. Indiplon: A Nonbenzodiazepine Sedative–Hypnotic for the Treatment of Insomnia. Ann Pharmacother 2008; 42:1070-9. [DOI: 10.1345/aph.1k683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy data, and adverse effects of indiplon in the treatment of transient and chronic insomnia in adult and geriatric patients. Data Sources: A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (1966–May 2006), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–May 2008), and Cochrane database (2007) (or the key words indiplon or NBI-34060. References cited in the articles were reviewed for additional Information. Abstract data were included only in the absence of significant published data. Study Selection and Data Extraction: English-language literature reporting animal and human clinical studies was reviewed to evaluate data on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and adverse effects of indiplon. Clinical trials selected for inclusion were limited to those with human subjects, with the accepted Inclusion of pharmacology data in animals. Data Synthesis: Indiplon Is a nonbenzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic that exhibits its sedating activity through its interaction with the γ–aminobutyric acid a receptor complex. Indiplon immediate-release (IR) as well as modified-release (MR) forms have shown improvement compared with placebo in patients with DSM-IV-TR primary insomnia in various areas of subjective and objective sleep measurements. Specifically, Improvements In total sleep time, latency to persistent sleep, latency to sleep onset, wake after sleep onset, and sleep quality have been noted In clinical trials. Trials evaluating both indiplon IR and MR have so far not identified any major serious adverse effects. Conclusions: Limited clinical trial data exist on use of indiplon in a “true” transient insomnia patient population. Based on recent Food and Drug Administration requests, clinical trial data assessing direct comparisons of indiplon IR with other approved nonbenzodiazepine sedative–hypnotics are needed to clearly define the differences among these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Marrs
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Oregon State University, Portland Campus at the Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave., Campus Box CH12C, Portland, OR 97239
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17
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Farber RH, Burke PJ. Post-bedtime dosing with indiplon in adults and the elderly: results from two placebo-controlled, active comparator crossover studies in healthy volunteers. Curr Med Res Opin 2008; 24:837-46. [PMID: 18257978 DOI: 10.1185/030079908x273327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of post-bedtime dosing with indiplon on next-day function in adults and the elderly. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover studies were conducted in two groups of healthy volunteers: an adult study (18-45 years) and an elderly study (65-80 years). In adults, a single post-bedtime dose of indiplon 10 mg and 20 mg was compared to placebo, with zolpidem 10 mg and zopiclone 7.5 mg included as controls. In the elderly, a single post-bedtime dose of indiplon 5 mg and 10 mg was compared to placebo, with zopiclone 3.75 mg included as a control. Next-day residual effects were evaluated in the morning at 4 and 6 h post-dose in adults, and 4, 6, and 8 h in the elderly, by a Visual Analog Scale of sleepiness (VAS-sleepiness), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and the Symbol Copying Test (SCT). RESULTS In adults, there were no statistically significant differences between indiplon and placebo on the VAS-sleepiness, DSST, or SCT at any time-point for either dose. In contrast, a significant increase versus placebo in VAS-sleepiness was observed for both zopiclone (at 4 and 6 h post-dose; p < 0.0001 and p = 0.002, respectively) and zolpidem (at 4 h post-dose; p = 0.042). In the elderly, there were no statistically significant differences between indiplon 5 mg and placebo on the VAS-sleepiness, DSST, or SCT at any time-point. DSST was significantly reduced for indiplon 10 mg versus placebo at 4 h only (p = 0.022), compared with a significant reduction in DSST for zopiclone at both 4 and 8 h post-dose (p = 0.002 and p = 0.003, respectively). In adults, the overall incidence of adverse events was higher on zopiclone compared to indiplon, zolpidem, and placebo. In the elderly, the incidence of adverse events was similar for indiplon, zopiclone, and placebo. Potential limitations of the current study include recruitment of healthy volunteers and the use of a limited pharmacodynamic battery. CONCLUSIONS Indiplon, at doses of 10 mg in adults and 5 mg in the elderly, was not associated with next day residual sedation or impairment in simple cognitive and psychomotor tasks when administered during the night 4 h prior to awakening.
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