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Ocasio MA, Brincks AM, Fernandez MI. Examining the Performance of the Sexual Minority Adolescent Stress Inventory with Transgender and Gender-Diverse Youth and Sexual Minority Emerging Adults: A Methodological Study. LGBT Health 2024. [PMID: 38800969 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2023.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We examined the psychometric properties and criterion validity of the Sexual Minority Adolescent Stress Inventory (SMASI) among 730 sexual minority (SM) and transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) youth aged 14 to 24 years who participated in a human immunodeficiency virus study. Methods: We tested the factor structure of the global scale and subscales and measurement invariance across age, gender identity, sex assigned at birth, sexual identity, ethnoracial identity, and city. For criterion validity, we regressed mental health and substance use measures on the global scale. Results: The global scale had excellent fit (comparative fit index = 0.95) and high reliability (omega = 0.89). Subscale model fit was adequate. We confirmed invariance by gender identity and age and established criterion validity. Conclusion: The SMASI exhibits strong psychometric properties among SM emerging adults and TGD youth. Modifications could enhance the SMASI to better capture both sexual and gender minority stress among ethnoracial minority youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Ocasio
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ahnalee M Brincks
- College of Social Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - M Isabel Fernandez
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Miami, Florida, USA
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2
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Jones BA, Cahill L, McDermott DT. Assessing Attitudes Toward Trans and Gender Diverse People: Adapting the 'Transgender Attitudes and Beliefs' Scale. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37561420 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2023.2245524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to update the gender-based terminology of a measure used to assess attitudes toward trans and gender diverse people (the Transgender Attitudes and Beliefs Scale; TABS) in order to reflect appropriate and inclusive language standards and conventions while maintaining the psychometric integrity of the tool. The updated TABS was administered to 247 heterosexual, cisgender adults in the UK. Participants also completed the original TABS as well as measure of self-esteem and social desirability to test construct validity. We demonstrate that after updating the language of the TABS to reflect best-practice, the psychometric properties of the TABS were unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Jones
- NTU Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Liam Cahill
- NTU Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Daragh T McDermott
- NTU Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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3
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Cámara-Liebana D, González-Carrasco M, Reig-Garcia G, Salleras-Duran L, Fuentes-Pumarola C, Ballester-Ferrando D. A Qualitative Approach to Exploring the Impact of the Gay Identity Formation Process. SAGE Open Nurs 2023; 9:23779608231185916. [PMID: 37425288 PMCID: PMC10328160 DOI: 10.1177/23779608231185916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most gay men experience difficulty in coming to terms with their sexual orientation, with their health, wellbeing, and quality of life potentially affected by unpleasant experiences often associated with the formation of their gay identity. It is therefore important for nurses to understand the needs of gay men so that they can accompany them and provide quality care during and after the identity formation process. Objective The aim of the study was to explore and describe the identity formation and coming out experiences of gay men. Methods A qualitative design with a constructivist naturalist approach was used. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with five gay men with experience of the gay identity formation process, and data were analyzed using a thematic analysis method. Results The results show that the men needed support, as they reported feeling different and alone during the identity formation and coming out process, and that their mental health was affected. Fear of rejection, negative reactions, and disappointing people were the reasons that led the men not to disclose their sexual orientation to family, while those who had come out defined a feeling of liberation. Conclusions The gay identity formation process has potential impacts on health, wellbeing, and quality of life. Nurses need cultural competence training to be able to understand the needs of gay men, accompany them in the identity formation process, and provide individualized and non-heteronormative care. Nurses also need to participate in dismantling a heterosexist social structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cámara-Liebana
- Department of Nursing, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Quality of Life Research Institute,University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Mònica González-Carrasco
- Quality of Life Research Institute,University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Departament of Pyschology, University
of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Glòria Reig-Garcia
- Department of Nursing, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Health and Healthcare Research Group,
University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Laia Salleras-Duran
- Department of Nursing, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Health, Gender and Aging Research
Group, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Concepció Fuentes-Pumarola
- Department of Nursing, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Health, Gender and Aging Research
Group, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - David Ballester-Ferrando
- Department of Nursing, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Health, Gender and Aging Research
Group, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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4
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Cunningham GB, Cunningham HR. Bias among managers: Its prevalence across a decade and comparison across occupations. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1034712. [PMID: 36438417 PMCID: PMC9692076 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1034712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Employees from minoritized and subjugated groups have poorer work experiences and fewer opportunities for advancement than do their peers. Biases among decision makers likely contributes to these patterns. The purposes of this study were to (a) examine the explicit biases and implicit biases among people in management occupations (e.g., chief executives, operations managers, advertising and promotions managers, financial managers, and distributions managers, among others) and (b) compare their biases with people in 22 other occupations. The authors analyzed responses from visitors to the Project Implicit website, including assessments of their racial, gender, disability, and sexual orientation biases from 2012 to 2021. Results indicate that managers expressed moderate levels of explicit and implicit bias across all dimensions. Managers differed from people in other occupations in roughly one-third of the comparisons. The biggest differences came in their implicit biases, with managers expressing more bias than people in other occupations. The study's originality rests in the scope of the work (the authors analyzed data from over 5 million visitors representing 23 broad occupations); comparison of people in management occupations to those in other work settings; and empirically demonstrating the biases that managers have.
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Affiliation(s)
- George B. Cunningham
- Laboratory for Diversity in Sport, Department of Sport Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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5
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García-Berbén AB, Pereira H, Lara-Garrido AS, Álvarez-Bernardo G, Esgalhado G. Psychometric Validation of the Portuguese Version of the Modern Homonegativity Scale among Portuguese College Students. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2022; 12:1168-1178. [PMID: 36005230 PMCID: PMC9407284 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe12080081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The studies focused on analysing attitudes toward homosexuality show that the manifestation of homonegativity has evolved into more modern forms. We therefore propose using instruments that capture subtle aspects in discrimination against gay and lesbian people. The objective of this study is twofold. First, we aim to adapt and validate the Portuguese version of the Modern Homonegativity Scale. Second, we set out to analyse the modern homonegativity shown by Portuguese university students. The scale includes two parallel subscales (MHS-Gay Men and MHS-Lesbian Women), each with 12 items. Six hundred and forty-one Portuguese college students between 18 and 27 years of age participated in the study (Mage = 21.23; SD = 1.88). The results demonstrate the unidimensionality of the scale and a high degree of internal consistency, along with satisfactory fit indices. Those people who identified as male and heterosexual showed greater modern homonegativity. We conclude that the Portuguese version of the MHS is valid and reliable for evaluating modern homonegativity in Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén García-Berbén
- Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, Calle Prof. Vicente Callao, 3, 18011 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Henrique Pereira
- Department of Psychology and Education, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Pólo IV, 6200-209 Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Adrián S. Lara-Garrido
- Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, Calle Prof. Vicente Callao, 3, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | - Gloria Álvarez-Bernardo
- Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, Calle Prof. Vicente Callao, 3, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | - Graça Esgalhado
- Department of Psychology and Education, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Pólo IV, 6200-209 Covilhã, Portugal
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6
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Day N, Meglich P, Porter TH. Measuring Bullying in Sexual Minorities: Testing Two Bullying Scales in an LGB Sample. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2022; 69:1160-1184. [PMID: 33835894 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2021.1909393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The working experience for those in the sexual minority is not well understood, particularly with respect to interpersonal mistreatment based on sexual orientation. This study breaks new ground by utilizing a sample of 416 LGB working adults to assess the relative usefulness of two bullying measures (the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (Person-Related) and the Homophobic Bullying Scale) to determine their convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity in predicting organizational commitment, turnover, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results show that discriminant and convergent validity exist between these scales and both measure similar levels of perceived bullying (from the victim's perspective). We concluded that although there are similarities and differences between these measures, more research is needed to determine the most appropriate instrument to assess perceived bullying in a sexual minority population. Several areas for subsequent research are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Day
- Bloch School of Management, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Patricia Meglich
- Department of Management, University of Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Tracy H Porter
- Department of Management, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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7
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Bishop CJ, Pynoo E. How well are outgroup attitudes and behaviours toward bisexual individuals measured? A systematic review of the psychometric properties of binegativity measures. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2020.1756390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CJ Bishop
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Emily Pynoo
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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8
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de Barros AC, Morrison TG. Development and validation of the Positive Bisexual Identity (PBI) scale. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2022.2057868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd G. Morrison
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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9
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Griffin JA, Eldridge-Smith ED, Kridel MM, Draheim AA, Stepleman LM. Validation of the Brief Sense of Community Scale in a lesbian, gay, and bisexual sample. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 50:576-591. [PMID: 34151445 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sense of community can buffer against negative mental health outcomes in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals. Valid measurement of this construct can better inform research, assessment, and intervention designed to promote well-being in this population. The present study aims to evaluate the validity of the Brief Sense of Community Scale (BSCS) among sexual minority individuals. The scale was administered to 219 LGB participants within a larger assessment of health needs in a southern lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) population. Validity evidence was evaluated using the Downing model. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed good fit for a second-order model, supporting internal structure validity. Acceptable to excellent internal validity was demonstrated. Correlational analyses revealed negative relations with loneliness, internalized homophobia, and poor mental health. This study provides evidence for the use of the BSCS in an LGB population and demonstrates the utility in measuring the sense of community in sexual minority individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew M Kridel
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amanda A Draheim
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lara M Stepleman
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Wei TH, Jervis LL, Jiang Y, Reinschmidt KM, Stephens LD, Zhang Y, Teasdale TA. Cultural Unintelligibility and Marital Pressure: A Grounded Theory of Minority Stigma Against Women with Same-Sex Attraction in Mainland China. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:3137-3154. [PMID: 34642837 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Minority stigma against sexual minority women and its contributions to these women's health disparities have been widely investigated in Western countries. By contrast, little has been known about minority stigma against women with same-sex attraction (WSSA) in mainland China. This study aimed at exploring the nature, genesis, and pathways of minority stigma among this rarely studied minority group in terms of China's unique social and cultural organization of gender and sexuality. A grounded theory approach was applied to 28 participants of Chinese WSSA through in-depth telephone interviews to elicit their views and perspectives anchored in their daily experiences with gender hierarchy and normative heterosexuality. Findings of this study identified marital pressure and cultural unintelligibility as two principal components of minority stigma against Chinese WSSA. A conceptual framework was developed to illustrate how minority stigma relies on the mutually reinforcing loop of martial pressure and culturally unintelligible status of female same-sex attraction to oppress Chinese WSSA within and across intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural levels. The parent-daughter relationship, laden with the Confucian value of filial piety, was highlighted as the major pathway of minority stigma to force Chinese women with same-sex attraction into heterosexual marriage and make female same-sex attraction culturally unintelligible. These findings lay a foundation for conceptualizing and measuring minority stigma of Chinese WSSA caused by the stigmatization of their same-sex attraction. Moreover, these findings would contribute greatly to understanding how cultural particularities critically affect the local process of stigmatization through which power relations and social control are practiced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao H Wei
- College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Lori L Jervis
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Yun Jiang
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kerstin M Reinschmidt
- College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Lancer D Stephens
- College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Thomas A Teasdale
- College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
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11
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Goldbach JT, Schrager SM, Mamey MR, Rhoades H. Confirming the Reliability and Validity of the Sexual Minority Adolescent Stress Inventory in a National Sample of Sexual Minority Adolescents. Front Psychol 2021; 12:720199. [PMID: 34531800 PMCID: PMC8438190 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Sexual minority adolescents (SMA) experience numerous behavioral health disparities, including depression, anxiety, substance use, non-suicidal self-injury, and suicidality. The primary framework to understand these disparities is minority stress theory, which frames this disproportionate burden as the result of discrimination, violence, and victimization in a homophobic culture. Empirical examinations of minority stress among SMA have been limited by lack of diverse samples or validated measures. This study engaged a national community sample of SMA to confirm reliability and validity of the Sexual Minority Adolescent Stress Inventory (SMASI). Method: A national sample of 2,310 SMA aged 14-17 was recruited in the United States through a hybrid social media and respondent-driven sampling approach. Item response theory and confirmatory factor analysis established the psychometric properties of the SMASI in this sample; minority stress was modeled as a latent variable in several regression models to verify criterion and divergent validity. Results: In this national sample (M age = 15.9; 64% female and 60% White), the factor structure of the SMASI and its 11 subscales was confirmed and shown to be invariant by demographic characteristics. Minority stress as measured by the SMASI was significantly associated with all mental and behavioral health outcomes. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that SMASI is a reliable, valid, and important tool for better understanding minority stress and subsequent health and mental health consequences among SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T. Goldbach
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sheree M. Schrager
- Department of Graduate Studies and Research, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA, United States
| | - Mary Rose Mamey
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Harmony Rhoades
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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12
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Taskiran Eskici G, Alan H, Eskin Bacaksiz F, Gumus E, Cakir H, Harmanci Seren AK. Under the same rainbow: A study on homophobia and discrimination among private sector health care professionals. J Nurs Manag 2020; 29:3-15. [PMID: 32985019 DOI: 10.1111/jonm.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the homophobic and discriminatory attitudes of health care professionals and associated factors in the private sector. BACKGROUND Examining possible homophobic and discriminatory attitudes of health care professionals is very important to eliminate barriers such as access to and use of health services. METHOD This descriptive and cross-sectional study included 626 health professionals in 20 private hospitals throughout Turkey. The data were collected in May 2020 using an online questionnaire containing the Hudson and Ricketts Homophobia Scale and the Discriminatory Attitudes Scale. RESULTS Most of the health professionals (64.4%) said that they did not know any LGBTQ+ people, almost half (44.2%) had cared LGBTQ+ people before, and most (95.4%) said that they would be willing to care them. The health professionals' homophobia score was 3.60 (SD = 1.23), and their discrimination score was 2.10 (SD = 0.71). A positive relationship was found between their homophobia and discrimination scores(r = .642). Significant differences in their scale scores were found to be related to their personal and professional characteristics. CONCLUSIONS The homophobic attitudes of health professionals were above average and had a positive relationship with discriminatory attitudes. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT Private hospital administrators should plan initiatives and training programmes to improve health care professionals' attitudes towards LGBTQ+ people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcan Taskiran Eskici
- Department of Nursing Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Handan Alan
- Department of Nursing Administration, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feride Eskin Bacaksiz
- Department of Nursing Administration, Hamidiye Faculty of Nursing, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emel Gumus
- Director of Health Institutions Cooperation, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hanife Cakir
- University of Health Sciences, Bakırköy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Mental and Neurological Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arzu Kader Harmanci Seren
- Department of Nursing Administration, Hamidiye Faculty of Nursing, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Kameg B. Gender Dysphoria in United States Veterans and Military Personnel: Historical Context and Current Policies. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2020; 58:5-8. [PMID: 32286667 DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20200403-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Costa AB, Machado WDL, Bandeira DR, Nardi HC. Response to a Systematic Review of the Psychometric Properties of Composite LGBT Prejudice and Discrimination Scales. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2020; 67:735-736. [PMID: 30836049 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2018.1557956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Brandelli Costa
- Psychology Graduate Program, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Wagner de Lara Machado
- Psychology Graduate Program, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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15
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Morrison MA, Bishop CJ, Morrison TG. What is the best measure of discrimination against trans people?: A systematic review of the psychometric literature. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2018.1484798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - CJ Bishop
- Department of Psychology Saskatoon, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - Todd G. Morrison
- Department of Psychology Saskatoon, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
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Mental Health Status and Associated Contributing Factors among Gay Men in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15061065. [PMID: 29795013 PMCID: PMC6025140 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chinese gay men are preferentially vulnerable to mental health problems because of deep-rooted, traditional social influence that overemphasizes heterosexual marriage, fertility, and filial piety. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from November to December 2017 using the Chinese version of the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) to assess the status of, and factors associated with the mental health of Chinese gay men. Unadjusted associations between demographic factors and the total score of SCL-90-R were examined using t/F tests or person correlation analysis. The main factors that were most predictive of the aggregate score of SCL-90-R were identified by multiple linear regressions. A total of 367 gay men participated in this survey with an average score of SCL-90-R of 180.78 ± 79.58. The scores of seven dimensions (OCS, INTS, DEPR, ANX, HOS, PHOA, PARI) for Chinese gay men were found to be significantly higher than the national norm (all p < 0.001). Age (B = −1.088, SE = 0.478, p = 0.023), educational level (B = −14.053, SE = 5.270, p = 0.008), and degree of coming out publicly (B = −23.750, SE = 4.690, p < 0.001) were protective factors for participants’ mental health status. A gay man who is the only child in his family was more likely to obtain a higher total score of SCL-90-R in China (B = 59.321, SE = 7.798, p < 0.001). Our study reveals the worrying mental health status of Chinese gay men. Shifts in familial, governmental, and societal normas are suggested to improve the current social acceptance towards sexual minority men, as well as to reduce detrimental health effects.
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