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Zhang H, Wang G, Du J, Pei X, Du P, Zhou L. Effects of several polymeric materials on the improvement of the sandy soil under rainfall simulation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118847. [PMID: 37673010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Poor cementation between soil particles is a fundamental cause of soil erosion and desertification. In recent decades, many polymers have been used to cement soil particles and improve the physical and chemical properties of soils. The contributions of polymers with different structures and functional groups to soil improvement vary considerably. In this study, a mixture comprising polyacrylamide (PAM), sodium polyacrylate (PAAS), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was investigated to meet the requirements of soil water retention, erosion resistance, and plant growth. The results showed that the time required for the modified soil to reach drought conditions was extended by 4-7 days. The PAM/HPMC, PAM/PVA and PAM/PAAS experimental groups reduced the erosion rate by 99.57%, 98.3% and 96.38%, respectively, compared to that of the control group. The belowground plant biomass was significantly increased by PAM/HPMC, PAM/PAAS, and PAM/PVA, with increases of 115.92%, 145.23%, and 205.67%, respectively. HPMC contributed more to the soil erosion resistance and water-holding capacity, PAAS improved the soil porosity substantially, and PVA significantly increased the plant biomass. The rigid structures of the polymer chains enhanced the structural stability of the soil, and the hydrophilic functional groups increased the hydrophilicity of the amended soil. This study indicates different polymers that may be used to improve soil properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Jie Du
- Jiuzhaigou Administrative Bureau, Zhangzha Town, Jiuzhaigou County, Sichuan 623402, China
| | - Xiangjun Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Peng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Lihong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China.
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da Costa NF, Daniels R, Fernandes AI, Pinto JF. Downstream Processing of Amorphous and Co-Amorphous Olanzapine Powder Blends. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081535. [PMID: 35893791 PMCID: PMC9332588 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The work evaluates the stability of amorphous and co-amorphous olanzapine (OLZ) in tablets manufactured by direct compression. The flowability and the compressibility of amorphous and co-amorphous OLZ with saccharin (SAC) and the properties of the tablets obtained were measured and compared to those of tablets made with crystalline OLZ. The flowability of the amorphous and mostly of the co-amorphous OLZ powders decreased in comparison with the crystalline OLZ due to the higher cohesiveness of the former materials. The stability of the amorphous and co-amorphous OLZ prior to and after tableting was monitored by XRPD, FTIR, and NIR spectroscopies. Tablets presented long-lasting amorphous OLZ with enhanced water solubility, but the release rate of the drug decreased in comparison with tablets containing crystalline OLZ. In physical mixtures made of crystalline OLZ and SAC, an extent of amorphization of approximately 20% was accomplished through the application of compaction pressures and dwell times of 155 MPa and 5 min, respectively. The work highlighted the stability of amorphous and co-amorphous OLZ during tableting and the positive effect of compaction pressure on the formation of co-amorphous OLZ, providing an expedited amorphization technique, given that the process development-associated hurdles were overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno F. da Costa
- iMed.ULisboa—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (N.F.d.C.); (J.F.P.)
| | - Rolf Daniels
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Ana I. Fernandes
- CiiEM—Interdisciplinary Research Center Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-212946823
| | - João F. Pinto
- iMed.ULisboa—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (N.F.d.C.); (J.F.P.)
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De Simone V, Dalmoro A, Lamberti G, Caccavo D, d’Amore M, Barba AA. Effect of binder and load solubility properties on HPMC granules produced by wet granulation process. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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