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Stępniak J, Karbownik-Lewińska M. Protective Effects of Melatonin against Carcinogen-Induced Oxidative Damage in the Thyroid. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1646. [PMID: 38730600 PMCID: PMC11083294 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, primarily synthesized in the pineal gland, plays a crucial role in regulating circadian rhythms and possesses significant antioxidative properties. By neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, melatonin emerges as a promising agent for the prevention and therapy of many different disorders, including cancer. This paper reviews the relationship between the thyroid gland and melatonin, presenting experimental evidence on the protective effects of this indoleamine against oxidative damage to macromolecules in thyroid tissue caused by documented carcinogens (as classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC) or caused by potential carcinogens. Furthermore, the possible influence on cancer therapy in humans and the overall well-being of cancer patients are discussed. The article highlights melatonin's essential role in maintaining thyroid health and its contribution to management strategies in patients with thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stępniak
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Rzgowska St. 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Rzgowska St. 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, Rzgowska St. 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
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Gładysz AK, Stępniak J, Karbownik-Lewińska M. Exogenous Melatonin Protects against Oxidative Damage to Membrane Lipids Caused by Some Sodium/Iodide Symporter Inhibitors in the Thyroid. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1688. [PMID: 37759991 PMCID: PMC10525497 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The thyroid gland is the primary site of sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), an intrinsic plasma membrane protein responsible for the active uptake of iodine, which is indispensable for thyroid hormone synthesis. Since exposure of the thyroid to NIS inhibitors can potentially have harmful effects on the entire organism, it is important to investigate the potential protective effects of known antioxidants, such as melatonin and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), against pro-oxidative action of classic NIS inhibitors. The study aimed to check if and to what extent melatonin and IPA interact with some confirmed NIS inhibitors regarding their effects on oxidative damage to membrane lipids in the thyroid. For comparison with the thyroid gland, in which NIS is typically present, the liver tissue-not possessing NIS-was applied in the present study. Thyroid and liver homogenates were incubated in the presence of tested NIS inhibitors (i.e., NaClO3, NH4SCN, KSeCN, KNO3, NaF, KClO4, and BPA) in different ranges of concentrations with/without melatonin (5 mM) or IPA (5 mM). The malondialdehyde+4-hydroxyalkenals (MDA + 4-HDA) concentration (LPO index) was measured spectrophotometrically. NaClO3 increased LPO in the thyroid and in the liver, but these pro-oxidative effects were not prevented by either melatonin or IPA. Instead, pro-oxidative effects of NH4SCN observed in both tissues were prevented by both indole substances. KSeCN and NaF increased LPO only in the thyroid, and these pro-oxidative effects were prevented by melatonin and IPA. KNO3, KClO4, and BPA did not increase LPO, which can be due to their low concentrations resulting from restricted solubility. In conclusion, as melatonin prevented oxidative damage to membrane lipids in the thyroid caused by some sodium/iodide symporter inhibitors, this indoleamine shoud be considered as a potential protective agent when produced appropriately in living organisms but also as an exogenous substance recommended to individuals overexposed to NIS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra K. Gładysz
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 7/9 Zeligowski St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland; (A.K.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Jan Stępniak
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 7/9 Zeligowski St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland; (A.K.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 7/9 Zeligowski St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland; (A.K.G.); (J.S.)
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, 281/289 Rzgowska St., 93-338 Lodz, Poland
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Karbownik-Lewińska M, Stępniak J, Iwan P, Lewiński A. Iodine as a potential endocrine disruptor-a role of oxidative stress. Endocrine 2022; 78:219-240. [PMID: 35726078 PMCID: PMC9584999 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Iodine is an essential micronutrient required for thyroid hormone biosynthesis. However, overtreatment with iodine can unfavorably affect thyroid physiology. The aim of this review is to present the evidence that iodine-when in excess-can interfere with thyroid hormone synthesis and, therefore, can act as a potential endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), and that this action, as well as other abnormalities in the thyroid, occurs-at least partially-via oxidative stress. METHODS We reviewed published studies on iodine as a potential EDC, with particular emphasis on the phenomenon of oxidative stress. RESULTS This paper summarizes current knowledge on iodine excess in the context of its properties as an EDC and its effects on oxidative processes. CONCLUSION Iodine does fulfill the criteria of an EDC because it is an exogenous chemical that interferes-when in excess-with thyroid hormone synthesis. However, this statement cannot change general rules regarding iodine supply, which means that iodine deficiency should be still eliminated worldwide and, at the same time, iodine excess should be avoided. Universal awareness that iodine is a potential EDC would make consumers more careful regarding their diet and what they supplement in tablets, and-what is of great importance-it would make caregivers choose iodine-containing medications (or other chemicals) more prudently. It should be stressed that compared to iodine deficiency, iodine in excess (acting either as a potential EDC or via other mechanisms) is much less harmful in such a sense that it affects only a small percentage of sensitive individuals, whereas the former affects whole populations; therefore, it causes endemic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jan Stępniak
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Iwan
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewiński
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338, Lodz, Poland
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Stępniak J, Rynkowska A, Karbownik-Lewińska M. Membrane Lipids in the Thyroid Comparing to Those in Non-Endocrine Tissues Are Less Sensitive to Pro-Oxidative Effects of Fenton Reaction Substrates. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:901062. [PMID: 35720119 PMCID: PMC9203968 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.901062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential microelement for the proper functioning of many organs, among others it is required for thyroid hormone synthesis. However, its overload contributes to the increased formation of reactive oxygen species via Fenton chemistry (Fe2++H2O2→Fe3++˙OH + OH−), and it is potentially toxic. Individual organs/tissues are affected differently by excess iron. The excessive absorption of iron with subsequent deposition in various organs is associated with diseases such as hemochromatosis. Such an iron deposition also occurs in the thyroid gland where it can disturb thyroid hormone synthesis. In turn, melatonin is an effective antioxidant, which protects against oxidative damage. This study aims to check if lipid peroxidation resulting from oxidative damage to membrane lipids, is caused by Fenton reaction substrates, and if protective effects of melatonin differ between the thyroid and various non-endocrine porcine tissues (liver, kidney, brain cortex, spleen, and small intestine). To mimic the conditions of iron overload, Fe2+ was used in extremely high concentrations. Homogenates of individual tissues were incubated together with Fenton reaction substrates, i.e., FeSO4 (9.375, 18.75, 37.5, 75, 150, 300, 600, 1,200, 1,800, 2,100, 2,400, 3,000, 3,600, 4,200, and 4,800 µM)+H2O2 (5 mM), either without or with melatonin (5 mM). The concentration of malondialdehyde+4-hydroxyalkenals (MDA+4-HDA), as the LPO index, was evaluated by a spectrophotometrical method. Fenton reaction substrates increased concentrations of LPO products in all chosen tissues. However, in the thyroid, compared to non-endocrine tissues, the damaging effect was generally weaker, it was not observed for the two lowest concentrations of iron, and the LPO peak occurred with higher concentrations of iron. Melatonin reduced experimentally induced LPO in all examined tissues (without differences between them), and these protective effects did not depend on iron concentration. In conclusion, membrane lipids in the thyroid compared to those in non-endocrine tissues are less sensitive to pro-oxidative effects of Fenton reaction substrates, without differences regarding protective effects of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stępniak
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Rynkowska
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
- *Correspondence: Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska, ,
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Rynkowska A, Stępniak J, Karbownik-Lewińska M. Melatonin and Indole-3-Propionic Acid Reduce Oxidative Damage to Membrane Lipids Induced by High Iron Concentrations in Porcine Skin. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11080571. [PMID: 34436334 PMCID: PMC8400501 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Iron excess in tissues results in increased oxidative damage. Among different tissues, the skin can particularly be severely damaged by oxidative stress, as it is exposed not only to endogenous but also directly to exogenous pro-oxidants. The skin is especially vulnerable to harmful oxidative stress. Melatonin and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), two indole substances, are efficient antioxidants. This study aims to evaluate the potential protective effects of melatonin and IPA against oxidative damage to membrane lipids (lipid peroxidation (LPO)), induced in porcine skin homogenates by the Fenton reaction (Fe2+ + H2O2 → Fe3+ + •OH + OH−) when iron is used in extremely high concentrations. Skin homogenates were incubated in the presence of FeSO4 (2400, 1200, 600, 300, 150 and 75 µM) + H2O2 (5 mM) with/without melatonin or IPA. LPO level (MDA + 4-HDA/mg protein) was measured spectrophotometrically. Melatonin, in its highest used concentration (5.0 mM), prevented FeSO4 (1200 mM)-induced LPO, whereas it was effective in concentrations as low as 2.5 mM against all lower iron concentrations. IPA was protective in concentrations as low as 2.5 mM independently of FeSO4 concentration. In conclusion, melatonin and IPA effectively protect against oxidative damage to membrane lipids induced by high concentrations of iron in porcine skin; therefore, both can be considered pharmacological agents in the case of disorders associated with excessive iron accumulation in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rynkowska
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Łódź, Poland; (A.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Jan Stępniak
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Łódź, Poland; (A.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Łódź, Poland; (A.R.); (J.S.)
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, 93-338 Łódź, Poland
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +48-42-272-5249
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Rynkowska A, Stępniak J, Karbownik-Lewińska M. Fenton Reaction-Induced Oxidative Damage to Membrane Lipids and Protective Effects of 17β-Estradiol in Porcine Ovary and Thyroid Homogenates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186841. [PMID: 32962175 PMCID: PMC7559139 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Fenton reaction (Fe2++H2O2→Fe3++•OH+OH-) results in strong oxidative damage to macromolecules when iron (Fe) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are in excess. This study aims at comparing Fe2++H2O2-induced oxidative damage to membrane lipids (lipid peroxidation, LPO) and protective effects of 17β-estradiol (a potential antioxidant) in porcine ovary and thyroid homogenates. Iron, as one of the Fenton reaction substrates, was used in the highest achievable concentrations. Thyroid or ovary homogenates were incubated in the presence of: (1st) FeSO4+H2O2 with/without 17β-estradiol (1 mM; 100, 10.0, 1.0 µM; 100, 10.0, 1.0 nM; 100, 10.0, 1.0 pM); five experiments were performed with different FeSO4 concentrations (2400, 1200, 600, 300, 150 µM); (2nd) FeSO4 (2400, 1200, 600, 300, 150 µM)+H2O2 with/without 17β-estradiol; three experiments were performed with three highest 17β-estradiol concentrations; (3rd) FeSO4 (2400, 1200, 1100, 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 300, 150, 75 µM)+H2O2 (5 mM). LPO level [MDA+4-HDA/mg protein] was measured spectrophotometrically. The basal LPO level is lower in ovary than in thyroid homogenates. However, experimentally-induced LPO was higher in the former tissue, which was confirmed for the three highest Fe2+ concentrations (2400, 1200, 1100 µM). Exogenous 17β-estradiol (1 mM, 100, and 10 µM) reduced experimentally-induced LPO independently of iron concentration and that protective effect did not differ between tissues. The ovary, compared to the thyroid, reveals higher sensitivity to prooxidative effects of iron, however, it showed similar responsivity to protective 17β-estradiol activity. The therapeutic effect of 17β-estradiol against iron overload consequences should be considered with relation to both tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rynkowska
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-752 Łódź, Poland; (A.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Jan Stępniak
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-752 Łódź, Poland; (A.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-752 Łódź, Poland; (A.R.); (J.S.)
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, 93-338 Łódź, Poland
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +48-42-639-3121
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