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Bakola V, Kotrotsiou O, Ntziouni A, Dragatogiannis D, Plakantonaki N, Trapalis C, Charitidis C, Kiparissides C. Development of Composite Nanostructured Electrodes for Water Desalination via Membrane Capacitive Deionization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300640. [PMID: 38184786 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Novel two-layer nanostructured electrodes are successfully prepared for their application in membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) processes. Nanostructured carbonaceous materials such as graphene oxide (GO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as well as activated carbon (AC) are dispersed in a solution of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), mixed with polyacrylic acid (PAA) or polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride (PDMDAAC), and subsequently cast on the top surface of an AC-based modified graphite electrode to form a thin composite layer that is cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GA). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is performed to investigate the electrochemical properties of the composite electrodes and desalination experiments are conducted in batch mode using a MCDI unit cell to investigate the effects of i) the nanostructured carbonaceous material, ii) its concentration in the polymer blend, and iii) the molecular weight of the polymers on the desalination efficiency of the system. Comparative studies with commercial membranes are performed proving that the composite nanostructured electrodes are more efficient in salt removal. The improved performance of the composite electrodes is attributed to the ion exchange properties of the selected polymers and the increased specific capacitance of the nanostructured carbonaceous materials. This research paves the way for wider application of MCDI in water desalination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veroniki Bakola
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute (CPERI), 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Rd, Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), Department of Chemical Engineering, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Olympia Kotrotsiou
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute (CPERI), 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Rd, Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
| | - Afroditi Ntziouni
- Research Unit of Advanced, Composite, Nano-Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechneiou Street, Zografos, Athens, 15780, Greece
| | - Dimitris Dragatogiannis
- DELTA-MPIS, Technological Park of Lefkippos, Neapoleos and Patriarchou Grigoriou St, Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, Athens, 15341, Greece
| | - Niki Plakantonaki
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, Athens, 15341, Greece
| | - Christos Trapalis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, Athens, 15341, Greece
| | - Costas Charitidis
- Research Unit of Advanced, Composite, Nano-Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechneiou Street, Zografos, Athens, 15780, Greece
| | - Costas Kiparissides
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute (CPERI), 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Rd, Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), Department of Chemical Engineering, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
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Butcher TA, Prendeville L, Rafferty A, Trtik P, Boillat P, Coey JMD. Neutron Imaging of Paramagnetic Ions: Electrosorption by Carbon Aerogels and Macroscopic Magnetic Forces. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:21831-21839. [PMID: 34676016 PMCID: PMC8521529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c06031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The electrosorption of Gd3+ ions from an aqueous 70 mM Gd(NO3)3 solution in monolithic carbon aerogel electrodes was recorded by dynamic neutron imaging. The aerogels have a bimodal pore size distribution consisting of macropores and mesopores centered at 115 and 15 nm, respectively. After the uptake of Gd3+ ions by the negatively charged surface of the porous structure, an inhomogeneous magnetic field was applied to the system of discharging electrodes. This led to a convective flow and confinement of Gd(NO3)3 solution in the magnetic field gradient. Thus, a way to desalt and capture paramagnetic ions from an initially homogeneous solution is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim A. Butcher
- School
of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Aran Rafferty
- AMBER
Centre and School of Chemistry, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Pavel Trtik
- Laboratory
for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul
Scherrer Institut, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Boillat
- Laboratory
for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul
Scherrer Institut, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland
- Electrochemistry
Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - J. M. D. Coey
- School
of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Laxman K, Sathe P, Al Abri M, Dobretsov S, Dutta J. Disinfection of Bacteria in Water by Capacitive Deionization. Front Chem 2020; 8:774. [PMID: 33110910 PMCID: PMC7489198 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Clean water is one of the primary UN sustainable development goals for 2,030 and sustainable water deionization and disinfection is the backbone of that goal. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an upcoming technique for water deionization and has shown substantial promise for large scale commercialization. In this study, activated carbon cloth (ACC) electrode based CDI devices are used to study the removal of ionic contaminants in water and the effect of ion concentrations on the electrosorption and disinfection functions of the CDI device for mixed microbial communities in groundwater and a model bacterial strain Escherichia coli. Up to 75 % of microbial cells could be removed in a single pass through the CDI unit for both synthetic and groundwater, while maintaining the salt removal activity. Mortality of the microbial cells were also observed during the CDI cell regeneration and correlated with the chloride ion concentrations. The power consumption and salt removal capacity in the presence and absence of salt were mapped and shown to be as low as 0.1 kWh m−3 and 9.5 mg g−1, respectively. The results indicate that CDI could be a viable option for single step deionization and microbial disinfection of brackish water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Laxman
- Functional Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Priyanka Sathe
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.,Department of Marine Science and Fisheries, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mohammed Al Abri
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.,Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Sergey Dobretsov
- Department of Marine Science and Fisheries, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.,Center of Excellence in Marine Biotechnology, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Joydeep Dutta
- Functional Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tang K, Zhou K. Water Desalination by Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization in Overlimiting Current Regimes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5853-5863. [PMID: 32271562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since flow-electrodes do not have a maximum allowable charge capacity, a high salt removal rate in flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) can be achieved theoretically by simply increasing the applied voltage. However, present attempts to run FCDI at high voltages are unsatisfactory because of the instability of the module occurring in the overlimiting current regimes. To implement FCDI in the overlimiting current regimes (namely, OLC-FCDI), in this work, we analyzed the voltage-current (V-I) characteristics of several FCDI units. We confirmed that a continuous, rapid, and stable desalination performance of OLC-FCDI can be attained when the employed FCDI unit possesses a linear V-I characteristic (only one ohmic regime), which is distinct from the three V-I regimes in electrodialysis (ohmic, limiting current, and water splitting regimes) and the two in membrane capacitive deionization (ohmic and water splitting regimes). Notably, the linearV-I characteristic of FCDI requires continuous charge percolation near the boundaries of ion-exchange membranes. Effective methods include increasing the carbon content in the flow-electrodes and introducing electrical (carbon cloth) or ionic (ion-exchange resins) conductive intermediates in the solution compartment, which result in corresponding upgraded FCDI units exhibiting extremely high salt removal rates (>100 mg m-2 s-1), good cycling stability, and rapid seawater desalination performance under typical OLC-FCDI operation condition (27-40 g L-1 NaCl, 500 mA). This study can guide future research of FCDI in terms of flow-electrode preparation and device configuration optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Tang
- Environmental Process Modelling Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Kun Zhou
- Environmental Process Modelling Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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