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Nikoofar K, Sadathosainy M. Phthalic anhydride (PA): a valuable substrate in organic transformations. RSC Adv 2023; 13:23870-23946. [PMID: 37588043 PMCID: PMC10426397 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03378c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This review has been centralized on applications of phthalic anhydride (PA) as a valuable and significant heterocyclic substrate in two- and multicomponent organic reactions. The article has been subdivided into the following parts: (i) PA introduction by focusing on its characterization, synthesizing procedure, and multiple-aspect applications. In addition, the previous review articles based on PA have also been indicated; (ii) the applications of PA as a substrate have been subdivided into parts with a glance on the reaction components numbers; (iii) the applications of PA in esterification reactions; and (iv) some examples of PA in multistep synthesis. The review covers the corresponding literature up to the end of 2022. According to the abovementioned classifications, PA is a potent substrate to design a wide range of heterocyclic compounds that possess various kinds of properties and applications in chemistry, industry, and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Nikoofar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University P.O. Box 1993891176 Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 2188041344
| | - Mansoorehsadat Sadathosainy
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University P.O. Box 1993891176 Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 2188041344
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2
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Huang Y, You Y, Wu M, Han M, Zhang J, Gao W, Xie D, Chen H, Ou H, Song N, Cheng C, Zhuang W, Li J, Lei Z, Jin B, Zhou Z, Li M. Chemical characterization and source attribution of organic pollutants in industrial wastewaters from a Chinese chemical industrial park. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 229:115980. [PMID: 37098386 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated urbanization and industrialization have led to an alarming increase in the generation of wastewater with complex chemical contents. Industrial wastewaters are often a primary source of water contamination. The chemical characterization of different industrial wastewater types is an essential task to interpret the chemical fingerprints of wastewater to identify pollution sources and develop efficient water treatment strategies. In this study, we conduct a non-target chemical analysis for the source characterization of different industrial wastewater samples collected from a chemical industrial park (CIP) located in southeast China. The chemical screening identified volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds that included dibutyl phthalate at a maximum concentration of 13.4 μg/L and phthalic anhydride at 35.9 μg/L. Persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) substances among the detected organic compounds were identified and prioritized as high-concern contaminants given their impact on drinking water resources. Moreover, a source analysis of the wastewater collected from the wastewater outlet station indicated that the dye production industry contributed the largest quantities of toxic contaminates (62.6%), and this result was consistent with the ordinary least squares and heatmap results. Thus, our study utilized a combined approach of a non-target chemical analysis, a pollution source identification method, and a PMT assessment of different industrial wastewater samples collected from the CIP. The results of the chemical fingerprints of different industrial wastewater types as well as the results of the PMT assessment benefit risk-based wastewater management and source reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Huang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yinong You
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Manman Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Min Han
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10069, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Nanjing, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Wei Gao
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Danping Xie
- South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongzhan Chen
- Guangzhou Sub-branch of Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hui Ou
- Guangzhou Sub-branch of Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ninghui Song
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, MEE, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wen Zhuang
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Lei
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Biao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10069, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Ghalandari V, Banivaheb S, Peterson J, Smith H, Reza MT. Solvothermal Liquefaction of Waste Polyurethane using supercritical toluene in presence of noble metal catalysts. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vahab Ghalandari
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne Florida USA
| | - Soudeh Banivaheb
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne Florida USA
| | - Jessica Peterson
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne Florida USA
| | - Hunter Smith
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne Florida USA
| | - M. Toufiq Reza
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne Florida USA
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Wellmann A, Grazia L, Bermejo-Deval R, Sanchez-Sanchez M, Lercher JA. Effect of promoters on o-xylene oxidation pathways reveals nature of selective sites on TiO2 supported vanadia. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Alvarado-Camacho C, Poissonnier J, Thybaut JW, Castillo CO. Unravelling the redox mechanism and kinetics of a highly active and selective Ni-based material for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00275a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bridging the gap between catalysis and reaction engineering during the kinetic analysis of the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane over a highly active and selective Ni-based material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alvarado-Camacho
- Laboratory of Catalytic Reactor Engineering Applied to Chemical and Biological Systems, Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos e Hidráulica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina C.P, 09340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Poissonnier
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris W. Thybaut
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carlos O. Castillo
- Laboratory of Catalytic Reactor Engineering Applied to Chemical and Biological Systems, Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos e Hidráulica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina C.P, 09340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Mance D, Comas-Vives A, Copéret C. Proton-Detected Multidimensional Solid-State NMR Enables Precise Characterization of Vanadium Surface Species at Natural Abundance. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:7898-7904. [PMID: 31770488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysts fulfill vital roles in industrial processes; however, the nature of the catalytic surfaces, typically either containing a low abundance of active sites or being amorphous in nature, leads to difficulties when attempting to study the structure of the active sites. In this work, we show how making use of fast MAS ssNMR allows one to efficiently detect well-resolved 1H-detected spectra of heterogeneous catalysts. This approach was applied to study the structure of surface species resulting from the grafting of VO(OiPr)3 onto a partially dehydroxylated silica using the surface organometallic chemistry approach. The use of 1H sensitivity enabled detection of various hetero- and homonuclear correlation spectra in order to study the structure of this system and to resolve the structure of the grafted vanadium complex. More specifically, VO(OiPr)3 grafts through both protonolysis and opening of siloxane bridges to generate a bis-grafted species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deni Mance
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1-5 , CH-8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Aleix Comas-Vives
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1-5 , CH-8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1-5 , CH-8093 Zürich , Switzerland
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Wang QN, Weng XF, Zhou BC, Lv SP, Miao S, Zhang D, Han Y, Scott SL, Schüth F, Lu AH. Direct, Selective Production of Aromatic Alcohols from Ethanol Using a Tailored Bifunctional Cobalt–Hydroxyapatite Catalyst. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Fei Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bai-Chuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shao-Pei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu Miao
- Dalian National Laboratory of Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daliang Zhang
- Imaging and Characterization Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yu Han
- Imaging and Characterization Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Susannah L. Scott
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ferdi Schüth
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - An-Hui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Deactivation of Commercial, High-Load o-Xylene Feed VOx/TiO2 Phthalic Anhydride Catalyst by Unusual Over-Reduction. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9050435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An unusual temporal behavior of the by-product spectrum, as well as the temperature profiles of a commercial phthalic anhydride reactor, indicated a non-typical change of the incumbent catalyst. In order to understand these observations, catalyst samples were taken from this reactor and analyzed by standard physico-chemical methods. Catalyst samples from another commercial reference reactor with most similar operating conditions and catalyst lifetime were also taken for comparison. The detailed physical analysis did not indicate unusual thermal stress leading to catalyst deactivation by rutilisation or sintering of the titania phase. The chemical analysis did not reveal significant amounts of any of the known catalyst poisons, which would also contribute to an untypical catalyst deactivation/behavior. Quantitative X-ray diffraction measurements on the other hand revealed an unusually high degree of reduction of the vanadium species in the final polishing catalyst layer. Such an abnormal degree of catalyst reduction, and hence, irreversible damaging, was concluded to likely originate from a unit shutdown without sufficient air purging of the catalyst bed. Combustion analysis of the deactivated catalyst confirmed unusually high carbon contents in the finishing catalyst bed (L4) accompanied with a significant loss in the specific surface area by plugging the catalyst pores with high-molecular carbon deposits. According to the well-known Mars–van-Krevelen-mechanism, o-xylene and reaction intermediates remain adsorbed on the catalyst surface in case of a shutdown without air purging and will continue to consume lattice oxygen, accordingly reducing the catalytic species. This systematic investigation of used catalyst samples demonstrated the importance of sufficient air purging during and after a unit shutdown to avoid abnormal, irreversible damage and thus negative impact to catalyst performance.
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9
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Miller JH, Bui L, Bhan A. Pathways, mechanisms, and kinetics: a strategy to examine byproduct selectivity in partial oxidation catalytic transformations on reducible oxides. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00285a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We review experimental practices, common reaction pathways, and kinetic modeling strategies effective in understanding partial oxidation catalysis over reducible oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob H. Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
- USA
| | - Linh Bui
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
- USA
| | - Aditya Bhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
- USA
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10
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Yesmurzaeva N, Tursunova R, Selenova B, Kaldybekov D, Kudaibergenov S. Low temperature oxidation of o-xylene with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of vanadium xerogels. CHEMICAL BULLETIN OF KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 2017. [DOI: 10.15328/cb813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work is dedicated to investigation of vanadium xerogels deposited on titanium oxide for the oxidation process of o-xylene by hydrogen peroxide under the mild conditions. The structure of deposited vanadium catalyst and sizes of vanadium xerogels nanoparticles were investigated by physicochemical methods. The nano-sized particles (5-8 nm) of xerogel vanadium deposited on titanium oxide exhibit high catalytic activity in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and in the oxidation of o-xylene by hydrogen peroxide under mild conditions.
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11
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Serikbaev B, Kamysbaev D, Arbuz G, Alimbai D, Arin A. A new electrocatalytic systems based on bisorbents from rice husk. CHEMICAL BULLETIN OF KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 2017. [DOI: 10.15328/cb820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The article studies the synthesis of carbon-based and amorphous silicon dioxide bisorbents. Sorption characteristics of new bases for producing modified systems to use them in electrocatalysis are presented. For preparation of SiO2/C baseas rice husk (RH) was chosen as the raw material. A series of experiments was performed to optimize parameters of the RH carbonization by varying temperature and time of the process. The material obtained from the RH thermal destruction products was modified by the heteropoly compound (NH4)3[Co3O6Mo6O18H6] · nH2O and thermally reduced by hydrogen. The registration of the voltammetric curves was carried out at pH = 6.22 in the background electrolyte of 0.1 M Na2SO4 and pH = 4.45 in 0.1 M KC8H5O4.The potential ranges were -1.2В – 1.2 V and -1.0 V – 0.2 respectively. The mechanism of the electrochemical processes on these materials has been studied. It is shown that the obtained composite electrode materials exhibit electrochemical activity in the investigated potential regions, and they are characterized by the stability of redox properties. The main ways of using the obtained composites are outlined.
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12
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Effect of Potassium on the Physiochemical and Catalytic Characteristics of V2O5/TiO2 Catalysts in o-Xylene Partial Oxidation to Phthalic Anhydride. Catal Letters 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-017-1972-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Moteki T, Rowley AT, Flaherty DW. Self-Terminated Cascade Reactions That Produce Methylbenzaldehydes from Ethanol. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Moteki
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Energy
Biosciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Andrew T. Rowley
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David W. Flaherty
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Energy
Biosciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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14
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Chetty J, Dasireddy VDBC, Singh S, Friedrich HB. The oxidative aromatization of n-hexane over VMgO catalysts. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-016-1082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Tritschler U, Cölfen H. Self-assembled hierarchically structured organic-inorganic composite systems. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2016; 11:035002. [PMID: 27175790 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/11/3/035002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Designing bio-inspired, multifunctional organic-inorganic composite materials is one of the most popular current research objectives. Due to the high complexity of biocomposite structures found in nacre and bone, for example, a one-pot scalable and versatile synthesis approach addressing structural key features of biominerals and affording bio-inspired, multifunctional organic-inorganic composites with advanced physical properties is highly challenging. This article reviews recent progress in synthesizing organic-inorganic composite materials via various self-assembly techniques and in this context highlights a recently developed bio-inspired synthesis concept for the fabrication of hierarchically structured, organic-inorganic composite materials. This one-step self-organization concept based on simultaneous liquid crystal formation of anisotropic inorganic nanoparticles and a functional liquid crystalline polymer turned out to be simple, fast, scalable and versatile, leading to various (multi-)functional composite materials, which exhibit hierarchical structuring over several length scales. Consequently, this synthesis approach is relevant for further progress and scientific breakthrough in the research field of bio-inspired and biomimetic materials.
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Akbari A, Alavi S. The effect of cesium and antimony promoters on the performance of Ti-phosphate-supported vanadium(V) oxide catalysts in selective oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride. Chem Eng Res Des 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2015.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Getsoian A“B, Zhai Z, Bell AT. Band-Gap Energy as a Descriptor of Catalytic Activity for Propene Oxidation over Mixed Metal Oxide Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13684-97. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5051555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew “Bean” Getsoian
- Department
of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering The University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1462, United States
| | - Zheng Zhai
- Department
of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering The University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1462, United States
| | - Alexis T. Bell
- Department
of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering The University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1462, United States
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18
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Tritschler U, Zlotnikov I, Zaslansky P, Fratzl P, Schlaad H, Cölfen H. Hierarchically structured vanadium pentoxide-polymer hybrid materials. ACS NANO 2014; 8:5089-5104. [PMID: 24716494 DOI: 10.1021/nn501153u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic composite materials consisting of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) and a liquid crystal (LC) "gluing" polymer were manufactured exhibiting six structural levels of hierarchy, formed through LC phases. The organic matrix was a polyoxazoline with pendant cholesteryl and carboxyl units, forming a lyotropic phase with the same structural orientation extending up to hundreds of micrometers upon shearing, and binding to V2O5 via hydrogen bridges. Composites consisting of V2O5-LC polymer hybrid fibers with a pronounced layered structuring were obtained. The V2O5-LC polymer hybrid fibers consist of aligned V2O5 ribbons, composed of self-assembled V2O5 sheets, encasing a chiral nematic polymer matrix. The structures of the V2O5-LC polymer composites strongly depend on the preparation method, i.e., the phase-transfer method from aqueous to organic medium, in which the polymer forms LC phases. Notably, highly defined micro- and nanostructures were obtained when initiating the synthesis using V2O5 tactoids with preoriented nanoparticle building units, even when using isotropic V2O5 dispersions. Shear-induced hierarchical structuring of the composites was observed, as characterized from the millimeter and micrometer down to the nanometer length scales using complementary optical and electron microscopy, SAXS, μCT, and mechanical nanoindentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Tritschler
- Physical Chemistry, University of Konstanz , Universitätsstraße 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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19
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Dasireddy VDBC, Khan FB, Singh S, Friedrich HB. Activation of n-Heptane: A Study with VMgO Catalysts. Catal Letters 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-013-1182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Cavani F, Caldarelli A, Luciani S, Cortelli C, Cruzzolin F. Selective oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride: from conventional catalysts and technologies toward innovative approaches. CATALYSIS 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849734776-00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses the gas-phase selective oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride, one of the chemical processes most studied in the 1980s and 90s. Specifically, it is our aim to examine some aspects which may offer ideas for the development of more innovative reactor technologies or catalyst formulations, and to discuss some peculiarities of this process and of the V/Ti/O catalysts that have been overlooked in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Cavani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale e dei Materiali ALMA MATER STUDIORUM Università di Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy. Also: INSTM Research Unit of Bologna
| | - Aurora Caldarelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale e dei Materiali ALMA MATER STUDIORUM Università di Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy. Also: INSTM Research Unit of Bologna
| | - Silvia Luciani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale e dei Materiali ALMA MATER STUDIORUM Università di Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy. Also: INSTM Research Unit of Bologna
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Monolayer V2O5/TiO2–ZrO2 catalysts for selective oxidation of o-xylene: preparation and characterization. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-011-0412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Förster T, Schunk SA, Jentys A, Lercher JA. Selective liquid phase oxidation of o-xylene with gaseous oxygen by transition metal containing polysiloxane initiator/catalyst systems. J Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Phthalocyanine- and Calixarene-Templating Effect on the Catalytic Performance of Solid Supported Vanadates. Catal Letters 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-011-0662-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Förster T, Schunk SA, Jentys A, Lercher JA. Co and Mn polysiloxanes as unique initiator-catalyst-systems for the selective liquid phase oxidation of o-xylene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:3254-6. [PMID: 21279196 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc05050d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Co and Mn polysiloxanes are unique catalyst/initiator systems for the liquid phase oxidation of o-xylene showing higher activity than Co naphthenates, which is related to the weak interaction of the polar products with the hydrophobic surface as well as the absence of hydroxyl groups and surrounding oxygenates limiting radical quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Förster
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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25
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Shutilov AA, Zenkovets GA, Gavrilov VY, Tsybulya SV. Effect of yttrium oxide on the formation of the phase composition and porous structure of titanium dioxide. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158411010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Lausser C, Cölfen H, Antonietti M. Mesocrystals of vanadium pentoxide: a comparative evaluation of three different pathways of mesocrystal synthesis from tactosol precursors. ACS NANO 2011; 5:107-114. [PMID: 21204578 DOI: 10.1021/nn1017186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium pentoxide mesocrystals were synthesized from a mineral liquid crystalline precursor phase, a so-called tactosol. For comparative evaluation of solid formation from that phase, the distance between the vanadium pentoxide particles was lowered by three different modes: (a) by adding a 0.1 M NaCl solution, the electric double layer was compressed and controlled particle aggregation was induced; (b) application of external pressure by ultracentrifugation resulted in particle compression and final crystallization; (c) an acrylic acid/sulfonic acid copolymer was added to introduce polymer-mediated particle alignment and densification. In all three cases, the preorientation of the particles within the liquid crystal remained, and different mesocrystals were formed. This was demonstrated by comparative analysis of the resulting structures by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and polarization microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lausser
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Colloid Chemistry, Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg, D-14424 Potsdam, Germany
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27
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Guo H, Li D, Jiang D, Xiao H, Li W, Sun Y. Characterization and performance of V2O5–TiO2 catalysts prepared by rapid combustion method. Catal Today 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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28
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Karpov A, Deissler C, Dobner CK, Hibst H, Cox G, Brem N, Schunk SA, Dinnebier RE, Rosowski F. AgMoVO6: A Promising Catalyst for Selective Gas-Phase Oxidation of o-Xylene. ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Georgiadou I, Slavov S, Papadopoulou CH, Matralis HK, Kordulis CH. VANADIUM-TITANIUM OXIDE CATALYSTS. INFLUENCE OF THE PREPARATION METHOD ON THE o-XYLENE SELECTIVE OXIDATION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19951040306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Zenkovets GA, Tanashev YY, Danilevich VV, Tsybulya SV, Gavrilov VY, Shutilov AA, Parmon VN. Physicochemical properties of TiO2 (anatase) prepared by the centrifugal thermal activation of hydrated titanium dioxide. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158410030183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Luciani S, Ballarini N, Cavani F, Cortelli C, Cruzzolin F, Frattini A, Leanza R, Panzacchi B. Anatase-supported vanadium oxide catalysts for o-xylene oxidation: From consolidated certainties to unexpected effects. Catal Today 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2008.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Ballarini N, Brentari A, Cavani F, Luciani S, Cortelli C, Cruzzolin F, Leanza R. A revision of the mechanism of o-xylene oxidation to phthalic anhydride with V/Ti/O catalysts, and the role of the promoter Cs. Catal Today 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2008.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Reshetnikov SI, Ivanov AA, Gaevoi VP. Mathematical simulation of the oxidation of ortho-xylene to phthalic anhydride in a fluidized catalyst bed. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158409020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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35
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Georgieva AT, Anastasov AI, Nikolov VA. Deactivation properties of a high-productive vanadia-titania catalyst for oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-66322008000200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Machold T, Suprun WY, Papp H. Characterization of VOx-TiO2 catalysts and their activity in the partial oxidation of methyl ethyl ketone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Margolis LY, Korchak VN. Interaction of hydrocarbons with partial oxidation catalysts. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1998v067n12abeh000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Zenkovets GA, Shutilov AA, Gavrilov VY, Tsybulya SV, Kryukova GN. Formation of the structure of cerium oxide-modified titanium dioxide. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158407050205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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39
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Nair NN, Bredow T, Jug K. Toward an Understanding of the Formation of Vanadia−Titania Catalysts. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:12115-23. [PMID: 16852495 DOI: 10.1021/jp044424h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structures of hydrated vanadia species on the TiO2-anatase surfaces were investigated using the semiempirical molecular orbital method MSINDO. The (101), (001), and (100) surfaces of anatase were considered. They were modeled by appropriate two-dimensional cyclic clusters of TiO2. Monomeric and dimeric hydrated vanadia species on the anatase surfaces were simulated by adsorbing VO4H3 and V2O7H4 molecules, respectively. Different adsorption structures were considered, and their stabilities at 300 and 600 K were tested by constant-temperature Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations in the framework of MSINDO. Structural features of the vanadia-titania catalysts found in extended X-ray absorption fine structure, secondary ion mass spectrometry, IR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopy and conductivity experiments can be explained by the present calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisanth N Nair
- Theoretische Chemie, Universität Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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40
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Jiménez-Jiménez J, Mérida-Robles J, Rodríguez-Castellón E, Jiménez-López A, López Granados M, del Val S, Melián Cabrera I, Fierro J. Oxidation of o-xylene on mesoporous Ti-phosphate-supported VOx catalysts and promoter effect of K+ on selectivity. Catal Today 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2004.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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41
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Boger T, Menegola M. Monolithic Catalysts with High Thermal Conductivity for Improved Operation and Economics in the Production of Phthalic Anhydride. Ind Eng Chem Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ie040088f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Boger
- Corning GmbH, Abraham-Lincoln-Strasse 30, D-65189 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Monica Menegola
- Corning GmbH, Abraham-Lincoln-Strasse 30, D-65189 Wiesbaden, Germany
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42
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Alumina-supported vanadyl complexes as catalysts for the CH bond activation of cyclohexene with tert-butylhydroperoxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2004.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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43
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Reddy BM, Lakshmanan P, Khan A. Investigation of Surface Structures of Dispersed V2O5 on CeO2−SiO2, CeO2−TiO2, and CeO2−ZrO2 Mixed Oxides by XRD, Raman, and XPS Techniques. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp047217q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjaram M. Reddy
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad - 500 007, India
| | - Pandian Lakshmanan
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad - 500 007, India
| | - Ataullah Khan
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad - 500 007, India
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44
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Freitag C, Besselmann S, Löffler E, Grünert W, Rosowski F, Muhler M. On the role of monomeric vanadyl species in toluene oxidation over V2O5/TiO2 catalysts: a kinetic study using the TAP reactor. Catal Today 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2004.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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45
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Ponchel A, Anderle F, Daniell W, Knözinger H. Influence of phosphate modification on the surface properties of sulfated titania. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2003. [DOI: 10.1163/156856703322601726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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The catalytic performance of Cs-doped V/Ti/O catalysts in the oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride: a TPR/TPO and reactivity study. Catal Today 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-5861(02)00310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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An investigation of the kinetic parameters of the o-xylene oxidation process carried out in a fixed bed of high-productive vanadia–titania catalyst. Chem Eng Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2509(02)00431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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48
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Reddy BM, Sreekanth PM, Reddy EP, Yamada Y, Xu Q, Sakurai H, Kobayashi T. Surface Characterization of La2O3−TiO2 and V2O5/La2O3−TiO2 Catalysts. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp014487p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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α-TiP-Supported Vanadium Oxide Catalysts: Influence of Calcination Pretreatments on Structure and Performance for o-Xylene Oxidation. J Catal 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/jcat.2001.3417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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50
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Spengler J, Anderle F, Bosch E, Grasselli RK, Pillep B, Behrens P, Lapina OB, Shubin AA, Eberle HJ, Knözinger H. Antimony Oxide-Modified Vanadia-Based CatalystsPhysical Characterization and Catalytic Properties. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp012228u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Spengler
- Department Chemie, Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus E), 81377 München, Germany, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität München, Meiserstrasse 1, 80333 München, Germany, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Akad. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, and Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie, Zielstattstrasse 20, 81379 München, Germany
| | - F. Anderle
- Department Chemie, Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus E), 81377 München, Germany, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität München, Meiserstrasse 1, 80333 München, Germany, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Akad. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, and Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie, Zielstattstrasse 20, 81379 München, Germany
| | - E. Bosch
- Department Chemie, Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus E), 81377 München, Germany, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität München, Meiserstrasse 1, 80333 München, Germany, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Akad. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, and Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie, Zielstattstrasse 20, 81379 München, Germany
| | - R. K. Grasselli
- Department Chemie, Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus E), 81377 München, Germany, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität München, Meiserstrasse 1, 80333 München, Germany, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Akad. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, and Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie, Zielstattstrasse 20, 81379 München, Germany
| | - B. Pillep
- Department Chemie, Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus E), 81377 München, Germany, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität München, Meiserstrasse 1, 80333 München, Germany, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Akad. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, and Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie, Zielstattstrasse 20, 81379 München, Germany
| | - P. Behrens
- Department Chemie, Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus E), 81377 München, Germany, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität München, Meiserstrasse 1, 80333 München, Germany, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Akad. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, and Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie, Zielstattstrasse 20, 81379 München, Germany
| | - O. B. Lapina
- Department Chemie, Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus E), 81377 München, Germany, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität München, Meiserstrasse 1, 80333 München, Germany, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Akad. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, and Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie, Zielstattstrasse 20, 81379 München, Germany
| | - A. A. Shubin
- Department Chemie, Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus E), 81377 München, Germany, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität München, Meiserstrasse 1, 80333 München, Germany, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Akad. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, and Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie, Zielstattstrasse 20, 81379 München, Germany
| | - H.-J. Eberle
- Department Chemie, Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus E), 81377 München, Germany, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität München, Meiserstrasse 1, 80333 München, Germany, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Akad. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, and Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie, Zielstattstrasse 20, 81379 München, Germany
| | - H. Knözinger
- Department Chemie, Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus E), 81377 München, Germany, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität München, Meiserstrasse 1, 80333 München, Germany, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Akad. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, and Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie, Zielstattstrasse 20, 81379 München, Germany
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