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Dachani S, Kaleem M, Mujtaba MA, Mahajan N, Ali SA, Almutairy AF, Mahmood D, Anwer MK, Ali MD, Kumar S. A Comprehensive Review of Various Therapeutic Strategies for the Management of Skin Cancer. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:10030-10048. [PMID: 38463249 PMCID: PMC10918819 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Skin cancer (SC) poses a global threat to the healthcare system and is expected to increase significantly over the next two decades if not diagnosed at an early stage. Early diagnosis is crucial for successful treatment, as the disease becomes more challenging to cure as it progresses. However, identifying new drugs, achieving clinical success, and overcoming drug resistance remain significant challenges. To overcome these obstacles and provide effective treatment, it is crucial to understand the causes of skin cancer, how cells grow and divide, factors that affect cell growth, and how drug resistance occurs. In this review, we have explained various therapeutic approaches for SC treatment via ligands, targeted photosensitizers, natural and synthetic drugs for the treatment of SC, an epigenetic approach for management of melanoma, photodynamic therapy, and targeted therapy for BRAF-mutated melanoma. This article also provides a detailed summary of the various natural drugs that are effective in managing melanoma and reducing the occurrence of skin cancer at early stages and focuses on the current status and future prospects of various therapies available for the management of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudharshan
Reddy Dachani
- Department
of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Al-Dawadmi Campus, Al-Dawadmi 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Kaleem
- Department
of Pharmacology, Babasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440037, Maharashtra, India
| | - Md. Ali Mujtaba
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern
Border University, Arar 91911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nilesh Mahajan
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Dabasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440037, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sayyed A. Ali
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Dabasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440037, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ali F Almutairy
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Danish Mahmood
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Khalid Anwer
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince
Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Daud Ali
- Department
of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for
Medical Sciences, Abdulrazaq Bin Hammam Street, Al Safa 34222, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department
of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
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Peng YC, Wang SR, Lai YF, Tsai NM, Lin KL, Lin SJ, Yang TP. Isoamylamine Induces B16-F1 Melanoma Cell Autophagy by Upregulating the 5' Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Pathway. J Med Food 2021; 24:188-196. [PMID: 33617363 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.4777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoamylamine (IA) is an aliphatic monoamine molecule present in cheese, eggs, and wine. It belongs to the family of polyamines and also can be synthesized endogenously. It has been known that regulation of polyamines in cells is related to cell cycle and tumor formation. Malignant melanoma is difficult to treat and easily resistant to chemotherapy/radiotherapy through autophagy. In this study, we aim to clarify whether IA has a growth control effect on melanoma tumor cells and the regulatory mechanism. We treated B16-F1 melanoma cells with IA at concentrations of 0, 200, 400, and 600 ppm for 24 h. The 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was checked for cell viability and results showed that IA has an inhibitory effect on B16-F1 melanoma cells. The signaling molecules, which included Raf/MEK/ERK, were activated, while MSK1 and protein kinase B (AKT) were suppressed. Autophagy was also confirmed to be induced by IA. The acridine orange stain-positive cells were increased and BECN-1/LC3 upregulated. The data also showed that the autophagy regulatory molecule, 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), was induced after IA treatment, so we used dorsomorphin to inhibit AMPK and found that it could suppress autophagy. In conclusion, IA has an effect of inducing autophagy in B16-F1 cells and it is regulated through AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chiayi Branch of Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Soo-Ray Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Lai
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nu-Man Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Keh-Liang Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Jye Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzi-Peng Yang
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Tracking of Glycans Structure and Metallomics Profiles in BRAF Mutated Melanoma Cells Treated with Vemurafenib. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010439. [PMID: 33406789 PMCID: PMC7794875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly half of patients with advanced and metastatic melanomas harbor a BRAF mutation. Vemurafenib (VEM), a BRAF inhibitor, is used to treat such patients, however, responses to VEM are very short-lived due to intrinsic, adaptive and/or acquired resistance. In this context, we present the action of the B-Raf serine-threonine protein kinase inhibitor (vemurafenib) on the glycans structure and metallomics profiles in melanoma cells without (MeWo) and with (G-361) BRAF mutations. The studies were performed using α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), a well-known acute-phase protein, and concanavalin A (Con A), which served as the model receptor. The detection of changes in the structure of glycans can be successfully carried out based on the frequency shifts and the charge transfer resistance after interaction of AGP with Con A in different VEM treatments using QCM-D and EIS measurements. These changes were also proved based on the cell ultrastructure examined by TEM and SEM. The LA-ICP-MS studies provided details on the metallomics profile in melanoma cells treated with and without VEM. The studies evidence that vemurafenib modifies the glycans structures and metallomics profile in melanoma cells harboring BRAF mutation that can be further implied in the resistance phenomenon. Therefore, our data opens a new avenue for further studies in the short-term addressing novel targets that hopefully can be used to improve the therapeutic regiment in advanced melanoma patients. The innovating potential of this study is fully credible and has a real impact on the global patient society suffering from advanced and metastatic melanomas.
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Puckett D, Alquraishi M, Alani DS, Chahed S, Frankel VD, Donohoe D, Voy B, Whelan J, Bettaieb A. Zyflamend, a unique herbal blend, induces cell death and inhibits adipogenesis through the coordinated regulation of PKA and JNK. Adipocyte 2020; 9:454-471. [PMID: 32779962 PMCID: PMC7469463 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2020.1803642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities has sparked a worldwide concern to address rates of adipose tissue accrual. Recent studies have demonstrated a novel role of Zyflamend, a blend of natural herbal extracts, in regulating lipid metabolism in several cancer cell lines through the activation of the AMPK signalling pathway. Yet, the role of Zyflamend in adipogenic differentiation and lipid metabolism remains largely unexplored. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of Zyflamend on white 3T3-MBX pre-adipocyte differentiation and elucidate the molecular mechanisms. We demonstrate that Zyflamend treatment altered cell cycle progression, attenuated proliferation, and increased cell death of 3T3-MBX pre-adipocytes. In addition, treatment with Zyflamend inhibited lipid accumulation during the differentiation of 3T3-MBX cells, consistent with decreased expression of lipogenic genes and increased lipolysis. Mechanistically, Zyflamend-induced alterations in adipogenesis were mediated, at least in part, through the activation of AMPK, PKA, and JNK. Inhibition of AMPK partially reversed Zyflamend-induced inhibition of differentiation, whereas the inhibition of either JNK or PKA fully restored adipocyte differentiation and decreased lipolysis. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that Zyflamend, as a novel anti-adipogenic bioactive mix, inhibits adipocyte differentiation through the activation of the PKA and JNK pathways. Abbreviation: 7-AAD: 7-amino-actinomycin D; ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase; AKT: protein kinase B; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATGL: adipose triglyceride lipase; C/EBPα: CCAAT-enhancer binding protein alpha; DMEM: Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium; DMSO: dimethyl sulphoxide; DTT: dithiothreitol; EGTA: ethylene glycol-bis-(2-aminoethyl)-N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid; ERK: extracellular signal–regulated kinases; FASN: fatty acid synthase; FBS: foetal bovine serum; GLUT: glucose transporter; HSL: hormone-sensitive lipase; IR: insulin receptor; IRS: insulin receptor substrate; JNK: c-JUN N-terminal kinase; MGL: monoacylglycerol lipase; NaF: sodium fluoride; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; PBS: phosphate buffered- saline; PCB: pyruvate carboxylase; PDE: phosphodiesterase; PKA: protein kinase cAMP-dependent; PMSF: phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; PPARγ: perilipin peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; PREF-1: pre-adipocyte factor 1; PVDF: polyvinylidene fluoride; RIPA: radio-immunoprecipitation assay; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SEM: standard error of the mean; SOX9: suppressor of cytokine signalling 9; TGs: triacylglycerols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter Puckett
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Mohammed Alquraishi
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Dina S. Alani
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Samah Chahed
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Victoria D. Frankel
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Dallas Donohoe
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Brynn Voy
- Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jay Whelan
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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5
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Puckett DL, Alquraishi M, Alani D, Chahed S, Donohoe D, Voy B, Whelan J, Bettaieb A. Zyflamend induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells via modulation of the JNK pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:126. [PMID: 32795297 PMCID: PMC7427957 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00609-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current pharmacological therapies and treatments targeting pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) have proven ineffective, far too often. Therefore, there is an urgent need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Zyflamend, a combination of anti-inflammatory herbal extracts, that has proven to be effective in various in vitro and in vivo cancer platforms, shows promise. However, its effects on pancreatic cancer, in particular, remain largely unexplored. Methods In the current study, we investigated the effects of Zyflamend on the survival of beta-TC-6 pancreatic insulinoma cells (β-TC6) and conducted a detailed analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Results Herein, we demonstrate that Zyflamend treatment decreased cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, concomitant with increased apoptotic cell death and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. At the molecular level, treatment with Zyflamend led to the induction of ER stress, autophagy, and the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Notably, pharmacological inhibition of JNK abrogated the pro-apoptotic effects of Zyflamend. Furthermore, Zyflamend exacerbated the effects of streptozotocin and adriamycin-induced ER stress, autophagy, and apoptosis. Conclusion The current study identifies Zyflamend as a potential novel adjuvant in the treatment of pancreatic cancer via modulation of the JNK pathway. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter L Puckett
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1215 Cumberland Avenue, 229 Jessie Harris Building, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Mohammed Alquraishi
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1215 Cumberland Avenue, 229 Jessie Harris Building, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Dina Alani
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1215 Cumberland Avenue, 229 Jessie Harris Building, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Samah Chahed
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1215 Cumberland Avenue, 229 Jessie Harris Building, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Dallas Donohoe
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1215 Cumberland Avenue, 229 Jessie Harris Building, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Brynn Voy
- Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA.,Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Jay Whelan
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1215 Cumberland Avenue, 229 Jessie Harris Building, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA.,Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1215 Cumberland Avenue, 229 Jessie Harris Building, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA. .,Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA.
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6
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Buckley MR, Terry PD, Kirkpatrick SS, Arnold JD, McNally MM, Grandas OH, Freeman MB, Goldman MH, Whelan J, Mountain DJ. Dietary supplementation with Zyflamend poly-herbal extracts and fish oil inhibits intimal hyperplasia development following vascular intervention. Nutr Res 2019; 68:34-44. [PMID: 31306903 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The polyherbal blend Zyflamend™ has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and attenuate inflammatory-modulated pathologies. Fish oils have also been shown to have cardioprotective properties. However, the beneficial effects of their combination have not been investigated. Intimal hyperplasia (IH), a pathological remodeling response of a vessel to injury, is heavily regulated by an immune-mediated reaction. The objective of this study was to determine if dietary supplementation with Zyflamend and/or Wholemega could affect inflammatory-dependent vascular remodeling mechanisms when provided at human equivalent doses. Based on their anti-inflammatory properties and protective benefits demonstrated in previous pre-clinical studies, we hypothesized administration of these supplements would prevent IH in an animal model of vascular injury. The diets of aged male rats were supplemented with human equivalent doses of Zyflamend (Zyf) and/or Wholemega (WMega) or placebo (Plac) for 1wk prior to balloon angioplasty (BA)-induced injury of the left carotid artery. At 28d post-injury morphometric analysis of carotid tissue revealed IH was decreased in Zyf + WMega animals compared to placebo, while Zyf or WMega independently had no significant effect. Serum cytokine screening indicated injury-induced interleukin family isoforms, interferon-γ, and macrophage inflammatory proteins were downregulated by Zyf + WMega. Immunohistochemical staining for monocyte/macrophage phenotypic markers revealed that while overall monocyte/macrophage vessel infiltration was not affected, Zyf + WMega limited the alternative differentiation of M2 macrophages and reduced the presence of myofibroblasts in the injured vessel wall. In summary, dietary supplementation with Zyf + WMega attenuated the acute inflammatory response following vascular injury and inhibited IH development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Buckley
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Knoxville, TN
| | - Paul D Terry
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| | - Stacy S Kirkpatrick
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Knoxville, TN
| | - Joshua D Arnold
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Knoxville, TN
| | - Michael M McNally
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Knoxville, TN
| | - Oscar H Grandas
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Knoxville, TN
| | - Michael B Freeman
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Knoxville, TN
| | - Mitchell H Goldman
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Knoxville, TN
| | - Jay Whelan
- University of Tennessee Knoxville, Department of Nutrition, Knoxville, TN
| | - Deidra Jh Mountain
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Knoxville, TN.
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Xue Y, Yang L, Li J, Yan Y, Jiang Q, Shen L, Yang S, Shen B, Huang R, Yan J, Guo H. Combination chemotherapy with Zyflamend reduced the acquired resistance of bladder cancer cells to cisplatin through inhibiting NFκB signaling pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:4413-4429. [PMID: 30104883 PMCID: PMC6072829 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s162255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is mainstay treatment in urinary bladder cancer (UBC). However, tumor recurrence frequently occurs with the acquisition of cisplatin resistance. We explored the potential effect of a polyherbal preparation, Zyflamend, on UBC cells resistant to cisplatin treatment. Methods To establish a cisplatin-resistant human bladder cancer cell line, T24 cells were cultured in increasing concentrations of cisplatin for more than 10 months. These cells (T24R) were then treated with different concentrations of Zyflamend, and both proliferation and activity of nuclear factor kappaB (NFκB) signaling pathway were examined. To test the synergistic effect between Zyflamend and cisplatin, we treated T24R cells either with Zyflamend or cisplatin alone, or in combination. Apoptotic effect was evaluated by Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining, and the levels of the proteins involved in cell cycle and anti-apoptosis were examined by Western blotting. Finally, mice with palpable xenograft were treated either with cisplatin and Zyflamend alone or in combination for 28 days before they were sacrificed for measuring the sizes and weights of the tumor tissues. In addition, proliferation and apoptosis markers were examined by immunohistochemistry. Results Comparing to that in the parental T24 cells, NFκB is constitutively active in cisplatin-resistant T24R cells. Zyflamend is capable of inhibiting the growth of T24, T24R, as well as another UBC cell line J82 in a concentration-dependent manner. Mechanistically, Zyflamend suppresses NFκB-mediated cell proliferation, survival, and invasion/angiogenesis and induces apoptosis. In addition, Zyflamend significantly increased the sensitivity of T24R and J82 cells to cisplatin treatment and these findings were confirmed in T24R xenograft model with reduced proliferation index and decreased expression of RelA and its downstream target MMP9. Conclusion Zyflamend is capable of counteracting bladder cancer resistance to cisplatin by repressing proliferation and inducing apoptosis through targeting NFκB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshi Xue
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junzun Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yilin Yan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghui Jiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, .,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China,
| | - Lan Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Shen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruimin Huang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, .,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China,
| | - Jun Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongqian Guo
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
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MacDonald AF, Bettaieb A, Donohoe DR, Alani DS, Han A, Zhao Y, Whelan J. Concurrent regulation of LKB1 and CaMKK2 in the activation of AMPK in castrate-resistant prostate cancer by a well-defined polyherbal mixture with anticancer properties. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:188. [PMID: 29914450 PMCID: PMC6006779 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zyflamend, a blend of herbal extracts, effectively inhibits tumor growth using preclinical models of castrate-resistant prostate cancer mediated in part by 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master energy sensor of the cell. Clinically, treatment with Zyflamend and/or metformin (activators of AMPK) had benefits in castrate-resistant prostate cancer patients who no longer responded to treatment. Two predominant upstream kinases are known to activate AMPK: liver kinase B1 (LKB1), a tumor suppressor, and calcium-calmodulin kinase kinase-2 (CaMKK2), a tumor promotor over-expressed in many cancers. The objective was to interrogate how Zyflamend activates AMPK by determining the roles of LKB1 and CaMKK2. METHODS AMPK activation was determined in CWR22Rv1 cells treated with a variety of inhibitors of LKB1 and CaMKK2 in the presence and absence of Zyflamend, and in LKB1-null HeLa cells that constitutively express CaMKK2, following transfection with wild type LKB1 or catalytically-dead mutants. Upstream regulation by Zyflamend of LKB1 and CaMKK2 was investigated targeting protein kinase C-zeta (PKCζ) and death-associated protein kinase (DAPK), respectively. RESULTS Zyflamend's activation of AMPK appears to be LKB1 dependent, while simultaneously inhibiting CaMKK2 activity. Zyflamend failed to rescue the activation of AMPK in the presence of pharmacological and molecular inhibitors of LKB1, an effect not observed in the presence of inhibitors of CaMKK2. Using LKB1-null and catalytically-dead LKB1-transfected HeLa cells that constitutively express CaMKK2, ionomycin (activator of CaMKK2) increased phosphorylation of AMPK, but Zyflamend only had an effect in cells transfected with wild type LKB1. Zyflamend appears to inhibit CaMKK2 by DAPK-mediated phosphorylation of CaMKK2 at Ser511, an effect prevented by a DAPK inhibitor. Alternatively, Zyflamend mediates LKB1 activation via increased phosphorylation of PKCζ, where it induced translocation of PKCζ and LKB1 to their respective active compartments in HeLa cells following treatment. Altering the catalytic activity of LKB1 did not alter this translocation. DISCUSSION Zyflamend's activation of AMPK is mediated by LKB1, possibly via PKCζ, but independent of CaMKK2 by a mechanism that appears to involve DAPK. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, this is the first evidence that natural products simultaneously and antithetically regulate upstream kinases, known to be involved in cancer, via the activation of AMPK.
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9
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Tague ED, Bourdon AK, MacDonald A, Lookadoo MS, Kim ED, White WM, Terry PD, Campagna SR, Voy BH, Whelan J. Metabolomics Approach in the Study of the Well-Defined Polyherbal Preparation Zyflamend. J Med Food 2017; 21:306-316. [PMID: 29227176 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zyflamend is a highly controlled blend of 10 herbal extracts that synergistically impact multiple cell signaling pathways with anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. More recently, its effects were shown to also modify cellular energetics, for example, activation of fatty acid oxidation and inhibition of lipogenesis. However, its general metabolic effects in vivo have yet to be explored. The objective of this study was to characterize the tissue specific metabolomes in response to supplementation of Zyflamend in mice, with a comparison of equivalent metabolomics data generated in plasma from humans supplemented with Zyflamend. Because Zyflamend has been shown to activate AMPK, the "energy sensor" of the cell, in vitro, the effects of Zyflamend on adiposity were also tested in the murine model. C57BL/6 mice were fed diets that mimicked the macro- and micronutrient composition of the U.S. diet with and without Zyflamend supplementation at human equivalent doses. Untargeted metabolomics was performed in liver, skeletal muscle, adipose, and plasma from mice consuming Zyflamend and in plasma from humans supplemented with Zyflamend at an equivalent dose. Adiposity in mice was significantly reduced in the Zyflamend-treated animals (compared with controls) without affecting body weight or weight gain. Based on KEGG pathway enrichment, purine and pyrimidine metabolism (potential regulators of AMPK) were particularly responsive to Zyflamend across all tissues, but only in mice. Consistent with the metabolomics data, Zyflamend activated AMPK and inhibited acetyl CoA-carboxylase in adipose tissue, key regulators of lipogenesis. Zyflamend reduces adipose tissue in mice through a mechanism that likely involves the activation of AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Tague
- 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee Knoxville , Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Allen K Bourdon
- 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee Knoxville , Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amber MacDonald
- 2 Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville , Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maggie S Lookadoo
- 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee Knoxville , Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Edward D Kim
- 3 Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Medical Center , Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wesley M White
- 3 Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Medical Center , Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Paul D Terry
- 4 Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center , Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shawn R Campagna
- 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee Knoxville , Knoxville, Tennessee, USA .,5 Biological Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brynn H Voy
- 6 Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee Knoxville , Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jay Whelan
- 2 Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville , Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Farooqi AA, Gadaleta CD, Ranieri G, Fayyaz S, Marech I. Restoring TRAIL Induced Apoptosis Using Naturopathy. Hercules Joins Hand with Nature to Triumph Over Lernaean Hydra. Curr Genomics 2016; 18:27-38. [PMID: 28503088 PMCID: PMC5321767 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160803150023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multifaceted disease. Our deepened knowledge about genetic and biological mechanisms of cancer cells presents an opportunity to explore the inter-individual differences in the body’s ability to metabolize and respond to different nutrients. It is becoming progressively more understandable that the deregulation of several signaling pathways and the alterations in apoptotic response are some of the major determinants that underpin carcinogenesis. Tumor necrosis factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)-mediated signaling has gained a remarkable appreciation because of its ability to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells leaving normal cells intact. However, technological advances have started to shed light on underlying mechanisms of resistance against TRAIL-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. The impairment of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis includes various factors ranging from the loss or down regulation of TRAIL receptors or pro-apoptotic proteins to the up regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins. Intriguingly to mention that there is an ever-increasing number of natural herbal extracts (phytometabolites), which have been explored to date for their potential action in restoring apoptosis TRAIL-mediated in cancer cells. In this review, we will highlight the progress in understanding the mechanisms opted by phenolic compounds in overcoming TRAIL resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- 1Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan; 2Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- 1Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan; 2Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- 1Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan; 2Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Sundas Fayyaz
- 1Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan; 2Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marech
- 1Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan; 2Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
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Zhao Y, Donohoe D, Huang EC, Whelan J. Zyflamend, a polyherbal mixture, inhibits lipogenesis and mTORC1 signalling via activation of AMPK. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Huang EC, Zhao Y, Chen G, Baek SJ, McEntee MF, Minkin S, Biggerstaff JP, Whelan J. Zyflamend, a polyherbal mixture, down regulates class I and class II histone deacetylases and increases p21 levels in castrate-resistant prostate cancer cells. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:68. [PMID: 24555771 PMCID: PMC3938081 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zyflamend, a mixture containing extracts of ten herbs, has shown promise in a variety of preclinical cancer models, including prostate cancer. The current experiments were designed to investigate the effects of Zyflamend on the expression of class I and II histone deacetylases, a family of enzymes known to be over expressed in a variety of cancers. METHODS CWR22Rv1 cells, a castrate-resistant prostate cancer cell line, were treated with Zyflamend and the expression of class I and II histone deacetylases, along with their downstream target the tumor suppressor gene p21, was investigated. Involvement of p21 was confirmed with siRNA knockdown and over expression experiments. RESULTS Zyflamend down-regulated the expression of all class I and II histone deacetylases where Chinese goldthread and baikal skullcap (two of its components) appear to be primarily responsible for these results. In addition, Zyflamend up regulated the histone acetyl transferase complex CBP/p300, potentially contributing to the increase in histone 3 acetylation. Expression of the tumor suppressor gene p21, a known downstream target of histone deacetylases and CBP/p300, was increased by Zyflamend treatment and the effect on p21 was, in part, mediated through Erk1/2. Knockdown of p21 with siRNA technology attenuated Zyflamend-induced growth inhibition. Over expression of p21 inhibited cell growth and concomitant treatment with Zyflamend enhanced this effect. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the extracts of this polyherbal combination increase histone 3 acetylation, inhibit the expression of class I and class II histone deacetylases, increase the activation of CBP/p300 and inhibit cell proliferation, in part, by up regulating p21 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-Chu Huang
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, 1215 West Cumberland Avenue, Room 229 Jessie Harris Building, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, 1215 West Cumberland Avenue, Room 229 Jessie Harris Building, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, 1215 West Cumberland Avenue, Room 229 Jessie Harris Building, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Seung Joon Baek
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Michael F McEntee
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Steven Minkin
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - John P Biggerstaff
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Jay Whelan
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, 1215 West Cumberland Avenue, Room 229 Jessie Harris Building, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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