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Gonciarz W, Chyb M, Chmiela M. Diminishing of Helicobacter pylori adhesion to Cavia porcellus gastric epithelial cells by BCG vaccine mycobacteria. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16305. [PMID: 37770504 PMCID: PMC10539345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis onco-BCG bacilli used in immunotherapy of bladder cancer are candidates for training of immune cells towards microbial pathogens. Increasing antibiotic resistance of gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori (Hp) prompts the search for new anti-Hp and immunomodulatory formulations. Colonization of gastric mucosa by Hp through mucin 5 AC (MUC5AC) ligands could potentially be a therapeutic target. The aim of this study was to examine the ability of onco-BCG mycobacteria to reduce Hp adhesion to gastric epithelial cells using Cavia porcellus model. Animals were inoculated per os with 0.85% NaCl, Hp alone, onco-BCG alone or with onco-BCG and Hp. After 7/28 days Mucin5AC and Hp binding to gastric epithelium were assessed in gastric tissue specimens by staining with anti-Mucin5AC and anti-Hp antibodies, respectively, both fluorescently labeled. Primary gastric epithelial cells were treated ex vivo with live Hp or Hp surface antigens (glycine extract or lipopolysaccharide) alone or with onco-BCG. In such cells MUC5AC and Hp binding were determined as above. Mycobacteria reduced the amount of MUC5AC animals infected with Hp and in gastric epithelial cells pulsed in vitro with Hp components. Decrease of MUC5AC driven in cell cultures in vitro and in gastric tissue exposed ex vivo to mycobacteria was related to diminished adhesion of H. pylori bacilli. Vaccine mycobacteria by diminishing the amount of MUC5AC in gastric epithelial cells may reduce Hp adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Gonciarz
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12-16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Maciej Chyb
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chmiela
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12-16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
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Kudva IT, Biernbaum EN, Cassmann ED, Palmer MV. Bovine Rectoanal Junction In Vitro Organ Culture Model System to Study Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Adherence. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1289. [PMID: 37317263 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies evaluating the interactions between Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) and the bovine recto-anal junction (RAJ) have been limited to either in vitro analyses of bacteria, cells, or nucleic acids at the RAJ, providing limited information. Alternatively, expensive in vivo studies in animals have been conducted. Therefore, our objective was to develop a comprehensive in vitro organ culture system of the RAJ (RAJ-IVOC) that accurately represents all cell types present in the RAJ. This system would enable studies that yield results similar to those observed in vivo. Pieces of RAJ tissue, obtained from unrelated cattle necropsies, were assembled and subjected to various tests in order to determine the optimal conditions for assaying bacterial adherence in a viable IVOC. O157 strain EDL933 and E. coli K12 with known adherence differences were used to standardize the RAJ-IVOC adherence assay. Tissue integrity was assessed using cell viability, structural cell markers, and histopathology, while the adherence of bacteria was evaluated via microscopy and culture methods. DNA fingerprinting verified the recovered bacteria against the inoculum. When the RAJ-IVOC was assembled in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, maintained at a temperature of 39 °C with 5% CO2 and gentle shaking for a duration of 3-4 h, it successfully preserved tissue integrity and reproduced the expected adherence phenotype of the bacteria being tested. The RAJ-IVOC model system provides a convenient method to pre-screen multiple bacteria-RAJ interactions prior to in vivo experiments, thereby reducing animal usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira T Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Erika N Biernbaum
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Eric D Cassmann
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Herrera MT, Guzmán-Beltrán S, Bobadilla K, Santos-Mendoza T, Flores-Valdez MA, Gutiérrez-González LH, González Y. Human Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Understanding the Immune Response in the Bronchoalveolar System. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081148. [PMID: 36009042 PMCID: PMC9405639 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causal agent of one of the most devastating infectious diseases worldwide, can evade or modulate the host immune response and remain dormant for many years. In this review, we focus on identifying the local immune response induced in vivo by M. tuberculosis in the lungs of patients with active tuberculosis by analyzing data from untouched cells from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) or exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples. The most abundant resident cells in patients with active tuberculosis are macrophages and lymphocytes, which facilitate the recruitment of neutrophils. The cellular response is characterized by an inflammatory state and oxidative stress produced mainly by macrophages and T lymphocytes. In the alveolar microenvironment, the levels of cytokines such as interleukins (IL), chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are increased compared with healthy patients. The production of cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-17 and specific immunoglobulin (Ig) A and G against M. tuberculosis indicate that the adaptive immune response is induced despite the presence of a chronic infection. The role of epithelial cells, the processing and presentation of antigens by macrophages and dendritic cells, as well as the role of tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) for in situ vaccination remains to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Herrera
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Silvia Guzmán-Beltrán
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Karen Bobadilla
- Laboratory of Transcriptomics and Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Teresa Santos-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Transcriptomics and Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara 44270, Mexico
| | - Luis Horacio Gutiérrez-González
- Laboratory of Transcriptomics and Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Correspondence: (L.H.G.-G.); (Y.G.); Tel.: +52-55-5487-1700 (ext. 5117) (Y.G.)
| | - Yolanda González
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Correspondence: (L.H.G.-G.); (Y.G.); Tel.: +52-55-5487-1700 (ext. 5117) (Y.G.)
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Exploring Potential COPD Immunosuppression Pathways Causing Increased Susceptibility for MAC Infections among COPD Patients. Clin Pract 2021; 11:619-630. [PMID: 34563006 PMCID: PMC8482292 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract11030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there has been a drastic decline in the cases of Tuberculosis in the United States, the prevalence of infections caused by Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) has steadily increased in the past decades. Mycobacterium avium (M. avium) is one of the most abundant microorganisms in the MAC species. The mycobacterium genus is divided into two major groups: tuberculosis causing mycobacteria and non-tuberculous mycobacteria. MAC is most prominent among the non-tuberculous mycobacteria. MAC is an opportunistic pathogen that is present in soil, water, and droplets in the air. MAC infections can result in respiratory disease and can disseminate in affected patients. MAC infections are especially prevalent in patients with preexisting respiratory conditions such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). COPD is one of the most common lung conditions in the world with the primary cause being smoking in developed countries. COPD involves chronic inflammation of lung tissue resulting in increased susceptibility to infection. There is a lack of research regarding the pathophysiology that leads COPD patients to be susceptible to MAC infection. Our review paper therefore aims to investigate how the pathogenicity of MAC bacteria and immune decline seen in COPD patients leads to a greater susceptibility to MAC infection among COPD patients.
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Schwab U, Caldwell S, Matychak MB, Felippe J. A 3-D airway epithelial cell and macrophage co-culture system to study Rhodococcus equi infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 154:54-61. [PMID: 23721971 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We developed a 3-D equine bronchial epithelial cell (BEC) culture that fully differentiates into ciliary beating and mucus producing cells. Using this system, we evaluated how mucus affects the phagocytic activity of macrophages. Adult horse monocyte-derived macrophages were incubated with Rhodococcus equi for 4h either in the mucus layer of in vitro generated airway epithelium or on collagen coated membranes. Using light and electron microscopy, we noted that the number of macrophages with intracellular bacteria, and the number of intracellular bacteria per macrophage were lower in the presence of mucus. TNFα measurements revealed that the presence of BECs promoted TNFα production by R. equi-infected macrophages; a decrease in TLR-2 (involved in R. equi recognition) and an increase in EGF-R (involved in mucin production) mRNA expression were also noted. Interestingly, when foal macrophages were added to foal BECs, we made the opposite observation, i.e. many macrophages were loaded with R. equi. Our in vitro bronchial system shows great potential for the identification of mechanisms how BECs and mucus play a role in phagocyte activation and bacterial clearance. Further studies using this system will show whether the airway environment in the foal responds differently to R. equi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Schwab
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Mirsaeidi M, Hadid W, Ericsoussi B, Rodgers D, Sadikot RT. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease is common in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Int J Infect Dis 2013; 17:e1000-4. [PMID: 23683809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous environmental organisms. Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are susceptible to NTM, but data about NTM in patients with non-CF bronchiectasis are limited. METHODS We conducted a retrospective, descriptive study at the University of Illinois Medical Center. All patients diagnosed with bronchiectasis (code 494) using the International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision (ICD-9), between 1999 and 2006, were identified. Clinical data including lung function, radiology studies, and presence of NTM in sputum were abstracted for those who met the study criteria. RESULTS One hundred eighty-two patients were enrolled in the study. Patients were divided into two groups: bronchiectasis with NTM isolates (n = 68) and bronchiectasis without isolates (n =114), and compared for clinical characteristics and underlying diseases. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) was the most common isolate. Fifty-five patients (30%) met the American Thoracic Society criteria for diagnosis of NTM disease. Gram-negative rods were commonly co-isolated. The probability of NTM isolation was significantly higher in elderly female patients (p = 0.04). Moreover, the probability of NTM isolation was significantly higher in the female group with low body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS NTM infections are common in non-CF bronchiectasis. MAC is the most frequently isolated NTM in these patients. There is also great variability in age and sex characteristics for NTM in non-CF bronchiectasis patients. Female patients with a low BMI are a high risk group for NTM infection in non-CF bronchiectasis. Routine screening for NTM is strongly recommended in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Jesse Brown VA Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street, M/C 719, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Interaction of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Its Lipopolysaccharide with In Vitro Culture of Respiratory Nasal Epithelium. Vet Med Int 2013; 2013:347086. [PMID: 23555071 PMCID: PMC3608130 DOI: 10.1155/2013/347086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nasal septa of fetal rabbits at 26 days of gestation were harvested by cesarean section of the does while under anesthesia and then exposed to Bordetella bronchiseptica or its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for periods of 2 and 4 hours. A total of 240 explants were used. The tissues were examined using the Hematoxylin & Eosin technique. Then, semithin sections (0.5 μm) were stained with toluidine blue and examined with indirect immunoperoxidase (IPI) and lectin histochemistry. The most frequent and statistically significant findings were as follows: (1) cell death and increased goblet cell activity when exposed to bacteria and (2) cell death, cytoplasmic vacuolation and infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes when exposed to LPS. The lesions induced by the bacterium were more severe than with LPS alone, except for the cytoplasmic vacuolation in epithelial cells. IPI stained the ciliated border of the epithelium with the bacterium more intensely, while LPS lectin histochemistry preferentially labeled the cytoplasm of goblet cell. These data indicate that B. bronchiseptica and its LPS may have an affinity for specific glycoproteins that would act as adhesion receptors in both locations.
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Brown SMN. Multiple strains of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in a patient with cystic fibrosis. J R Soc Med 2010; 103 Suppl 1:S34-43. [PMID: 20573669 PMCID: PMC2905029 DOI: 10.1258/jrsm.2010.s11009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M N Brown
- Department of Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK.
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Identification of meningococcal genes necessary for colonization of human upper airway tissue. Infect Immun 2008; 77:45-51. [PMID: 18936183 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00968-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is an exclusively human pathogen that has evolved primarily to colonize the nasopharynx rather than to cause systemic disease. Colonization is the most frequent outcome following meningococcal infection and a prerequisite for invasive disease. The mechanism of colonization involves attachment of the organism to epithelial cells via bacterial type IV pili (Tfp), but subsequent events during colonization remain largely unknown. We analyzed 576 N. meningitidis mutants for their capacity to colonize human nasopharyngeal tissue in an organ culture model to identify bacterial genes required for colonization. Eight colonization-defective mutants were isolated. Two mutants were unable to express Tfp and were defective for adhesion to epithelial cells, which is likely to be the basis of their attenuation in nasopharyngeal tissue. Three other mutants are predicted to have lost previously uncharacterized surface molecules, while the remaining mutants have transposon insertions in genes of unknown function. We have identified novel meningococcal colonization factors, and this should provide insights into the survival of this important pathogen in its natural habitat.
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