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Grilc N, Valappil AC, Tillin NA, Mian OS, Wright DJ, Holmes PS, Castelli F, Bruton AM. Motor imagery drives the effects of combined action observation and motor imagery on corticospinal excitability for coordinative lower-limb actions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13057. [PMID: 38844650 PMCID: PMC11156847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63758-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Combined action observation and motor imagery (AOMI) facilitates corticospinal excitability (CSE) and may potentially induce plastic-like changes in the brain in a similar manner to physical practice. This study used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to explore changes in CSE for AOMI of coordinative lower-limb actions. Twenty-four healthy adults completed two baseline (BLH, BLNH) and three AOMI conditions, where they observed a knee extension while simultaneously imagining the same action (AOMICONG), plantarflexion (AOMICOOR-FUNC), or dorsiflexion (AOMICOOR-MOVE). Motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes were recorded as a marker of CSE for all conditions from two knee extensor, one dorsi flexor, and two plantar flexor muscles following TMS to the right leg representation of the left primary motor cortex. A main effect for experimental condition was reported for all three muscle groups. MEP amplitudes were significantly greater in the AOMICONG condition compared to the BLNH condition (p = .04) for the knee extensors, AOMICOOR-FUNC condition compared to the BLH condition (p = .03) for the plantar flexors, and AOMICOOR-MOVE condition compared to the two baseline conditions for the dorsi flexors (ps ≤ .01). The study findings support the notion that changes in CSE are driven by the imagined actions during coordinative AOMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neza Grilc
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, HNZW 271, Heinz Wolff Building, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | | | - Neale A Tillin
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Omar S Mian
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - David J Wright
- School of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul S Holmes
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Federico Castelli
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Adam M Bruton
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, HNZW 271, Heinz Wolff Building, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK.
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Dekleva BM, Chowdhury RH, Batista AP, Chase SM, Yu BM, Boninger ML, Collinger JL. Motor cortex retains and reorients neural dynamics during motor imagery. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:729-742. [PMID: 38287177 PMCID: PMC11089477 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01804-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The most prominent characteristic of motor cortex is its activation during movement execution, but it is also active when we simply imagine movements in the absence of actual motor output. Despite decades of behavioural and imaging studies, it is unknown how the specific activity patterns and temporal dynamics in motor cortex during covert motor imagery relate to those during motor execution. Here we recorded intracortical activity from the motor cortex of two people who retain some residual wrist function following incomplete spinal cord injury as they performed both actual and imagined isometric wrist extensions. We found that we could decompose the population activity into three orthogonal subspaces, where one was similarly active during both action and imagery, and the others were active only during a single task type-action or imagery. Although they inhabited orthogonal neural dimensions, the action-unique and imagery-unique subspaces contained a strikingly similar set of dynamic features. Our results suggest that during motor imagery, motor cortex maintains the same overall population dynamics as during execution by reorienting the components related to motor output and/or feedback into a unique, output-null imagery subspace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Dekleva
- Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Raeed H Chowdhury
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aaron P Batista
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven M Chase
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Byron M Yu
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael L Boninger
- Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Collinger
- Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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3
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Dekleva BM, Chowdhury RH, Batista AP, Chase SM, Yu BM, Boninger ML, Collinger JL. Motor cortex retains and reorients neural dynamics during motor imagery. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.17.524394. [PMID: 36711675 PMCID: PMC9882181 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.17.524394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The most prominent role of motor cortex is generating patterns of neural activity that lead to movement, but it is also active when we simply imagine movements in the absence of actual motor output. Despite decades of behavioral and imaging studies, it is unknown how the specific activity patterns and temporal dynamics within motor cortex during covert motor imagery relate to those during motor execution. Here we recorded intracortical activity from the motor cortex of two people with residual wrist function following incomplete spinal cord injury as they performed both actual and imagined isometric wrist extensions. We found that we could decompose the population-level activity into orthogonal subspaces such that one set of components was similarly active during both action and imagery, and others were only active during a single task typeâ€"action or imagery. Although they inhabited orthogonal neural dimensions, the action-unique and imagery-unique subspaces contained a strikingly similar set of dynamical features. Our results suggest that during motor imagery, motor cortex maintains the same overall population dynamics as during execution by recreating the missing components related to motor output and/or feedback within a unique imagery-only subspace.
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Wakefield CJ, Smith D, Hogard E, Ellis R, Parry C. Using PETTLEP imagery as a simulation technique in nursing: Research and guidelines. Nurse Educ Pract 2020; 43:102700. [PMID: 32028081 DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2020.102700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the most valuable skill sets developed in nurse education is the ability to develop the clinical and practical skills learned. This can take various forms such as university-based practice, simulation and direct experience with patients. To this end imagery, a process where all of the senses are used to create or recreate an experience in the mind, could represent simulated practice of clinical skills. Research on imagery has indicated that the technique, when used to assist in the performance of skill based procedures carried out by nurses can be beneficial. However, guidelines are lacking in this area of simulated practice. In this article, we review current research on the topic of imagery in enhancing skilled performance and outline a model that can assist in conducting interventions. Furthermore, we consider how this could be implemented within a nursing environment to produce beneficial performance effects in both pre-registration and registered nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Wakefield
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Hope Park, Taggart Avenue, Liverpool, L16 9JD, UK.
| | - Dave Smith
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe Road, Crewe, CW1 5DU, UK
| | - Elaine Hogard
- Human Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine at Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Roger Ellis
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Clare Parry
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester, CH1 4BJ, UK
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Delta and alpha rhythms are modulated by the physical movement knowledge in acrobatic gymnastics: an EEG study in visual context. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Filgueiras A, Quintas Conde EF, Hall CR. The neural basis of kinesthetic and visual imagery in sports: an ALE meta − analysis. Brain Imaging Behav 2017; 12:1513-1523. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fox NA, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Yoo KH, Bowman LC, Cannon EN, Vanderwert RE, Ferrari PF, van IJzendoorn MH. Assessing human mirror activity with EEG mu rhythm: A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 2015; 142:291-313. [PMID: 26689088 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental issue in cognitive neuroscience is how the brain encodes others' actions and intentions. In recent years, a potential advance in our knowledge on this issue is the discovery of mirror neurons in the motor cortex of the nonhuman primate. These neurons fire to both execution and observation of specific types of actions. Researchers use this evidence to fuel investigations of a human mirror system, suggesting a common neural code for perceptual and motor processes. Among the methods used for inferring mirror system activity in humans are changes in a particular frequency band in the electroencephalogram (EEG) called the mu rhythm. Mu frequency appears to decrease in amplitude (reflecting cortical activity) during both action execution and action observation. The current meta-analysis reviewed 85 studies (1,707 participants) of mu that infer human mirror system activity. Results demonstrated significant effect sizes for mu during execution (Cohen's d = 0.46, N = 701) as well as observation of action (Cohen's d = 0.31, N = 1,508), confirming a mirroring property in the EEG. A number of moderators were examined to determine the specificity of these effects. We frame these meta-analytic findings within the current discussion about the development and functions of a human mirror system, and conclude that changes in EEG mu activity provide a valid means for the study of human neural mirroring. Suggestions for improving the experimental and methodological approaches in using mu to study the human mirror system are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland
| | | | - Kathryn H Yoo
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland
| | - Lindsay C Bowman
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland
| | - Erin N Cannon
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland
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Cannon EN, Yoo KH, Vanderwert RE, Ferrari PF, Woodward AL, Fox NA. Action experience, more than observation, influences mu rhythm desynchronization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92002. [PMID: 24663967 PMCID: PMC3963876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of mirror neurons in premotor and parietal areas of the macaque monkey, the idea that action and perception may share the same neural code has been of central interest in social, developmental, and cognitive neurosciences. A fundamental question concerns how a putative human mirror neuron system may be tuned to the motor experiences of the individual. The current study tested the hypothesis that prior motor experience modulated the sensorimotor mu and beta rhythms. Specifically, we hypothesized that these sensorimotor rhythms would be more desynchronized after active motor experience compared to passive observation experience. To test our hypothesis, we collected EEG from adult participants during the observation of a relatively novel action: an experimenter used a claw-like tool to pick up a toy. Prior to EEG collection, we trained one group of adults to perform this action with the tool (performers). A second group comprised trained video coders, who only had experience observing the action (observers). Both the performers and the observers had no prior motor and visual experience with the action. A third group of novices was also tested. Performers exhibited the greatest mu rhythm desynchronization in the 8–13 Hz band, particularly in the right hemisphere compared to observers and novices. This study is the first to contrast active tool-use experience and observation experience in the mu rhythm and to show modulation with relatively shorter amounts of experience than prior mirror neuron expertise studies. These findings are discussed with respect to its broader implication as a neural signature for a mechanism of early social learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N. Cannon
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kathryn H. Yoo
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ross E. Vanderwert
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pier F. Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Amanda L. Woodward
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nathan A. Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
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Loporto M, McAllister C, Williams J, Hardwick R, Holmes P. Investigating Central Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Action Observation and Imagery Through Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. J Mot Behav 2011; 43:361-73. [DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2011.604655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Eskenazi T, Rotshtein P, Grosjean M, Knoblich G. The neural correlates of Fitts's law in action observation: an fMRI study. Soc Neurosci 2011; 7:30-41. [PMID: 21827294 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2011.576871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous neuroimaging studies support the assumption of a strong link between perception and action, demonstrating that the motor system is involved when others' actions are observed. One question that is still open to debate is which aspects of observed actions engage the motor system. The present study tested whether motor activation corresponds to the difficulty of the observed action, using Fitts's law. This law postulates that the difficulty of any movement (ID) is a function of the distance to the target (A) and the target width (W). In an observation task, the ID of the observed action was manipulated orthogonally to W (by using five different As). The results revealed activity in the primary motor cortex, the supplementary motor area, and the basal ganglia in response to increasing ID levels, but not in response to different levels of A or W. Thus, activation in the motor system during action observation is not driven by perceptual parameters but by the motor difficulty of the observed action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Eskenazi
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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11
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Goodman S, Haufler A, Shim JK, Hatfieldd B. Regular and random components in aiming-point trajectory during rifle aiming and shooting. J Mot Behav 2009; 41:367-82. [PMID: 19508963 DOI: 10.3200/jmbr.41.4.367-384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined the kinematic qualities of the aiming trajectory as related to expertise. In all, 2 phases of the trajectory were discriminated. The first phase was regular approximation to the target accompanied by substantial fluctuations obeying the Weber-Fechner law. During the first phase, shooters did not initiate the triggering despite any random closeness of the aiming point (AP) to the target. In the second phase, beginning at 0.6-0.8 s before the trigger pull, shooters applied a different control strategy: They waited until the following random fluctuation brought the AP closer to the target and then initiated triggering. This strategy is tenable when sensitivity of perception is greater than precision of the motor action, and could be considered a case of stochastic resonance. The strategies that novices and experts used distinguished only in the values of parameters. The authors present an analytical model explaining the main properties of shooting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Goodman
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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12
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Abstract
A variety of studies have shown that motor cortical areas can be activated by observation of familiar actions. Here, we describe single-neuron responses in monkey primary motor (MI) and dorsal premotor (PMd) cortices during passive observation and execution of a familiar task. We show that the spiking modulation, preferred directions, and encoded information of cells in MI and PMd remain consistent during both observation and movement. Furthermore, we find that the presence of a visual target is necessary to elicit this congruent neural activity during observation. These findings along with results from our analysis of the oscillatory power in the beta frequency of the local field potential are consistent with previous imaging and EEG studies that have suggested that congruence between observation and action is a general feature of the motor system, even outside of canonical "mirror" areas. Such congruent activity has proposed relevance to motor learning, mimicry, and communication and has practical applications for the development of motor-cortical neuroprostheses in paralyzed patients.
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