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Chou YC, Hsu YH, Lee D, Yang JW, Yu YH, Chan EC, Liu SJ. Novel Bioresorbable Drug-Eluting Mesh Scaffold for Therapy of Muscle Injury. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:2595-2606. [PMID: 38480510 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
A novel bioresorbable drug-eluting polycaprolactone (PCL) mesh scaffold was developed, utilizing a solvent-cast additive manufacturing technique, to promote therapy of muscle injury. The degradation rate and mechanical properties strength of the PCL mesh were characterized after immersion in a buffer solution for different times. The in vitro release characteristics of vancomycin, ceftazidime, and lidocaine from the prepared mesh were evaluated using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. In addition, the in vivo efficacy of PCL meshes for the repair of muscle injury was investigated on a rat model with histological examinations. It was found that the additively manufactured PCL meshes degraded by 13% after submission in buffered solution for four months. All PCL meshes with different pore sizes exhibited greater strength than rat muscle and survived through 10,000 cyclic loadings. Furthermore, the meshes could offer a sustained release of antibiotics and analgesics for more than 3 days in vitro. The results of this study suggest that drug-loaded PCL mesh exhibits superior ability to pure PCL mesh in terms of effectively promoting muscle repair in rat models. The histological assay also showed adequate biocompatibility of the resorbable meshes. The additively manufactured biodegradable drug-eluting meshes may be adopted in the future in humans for the therapy of muscle injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chao Chou
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Heng Hsu
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Demei Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Jheng-Wei Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsun Yu
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Err-Cheng Chan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jung Liu
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
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Scaturro D, de Sire A, Vitagliani F, Lo Nardo D, Tomasello S, Ammendolia A, Letizia Mauro G. Effectiveness of cryo plus ultrasound therapy versus diathermy in combination with high-intensity laser therapy for pain relief in footballers with muscle injuries: A prospective study. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2024; 37:771-780. [PMID: 38160343 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-230265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle injuries are common traumatic events in the clinical practice of the rehabilitation field. There is still a gap in the scientific literature on the effectiveness of physical agent modalities in the management of muscle injuries in athletes. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of cryo plus ultrasound therapy com-pared to diathermy in combination with high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) for pain relief in professional footballers with muscle injuries. METHODS A case-control study was conducted on 31 professional footballers with a muscle injury of the lower limbs. Of these, 17 patients, assigned to a Group A (AG), were treated with HILT and cryoultrasound therapy; the remaining 14 patients, assigned to a Group B (BG), underwent HILT and diathermy. We assessed the extent of the pain, the size of the muscle injury, frequency of recurrence and number of days to recovery, at the time of recruitment, at the end of the rehabilitation and 3 months after the injury. RESULTS Group A athletes had a greater benefit on pain (4.65 ± 0.61 vs 3.24 ± 0.63; p< 0.05) and muscle injury recurrence. The return to play in the athletes of group A took place 4.73 days earlier. CONCLUSION HILT and cryo plus ultrasound therapy, in combination with therapeutic exercise, rep-resent a valid strategy in the treatment of muscle injuries in professional footballers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Scaturro
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro de Sire
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
- Research Center on Musculoskeletal Health, MusculoSkeletalHealth@UMG, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fabio Vitagliani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Davide Lo Nardo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sofia Tomasello
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Ammendolia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
- Research Center on Musculoskeletal Health, MusculoSkeletalHealth@UMG, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giulia Letizia Mauro
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Wells A, Rigby J, Castel C, Castel D. Pulsed Red and Blue Photobiomodulation for the Treatment of Thigh Contusions and Soft Tissue Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Sport Rehabil 2024; 33:20-26. [PMID: 37917978 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2022-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Contusion and soft tissue injuries are common in sports. Photobiomodultion, light and laser therapy, is an effective aid to increase healing rates and improve function after various injury mechanisms. However, it is unclear how well photobiomodulation improves function after a contusion soft tissue injury. This study aimed to determine the effects of a pulsed red and blue photobiomodulation light patch on muscle function following a human thigh contusion injury. DESIGN Single-blinded randomized control trial design. METHODS We enrolled 46 healthy participants. Participants completed 5 visits on consecutive days. On the first visit, participants completed a baseline isokinetic quadriceps strength testing protocol at 60°/s and 180°/s. On the second visit, participants were struck in the rectus femoris of the anterior thigh with a tennis ball from a serving machine. Immediately following, participants were treated for 30 minutes with an active or placebo photobiomodulation patch (CareWear light patch system, CareWear Corp). Following the treatment, participants completed the same isokinetic quadriceps strength testing protocol. Participants completed the treatment and isokinetic quadriceps strength test during the following daily visits. We normalized the data by calculating the percent change from baseline. We used a mixed model analysis of covariance, with sex as a covariate, to determine the difference between treatment groups throughout the acute recovery process. RESULTS We found the active photobiomodulation treatment significantly increased over the placebo group, quadriceps peak torque during the 180°/s test (P = .030), and average power during both the 60°/s (P = .041) and 180°/s (P ≤ .001) assessments. The mean peak torque and average power of 180°/s, at day 4, exceeded the baseline levels by 8.9% and 16.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The red and blue photobiomodulation light patch improved muscle strength and power during the acute healing phase of a human thigh contusion injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Wells
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Justin Rigby
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Walters R, Kasik J, Ettel C, Ortiz R. Evaluation of Sustained Acoustic Medicine for Treating Musculoskeletal Injuries in Military and Sports Medicine. Open Orthop J 2022; 16:e187432502211210. [PMID: 36694709 PMCID: PMC9869494 DOI: 10.2174/18743250-v16-e221130-2022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Musculoskeletal injuries are common in collegiate, professional, and military personnel and require expedited recovery to reduce lost work time. Sustained acoustic medicine (SAM) provides continuous long-duration ultrasound at 3MHz and 132mW/cm2. The treatment is frequently prescribed to treat acute and chronic soft tissue injuries and reduce pain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of SAM treatment for musculoskeletal injuries and accelerated recovery. Methods An 18-question electronic survey and panel discussion were conducted on Athletic Trainers (ATs) using SAM treatment in professional, collegiate, and military sports medicine. The survey included both qualitative and quantitative questions. In addition, a panel discussion discussed SAM effectiveness with expert ATs. Power calculation of sampling and statistical evaluation of data was utilized to generalize the results. Results Survey respondents (n=97) and panelists (n=142) included ATs from all National Athletic Trainers Association districts. SAM was primarily used for musculoskeletal injuries (83.9%, p<0.001) with a focus on healing tendons and ligaments (87.3%, p<0.001). SAM treatment was also used on joints (44.8%), large muscle groups (43.7%), and bone (41.4%). SAM provided clinical improvement in under 2 weeks (68.9%, p<0.001) and a 50% reduction in pain medication (63%, p<0.001). In addition, patients were highly receptive to treatment (87.3%, p<0.001), and ATs had a high level of confidence for improved function and returned to work after 30-days of SAM use (81.2%, p<0.001). Conclusion SAM is an effective, safe, easy-to-use, noninvasive, comfortable, and versatile therapeutic for healing musculoskeletal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod Walters
- NATA Hall of Fame, Walters Inc. Consultants in Sports Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - John Kasik
- Atheltic Training and Sports Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Cassie Ettel
- Atheltic Training, Jacksonville Jaguars, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Ralph Ortiz
- Cayuga Medical Center, Medical Pain Consultants, Dryden, NY, USA,Address correspondence to this author at the Cayuga Medical Center, Medical Pain Consultants, Dryden, NY, USA; Tel: 6078449979;
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Partenheimer A, Lill H. [Avulsion of the hamstring muscles]. Unfallchirurg 2021; 124:536-541. [PMID: 34143257 DOI: 10.1007/s00113-021-01026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avulsion injuries of the proximal hamstring muscles are rare but very severe injuries to the dorsal thigh musculature. OBJECTIVE Due to improved diagnostics and experience in treatment, the decision for surgical treatment is becoming more and more frequent. Presentation of the surgical method, follow-up treatment and outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS Description of the anatomy, origin, diagnostics and treatment of avulsions of the hamstring musculature. RESULTS Due to improvement of knowledge and diagnostics, avulsion injuries of the hamstring muscles are identified more frequently. The rapid expansion of the diagnostics, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is decisive for a better identification of the extent and severity of the injury. Even if the differences in long-term results between surgical and conservative treatment are not significant in the literature, there is a clear improvement in function and resilience after surgical treatment of avulsion injuries of the hamstring muscles. CONCLUSION In view of the poor results of nonsurgical treatment and the clearly positive reports of surgical success, open refixation is recommended for recent proximal hamstring ruptures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Partenheimer
- Praxis Spine & Sport, Herrenhäuser Kirchweg 38, 30167, Hannover, Deutschland. .,Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, DIAKOVERE Friederikenstift, Humboldtstr. 5, 30169, Hannover, Deutschland.
| | - Helmut Lill
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, DIAKOVERE Friederikenstift, Humboldtstr. 5, 30169, Hannover, Deutschland
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Draper DO, Best T. Critical survey and panel review of sustained acoustic medicine in the treatment of sports-related musculoskeletal injuries by professional sports athletic trainers. CURRENT ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE 2021; 32:139-145. [PMID: 36687557 PMCID: PMC9854278 DOI: 10.1097/bco.0000000000000969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background The purpose of our study was two-fold. First, it was to discover American professional sports athletic trainers' (PSAT) use and opinions regarding the treatment with a small, portable ultrasound Sustained Acoustic Medicine (SAM) device on their athletes. Second, it was to discover the effectiveness of SAM treatment in their professional sports players (PSP). Methods There were two ways of collecting data from the PSATs. The first was by written survey. Questions included qualitative and quantitative feedback on SAM device use, clinical applications, and acceptance among PSP. The second part involved a panel discussion of four PSATs, who shared their personal experiences with SAM. Questions focused on the use of the technology, confidence level, manner of application, and communication with PSPs regarding the application of the SAM and recommended treatment protocols. Results The survey found that SAM is wearable, easy to use, comfortable, and that it can be used as a "go-to" device outside of the athletic training facility. PSATs reported an 87% satisfaction and increased confidence in the ability of SAM to accelerate the healing process. Thus, SAM was considered a recommended treatment for professional athletes to use as an adjunct therapy. PSATs agreed that SAM is one of the recommended choices as an adjunct therapy in multiple musculoskeletal injuries. Conclusions The survey and panel discussion concluded that SAM treatment is easy to use with no adverse effects and can be used at multiple stages of the healing process. Level of Evidence Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. Draper
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Thomas Best
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
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Pellegrini A, Lombardi M, Riva N, Combi F, Pecci C, Porcellini G. Injury analysis of a professional female soccer team in first division Italian season. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:1369-1374. [PMID: 33586926 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.11688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soccer, the most popular sport worldwide, has seen an exponential increase in women's participation at the elite level in the last few years. The main purpose of the current epidemiological study was to analyze the injury incidence, characteristics, and burden among elite female soccer players during a regular season. METHODS We recorded all injuries that occurred throughout the 2018-2019 competitive soccer season (August-April). The studied group consisted of 22 elite players, who were militant in the first national leagues from the first team of the same soccer club in the north of Italy. The 2006 FIFA consensus statement was used to design the injury registration form. RESULTS Throughout the 2018-2019 season, medical staff treated 35 injuries in 22 females. Of the total number of injuries reported in 9 months (5.8 injuries per 1000 hours of exposure), 7 (20%) occurred during matches and 28 (80%) during training sessions. The most common injury was represented by muscular disorders (18; 51.43%) which affected the thigh in 16 cases, and the lower leg and trunk in one case each. According to an anatomic site, most injuries occurred in the lower limbs (94,28%), with the majority affecting thighs (16; 45%), ankles (8; 23%), and knees (5; 14%). CONCLUSIONS Non-contact injuries are shown to be more frequent than contact injuries, which may be connected to the increasing athletic burden among athletes. Further prospective investigations are needed with a focus on prevention protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Claudio Pecci
- Mapei Sport Research Center, Olgiate Olona, Varese, Italy
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Massidda M, Miyamoto-Mikami E, Kumagai H, Ikeda H, Shimasaki Y, Yoshimura M, Cugia P, Piras F, Scorcu M, Kikuchi N, Calò CM, Fuku N. Association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and muscle injuries in Italian and Japanese elite football players. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2423-2429. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1787683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myosotis Massidda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Italian Sports Medicine Federation, Rome, Italy
| | - Eri Miyamoto-Mikami
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kumagai
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hayato Ikeda
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yu Shimasaki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Paolo Cugia
- Italian Sports Medicine Federation, Rome, Italy
- Cagliari Calcio Spa, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Piras
- Italian Sports Medicine Federation, Rome, Italy
- Cagliari Calcio Spa, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Scorcu
- Italian Sports Medicine Federation, Rome, Italy
- Cagliari Calcio Spa, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Naoki Kikuchi
- Department of Training Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Carla Maria Calò
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Noriyuki Fuku
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
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Intramuscular Injection of Combined Calf Blood Compound (CFC) and Homeopathic Drug Tr14 Accelerates Muscle Regeneration In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062112. [PMID: 32204424 PMCID: PMC7139694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle injuries in competitive sports cause lengthy absences of athletes from tournaments. This is of tremendous competitive and economic relevance for both the athletes and their respective clubs. Therapy for structural muscle lesions aims to promote regeneration and fast-track return-to-play. A common clinical treatment strategy for muscle injuries is the intramuscular injection of calf blood compound and the homeopathic drug, Tr14. Although the combination of these two agents was reported to reduce recovery time, the regulatory mechanism whereby this occurs remains unknown. In this in vivo study, we selected a rat model of mechanical muscle injury to investigate the effect of this combination therapy on muscle regeneration. Gene expression analysis and histological images revealed that this combined intramuscular injection for muscle lesions can enhance the expression of pro-myogenic genes and proteins and accelerate muscle regeneration. These findings are novel and depict the positive effects of calf blood compound and the homeopathic drug, Tr14, which are utilized in the field of Sports medicine.
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Is Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Effective in the Treatment of Acute Muscle Injuries? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 48:971-989. [PMID: 29363053 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0860-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle lesions account for one-third of sport-related injuries, thus representing a substantial problem for both players and their teams. The use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections is rapidly growing in clinical practice, prompted by an unmet clinical need with a large commercial market. However, after early reports of positive preliminary experience, higher quality studies recently questioned the real benefit provided by PRP injections to promote muscle healing and return to sport. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections on outcomes following acute muscle injuries. DESIGN Meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials (RCTs), Level I. DATA SOURCES PubMed (MEDLINE), Cochrane (CENTRAL), Web of Science, clinicaltrials.gov, who.int, isrctn.com, greylit.org, opengrey.eu. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA RCTs investigating the effect of PRP for the treatment of acute muscle injuries against at least one control group including patients treated with placebo injection or physical therapy. The outcomes evaluated were time to return to sport, re-injuries, complications, pain, muscle strength, range of motion (ROM)/flexibility, muscle function, and imaging. RESULTS Six studies, involving 374 patients, were included in the meta-analysis. The time to return to sport evaluated in all six studies was significantly shorter in patients treated with PRP (mean difference = - 7.17 days). However, if only the double-blind studies (n = 2) or studies including only hamstring injuries (n = 3) were considered, non-significant differences were found. Re-injuries (relative risk = - 0.03) and complications (relative risk = 0.01) were also similar between the two groups (p > 0.05), nor were any substantial differences found regarding pain, muscle strength, ROM/flexibility, muscle function, and imaging. The performance bias was high risk due to the lack of patient blinding in four studies. The quality of evidence according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) was therefore low or very low. CONCLUSIONS The promising biological rationale, the positive preclinical findings, and the successful early clinical experience of PRP injections are not confirmed by the recent high-level RCTs. Therefore any benefit in terms of pain, function, return to sport, and recurrence using PRP injections for the treatment of acute muscle injuries is not supported. Due to the bias in the studies, the heterogeneity of the findings, and the limited sample size, the evidence should be considered to be of low or very low quality.
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Di Pietto F, Chianca V, Zappia M, Romano S. Articular and peri-articular hip lesions in soccer players. The importance of imaging in deciding which lesions will need surgery and which can be treated conservatively? Eur J Radiol 2018; 105:227-238. [PMID: 30017285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Soccer is one of the most popular sports worldwide engaging millions of participants each year. During play, injuries occur rather frequently and most of them involve the hip joint and the surrounding structure. In professional athletes, injuries are often complex scenarios and in the case of misdiagnosis, patients' return to play is delayed or it may progress to a more serious injury with consequent damage for their career and for the soccer team. The most frequent articular pathologies are Femoro-acetabular impingement and labral tears. Stress fracture, avulsion, ischiofemoral impingement, subspine impingement, athletic pubalgia, muscle injuries and Morel-Levallèe lesion are the most frequent hip peri-articular pathologies whereas snapping hip may be both intra- or extra-articular pathology. With an increasing number of football players, the radiologist plays a crucial role in the detection and characterization of the extent of the injuries. This article reviews the current imaging concepts frequently seen in injuries around the hips of professional football players focusing in particular on the most suitable therapeutic approaches, whether surgical or conservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Pietto
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, "A.Cardarelli" Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Vito Chianca
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Marcello Zappia
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Università del Molise, Campobasso, Italy, Via De Sanctis 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Stefania Romano
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, "A.Cardarelli" Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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