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Palumbo JD, Sarreal SBL, Kim JH. Simultaneous detection of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species of sections Circumdati and Flavi using multiplex digital PCR. Lett Appl Microbiol 2023; 76:ovad142. [PMID: 38111225 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovad142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Populations of ochratoxin-producing Aspergillus section Circumdati species and aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus section Flavi species frequently coexist in soil and are the main sources of mycotoxin contamination of tree nuts. Identification of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species in these sections is difficult using traditional isolation and culture methods. We developed a multiplex digital PCR (dPCR) assay to detect and quantify Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus westerdijkiae, and Aspergillus steynii (section Circumdati), as well as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus (section Flavi), in environmental samples based on species-specific calmodulin gene sequences. Relative quantification of each species by dPCR of mixed-species templates correlated with corresponding DNA input ratios. Target species could be detected in soil inoculated with conidia from each species. Non-target species of sections Circumdati, Flavi, and Nigri were generally not detectable using this dPCR method. Detected non-target species (Aspergillus fresenii, Aspergillus melleus, Aspergillus sclerotiorum, and Aspergillus subramanianii) were discernible from A. ochraceus in dual-template dPCR reactions based on differential fluorescence intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Palumbo
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, United States
| | - Siov Bouy L Sarreal
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, United States
| | - Jong H Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, United States
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2
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Al-Zaban MI, Alrokban AH, Mahmoud MA. Development of a real-time PCR and multiplex PCR assay for the detection and identification of mycotoxigenic fungi in stored maize grains. Mycology 2023; 14:227-238. [PMID: 37583456 PMCID: PMC10424615 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2023.2213704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify important mycotoxigenic fungi and accurate detection of mycotoxin in stored maize grains using molecular methods. The current study also optimised the real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assay. The melting curve was established to identify isolated fungal species of Aspergillus (4), Fusarium (3), Penicillium (3), and Alternaria (one). A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) technique was developed for the detection and characterisation of mycotoxin producing fungi, mycotoxin metabolic pathway genes, and the determination of eleven mycotoxins in stored maize grains using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mPCR results indicated positive signals for potentially mycotoxigenic fungal species tested of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria. A protocol for multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) was tested to distinguish between free and contaminated, stored maize with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The expression pattern of four aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway genes, AFB1 (aflQ, aflP, aflO, and aflD), was a good marker for contaminated, stored maize grains. HPLC analysis showed that maize grain samples were contaminated with mycotoxins, and the concentration was above the detection level. The results indicate that the polyphasic approach might provide a sensitive, rapid, and accurate method for detecting and identifying mycotoxigenic fungal species and mycotoxins in stored maize grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayasar I. Al-Zaban
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam H. Alrokban
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Mahmoud
- Central Laboratory of Biotechnology (CLB), Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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3
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Kabiraz MP, Majumdar PR, Mahmud MC, Bhowmik S, Ali A. Conventional and advanced detection techniques of foodborne pathogens: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15482. [PMID: 37151686 PMCID: PMC10161726 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens are a major public health concern and have a significant economic impact globally. From harvesting to consumption stages, food is generally contaminated by viruses, parasites, and bacteria, which causes foodborne diseases such as hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), typhoid, acute, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Hence, early detection of foodborne pathogenic microbes is essential to ensure a safe food supply and to prevent foodborne diseases. The identification of foodborne pathogens is associated with conventional (e.g., culture-based, biochemical test-based, immunological-based, and nucleic acid-based methods) and advances (e.g., hybridization-based, array-based, spectroscopy-based, and biosensor-based process) techniques. For industrial food applications, detection methods could meet parameters such as accuracy level, efficiency, quickness, specificity, sensitivity, and non-labor intensive. This review provides an overview of conventional and advanced techniques used to detect foodborne pathogens over the years. Therefore, the scientific community, policymakers, and food and agriculture industries can choose an appropriate method for better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Probha Kabiraz
- Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Priyanka Rani Majumdar
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - M.M. Chayan Mahmud
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Shuva Bhowmik
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
- Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Corresponding author. Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Azam Ali
- Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Corresponding author.
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4
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Yaseen S, Hanano A. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) Reveals that the Aflatoxin-Free Pistachio Samples Can Be Potentially Contaminated with Fungal Materials. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Silva JJ, Fungaro MHP, Soto TS, Taniwaki MH, Iamanaka BT. Low-cost, specific PCR assays to identify the main aflatoxigenic species of Aspergillus section Flavi. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 196:106470. [PMID: 35447279 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites that are present as contaminants in food globally. Most aflatoxigenic species belong to Aspergillus section Flavi, and the main ones are grouped in the A. flavus clade, where many cryptic species that are difficult to discriminate are found. In this study, we investigated inter- and intraspecific diversity of the A. flavus clade to develop low-cost, species-specific PCR assays for identifying aflatoxigenic species. A total of 269 sequences of the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) locus were retrieved from GenBank, and primer pairs were designed using data mining to identify A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. novoparasiticus. Species-specific amplicons of approximately 620, 350, and 860 bp enabled identification of target species as A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. novoparasiticus, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué J Silva
- Institute of Food Technology - ITAL, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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6
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Evaluation of fungal hazards associated with dried fig processing. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 365:109541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Ali ME, Gunn M, Stackhouse T, Waliullah S, Guo B, Culbreath A, Brenneman T. Sensitivity of Aspergillus flavus Isolates from Peanut Seeds in Georgia to Azoxystrobin, a Quinone outside Inhibitor (QoI) Fungicide. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:284. [PMID: 33918784 PMCID: PMC8069585 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus infects peanuts and produces a mycotoxin called aflatoxin, a potent human carcinogen. In infected peanuts, it can also affect peanut seed quality by causing seed rot and reducing seed viability, resulting in low germination. In 2020, peanut seeds in Georgia had lower than expected germination and a high frequency of A. flavus contamination. A total of 76 Aspergillus isolates were collected from seven seed lots and their identity and in vitro reaction to QoI (quinone outside inhibitor) fungicide (azoxystrobin) were studied. The isolates were confirmed as A. flavus by morphological characteristics and a PCR (polymerase chain reaction)-based method using species-specific primers. In vitro, these isolates were tested for sensitivity to azoxystrobin. The mean EC50 values ranged from 0.12 to 297.22 μg/mL, suggesting that some isolates were resistant or tolerate to this fungicide. The sequences of cytochrome b gene from these isolates were compared and a single nucleotide mutation (36.8% isolates) was found as Cyt B G143A, which was associated with the total resistance to the QoIs. Another single mutation (15.8% isolates) was also observed as Cyt B F129L, which had been documented for QoI resistance. Therefore, a new major single mutation was detected in the A. flavus natural population in this study, and it might explain the cause of the bad seed quality in 2020. The high frequency of this new single nucleotide mutation exists in the natural population of A. flavus and results in the ineffectiveness of using azoxystrobin seed treatment. New seed treatment fungicides are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Emran Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA; (M.G.); (T.S.); (S.W.); (A.C.); (T.B.)
| | - Mackenzie Gunn
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA; (M.G.); (T.S.); (S.W.); (A.C.); (T.B.)
| | - Tammy Stackhouse
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA; (M.G.); (T.S.); (S.W.); (A.C.); (T.B.)
| | - Sumyya Waliullah
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA; (M.G.); (T.S.); (S.W.); (A.C.); (T.B.)
| | - Baozhu Guo
- USDA-ARS, Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, Tifton, GA 31793, USA;
| | - Albert Culbreath
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA; (M.G.); (T.S.); (S.W.); (A.C.); (T.B.)
| | - Timothy Brenneman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA; (M.G.); (T.S.); (S.W.); (A.C.); (T.B.)
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Ghafori S, Habibipour R, Bayat S. Optimization of a real-time PCR assay for identification of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger from flour samples: Comparison of phenotypic and genotypic methods. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Gherbawy YA, Elhariry HM, Alamri SA, El‐Dawy EG. Molecular characterization of ochratoxigenic fungi associated with poultry feedstuffs in Saudi Arabia. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:5298-5308. [PMID: 33133533 PMCID: PMC7590298 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal and mycotoxins contamination of food and poultry feeds can occur at each step along the chain from grain production, storage, and processing. A total of 200 samples comprising of mixed poultry feedstuffs (n = 100) and their ingredients (n = 100) were collected from Riyadh, Alhassa, Qassium, and Jeddah cities in Saudi Arabia. These samples were screened for contamination by fungi. Penicillium chrysogenum was the predominant species taking into its account and frequency, respectively, in both mixed poultry feedstuff and barley samples (4,561.9 and 687 fungal colony-forming units (CFU)/g) and (66% and 17%). Moisture content was an important indicator for the count of fungi and ochratoxin A. Ochratoxin analysis of plate cultures was performed by a HPLC technique. Sample of mixed poultry feedstuff which was collected from Jeddah displayed the highest level of ochratoxin (14.8 µg/kg) and moisture content (11.5%). Corn grains samples were highly contaminated by ochratoxin A (450 and 423 µg/kg) and recorded the highest moisture contents (14.1 and 14.5%). Ochratoxin A production in fungal species isolated from mixed poultry feedstuff samples were high with P. verrucosum (5.5 μg/kg) and A. niger (1.1 μg/kg). In sorghum and corn grains, the highest ochratoxins producing species were P. viridicatum (5.9 μg/kg) and A. niger (1.3 μg/kg), respectively. Sixty-three isolates of A. niger were ochratoxigenic, and all of them showed the presence of pks genes using PKS15C-MeT and PKS15KS primer pairs. The detection technique of A. niger in poultry feedstuff samples described in the present study was successfully used as a rapid and specific protocol for early detection of A. niger without cultivation on specific media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssuf A. Gherbawy
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology CenterSouth Valley UniversityQenaEgypt
- Botany and Microbiology DepartmentFaculty of ScienceSouth Valley UniversityQenaEgypt
| | - Hesham M. Elhariry
- Department of Food ScienceFaculty of AgricultureAin Shams UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Saad A. Alamri
- Biology DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Khalid UniversityAbhaSaudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS)King Khalid UniversityAbhaSaudi Arabia
| | - Eman G.A. El‐Dawy
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology CenterSouth Valley UniversityQenaEgypt
- Botany and Microbiology DepartmentFaculty of ScienceSouth Valley UniversityQenaEgypt
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10
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Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Toxigenic Aspergillus flavus from Groundnut Kernels in Kenya. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:8854718. [PMID: 32963542 PMCID: PMC7492892 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8854718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis of Aspergillus flavus on important agricultural products is a key concern on human health due to the synthesis and secretion of the hazardous secondary metabolite, aflatoxin. This study identified and further characterized aflatoxigenic A. flavus from groundnuts sampled from sundry shops in Kenya using integrated morphological and molecular approaches. The groundnuts were plated on potato dextrose agar for isolation and morphological observation of A. flavus based on macroscopic and microscopic features. Molecular characterization was done through amplification and comparison of the partial sequence of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region. The expression analysis of aflR, aflS, aflD, aflP, and aflQ genes in the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathways was conducted to confirm the positive identification of A. flavus. The gene expression also aided to delineate toxigenic isolates of A. flavus from atoxigenic ones. Morphologically, 18 isolates suspected to be A. flavus were identified. Out of these, 14 isolates successfully amplified the 500 bp ITS region of A. flavus or Aspergillus oryzae, while 4 isolates were not amplified. All the remaining 14 isolates expressed at least one of the aflatoxigenic genes but only 5 had all the genes expressed. Partial sequencing revealed that isolates 5, 11, 12, 13, and 15 had 99.2%, 97.6%, 98.4%, 97.5%, and 100% homology, respectively, to the A. flavus isolate LUOHE, ITS-5.8S-ITS2, obtained from the NCBI database. The five isolates were accurate identification of atoxigenic A. flavus. Precise identification of toxigenic strains of A. flavus will be useful in establishing control strategies of the fungus in food products.
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Rahman HU, Yue X, Ren X, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Li P. Multiplex PCR assay to detect Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium species simultaneously. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1939-1950. [PMID: 32897821 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1810860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of mycotoxins is produced by mycotoxigenic fungi and naturally contaminates food and feed products worldwide. Synergistic effects of multi-toxins are potentially more harmful than exposure to a single compound and can induce acute and chronic toxicity to animals and humans. The aim of the present study is to timely and simultaneously identify the multiple mycotoxigenic fungi capable of causing synergistic toxicity to improve the safety level of food and feedstuff. Here, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay was developed for simultaneous detection of mycotoxigenic fungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. Three pairs of genus-specific primers were designed based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of Aspergillus and Penicillium, and Elongation factor 1 alpha (EF- 1α) of Fusarium. Amplicons of 170, 750 and 490 bp respectively for the corresponding primer pairs were detected; thus amplicon length is diagnostic for the individual fungal genus. The sensitivity of the developed method was tested with genomic DNA obtained from mould pure cultures and artificially contaminated maize grain powder. The sensitivity result showed that spore concentrations in the contaminated maize grain powder of 102 spores/mL were detected without prior incubation. This result suggests that the developed mPCR assay would allow a rapid, specific and simultaneous detection of various mycotoxigenic potential fungi based on the occurrence and size of the amplification products and thus to estimate the multi-mycotoxins contamination potential in food and feedstuff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ur Rahman
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Yue
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan, PR China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Wuhan, Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xianfeng Ren
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan, PR China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan, PR China.,Ministry of Agriculture, National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin) , Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan, PR China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Wuhan, Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan, PR China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan, PR China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Wuhan, Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan, PR China.,Ministry of Agriculture, National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin) , Wuhan, PR China.,Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan, PR China
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12
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García-Díaz M, Gil-Serna J, Patiño B, García-Cela E, Magan N, Medina Á. Assessment of the Effect of Satureja montana and Origanum virens Essential Oils on Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production at Different Water Activities. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030142. [PMID: 32106532 PMCID: PMC7150974 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination of foodstuffs poses a serious risk to food security, and it is essential to search for new control methods to prevent these toxins entering the food chain. Several essential oils are able to reduce the growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis of toxigenic species, although their efficiency is strongly influenced by the environmental conditions. In this work, the effectiveness of Satureja montana and Origanum virens essential oils to control Aspergillus flavus growth was evaluated under three water activity levels (0.94, 0.96 and 0.98 aw) using a Bioscreen C, a rapid in vitro spectrophotometric technique. The aflatoxin concentrations at all conditions tested were determined by HPLC-FLD. Aspergillus flavus growth was delayed by both essential oil treatments. However, only S. montana essential oil was able to significantly affect aflatoxin production, although the inhibition percentages widely differed among water activities. The most significant reduction was observed at 0.96 aw, which is coincident with the conditions in which A. flavus reached the highest levels of aflatoxin production. On the contrary, the treatment with S. montana essential oil was not effective in significantly reducing aflatoxin production at 0.94 aw. Therefore, it is important to study the interaction of the new control compounds with environmental factors before their application in food matrices, and in vitro ecophysiological studies are a good option since they provide accurate and rapid results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta García-Díaz
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-D.); (B.P.)
| | - Jessica Gil-Serna
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-D.); (B.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.G.-S.); (Á.M.)
| | - Belén Patiño
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-D.); (B.P.)
| | - Esther García-Cela
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK; (E.G.-C.); (N.M.)
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL109AB, UK
| | - Naresh Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK; (E.G.-C.); (N.M.)
| | - Ángel Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK; (E.G.-C.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.G.-S.); (Á.M.)
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García-Díaz M, Gil-Serna J, Vázquez C, Botia MN, Patiño B. A Comprehensive Study on the Occurrence of Mycotoxins and Their Producing Fungi during the Maize Production Cycle in Spain. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E141. [PMID: 31968531 PMCID: PMC7023295 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination is one of the main problems affecting corn production, due to its significant risk to human and animal health. The Fusarium and Aspergillus species are the main producers of mycotoxins in maize, infecting both pre-harvest and during storage. In this work, we evaluated the presence of mycotoxins and their producing species along maize production cycles in three different stages (anthesis, harvest, and storage) during three consecutive seasons (2016-2018). Fungal occurrences were studied using species-specific PCR protocols, whereas mycotoxin levels were determined by LC-MS/MS. Fumonisin-producing Fusarium species (F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum), as well as the aflatoxin producer Aspergillus flavus, were the most predominant species at all stages; although, during some seasons, the presence of F. graminearum and A. niger aggregate species were also identified. Contrastingly, fumonisins were the only mycotoxins detected and levels were always under legal regulations. The results presented here demonstrate that even when fungal contamination occurs at the early stages of the maize production cycle, the application of good agricultural and storage practices might be crucial to ensure mycotoxin-free grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta García-Díaz
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-D.); (C.V.); (B.P.)
| | - Jéssica Gil-Serna
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-D.); (C.V.); (B.P.)
| | - Covadonga Vázquez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-D.); (C.V.); (B.P.)
| | | | - Belén Patiño
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-D.); (C.V.); (B.P.)
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14
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García-Díaz M, Patiño B, Vázquez C, Gil-Serna J. A Novel Niosome-Encapsulated Essential Oil Formulation to Prevent Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Contamination of Maize Grains During Storage. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110646. [PMID: 31698851 PMCID: PMC6891554 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin (AF) contamination of maize is a major concern for food safety. The use of chemical fungicides is controversial, and it is necessary to develop new effective methods to control Aspergillus flavus growth and, therefore, to avoid the presence of AFs in grains. In this work, we tested in vitro the effect of six essential oils (EOs) extracted from aromatic plants. We selected those from Satureja montana and Origanum virens because they show high levels of antifungal and antitoxigenic activity at low concentrations against A. flavus. EOs are highly volatile compounds and we have developed a new niosome-based encapsulation method to extend their shelf life and activity. These new formulations have been successfully applied to reduce fungal growth and AF accumulation in maize grains in a small-scale test, as well as placing the maize into polypropylene woven bags to simulate common storage conditions. In this latter case, the antifungal properties lasted up to 75 days after the first application.
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15
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Bansal S, Mangal M, Tushir S, Oberoi HS, Gupta RK. A rapid and reliable method for the specific detection of aflatoxigenic fungi in groundnut and rice samples. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Bansal
- ICAR‐Central Institute of Post‐Harvest Engineering & Technology Ludhiana India
| | - Manisha Mangal
- ICAR‐Indian Agriculture Research Institute New Delhi India
| | - Surya Tushir
- ICAR‐Central Institute of Post‐Harvest Engineering & Technology Ludhiana India
| | | | - Ram K. Gupta
- ICAR‐Central Institute of Post‐Harvest Engineering & Technology Ludhiana India
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El Sheikha AF. Molecular Detection of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Foods: The Case for Using PCR-DGGE. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2018.1547644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aly Farag El Sheikha
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Fungal Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Minufiya University, Shibin El Kom, Minufiya Government, Egypt
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17
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Jiang MP, Zheng SY, Wang H, Zhang SY, Yao DS, Xie CF, Liu DL. Predictive model of aflatoxin contamination risk associated with granary-stored corn with versicolorin A monitoring and logistic regression. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:308-319. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1562226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ping Jiang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao Yan Zheng
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Yao Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Sheng Yao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Centre of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Fang Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Centre of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Ling Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Mukherjee M, Manonmani HK, Bhatt P. Aptamer as capture agent in enzyme-linked apta-sorbent assay (ELASA) for ultrasensitive detection of Aflatoxin B 1. Toxicon 2018; 156:28-33. [PMID: 30399357 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), is one of the most toxic mycotoxins found to contaminate various food commodities like cereals, dried fruits, tree nuts, spices and crude vegetable oils. In spite of considerable progress in analytical techniques, there is still a need to develop rapid and highly sensitive detection platforms for AFB1. In this study, AFB1 specific aptamer was used as a capture molecule to develop an enzyme-linked apta-sorbent assay (ELASA) for ultrasensitive detection of AFB1. Under optimized conditions, the assay had a linear detection range from 1 μg to 1 pg with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 pg/mL in buffer. Conventional ELISA with AFB1 hapten as the capture agent (LOD = 10 pg/mL) was also carried out to compare the results with the present method. Recovery studies in food samples like dried red chillies, groundnut and pepper using both the methods was found to be in the range of 88.49-106.4% at 10 ng/mL and 87.4% to 95.8% at 5 ng/mL for ELASA and 76.56-127.68% at 10 ng/mL and 82-101.2% at 5 ng/mL for ELISA. Higher detection (10 fold) and better recovery using ELASA suggest that the method could offer an early, ultrasensitive, high-throughput, qualitative and semi-quantitative detection of AFB1 in contaminated food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monali Mukherjee
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru, 570020 India; Microbiology & Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru, 570020 India
| | - H K Manonmani
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru, 570020 India; Food Protectants and Infestation Control Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru, 570020 India
| | - Praveena Bhatt
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru, 570020 India; Microbiology & Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru, 570020 India.
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Omeiza GK, Kabir J, Kwaga JKP, Kwanashie CN, Mwanza M, Ngoma L. A risk assessment study of the occurrence and distribution of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 in dairy cattle feeds in a central northern state, Nigeria. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:846-856. [PMID: 30151345 PMCID: PMC6107895 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nigeria, being a tropical nation, characterized by favorable climatic conditions, may display high chances of feed contaminations due to aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus with the consequences of health risks associated with the consumption of dairy products. A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the risks of occurrence and distribution of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination levels based on the European Union (EU) and United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) set limits. Feeds (n = 144) were collected from selected conventional and traditional dairy herds; prepared and analyzed using immuno-affinity column (IAC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) respectively. Forty eight (55.8%) isolates were identified as A. flavus of the isolated Aspergilli (n = 86). Of this proportion, 12 (25.0%) were aflatoxigenic strains. An outrageous number of the tested feeds (86.8%, n = 144) were positive for AFB1 contamination. Detectable AFB1 concentrations ranged between (0.5 and 24.8) μgKg-1 and were distributed variously according to many factors of distribution. Eighty three (66.4%, n = 125) of the AFB1 contaminated feed samples showed AFB1 concentrations between 5 and ≥20 μgKg-1. All-inclusive policies are key to reducing the health risks posed to the consumers of dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Omeiza
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Nigeria
| | - J Kabir
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - J K P Kwaga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - C N Kwanashie
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - M Mwanza
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - L Ngoma
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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Zhang SY, Wang H, Yang M, Yao DS, Xie CF, Liu DL. Versicolorin A is a potential indicator of aflatoxin contamination in the granary-stored corn. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:972-984. [PMID: 29337658 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1419579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the predictive monitoring of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) under granary conditions, since mycotoxin contamination of the stored grain represents an important issue. Using the storage test, we investigated the relationship between versicolorin A (Ver A, an intermediate in AFB1 biosynthesis) levels and the levels of aflatoxigenic fungi, and their relationship with aflatoxin production. All samples, except for one, were found to be contaminated with aflatoxigenic fungi using PCR analyses, while their AFB1 levels were not detectable before the storage test using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method with an LOD of 2 μg/kg. Aflatoxigenic fungi levels were analysed, as well as Ver A levels prior to the accumulation of AFB1 (Levels were ≥5 μg/kg; the permissible levels of AFB1 in corn intended for direct consumption are <5 μg/kg (EC)). Statistical analyses demonstrated that aflatoxin levels after both actual storage and safe storage (AFB1˂5μg/kg) times are significantly correlated with the Ver A levels and the changes in Ver A levels (ΔVer A). Both high and variable Ver A levels were indicative of the vigorous metabolic activity of aflatoxigenic fungi. In contrast, steady Ver A levels showed that aflatoxin production by the fungi was not active. Monitoring Ver A levels and their changes may allow an earlier detection of harmful aflatoxin contamination in the stored grain. Additionally, the toxicity of Ver A should be further examined. The results of our study indicate that the monitoring of Ver A levels, even when the AFB1 levels are very low, may increase the safety of grain consumption, especially considering Ver A toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yao Zhang
- a Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application , Guangdong Institute of Microbiology , Guangzhou , China.,c Institute of Microbial Biotechnology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Hao Wang
- a Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China.,c Institute of Microbial Biotechnology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Min Yang
- a Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China.,c Institute of Microbial Biotechnology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Dong-Sheng Yao
- a Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China.,c Institute of Microbial Biotechnology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China.,d National Engineering Research Centre of Genetic Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Chun-Fang Xie
- a Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China.,c Institute of Microbial Biotechnology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China.,d National Engineering Research Centre of Genetic Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Da-Ling Liu
- a Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China.,c Institute of Microbial Biotechnology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
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21
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Al-Shuhaib MBS, Albakri AH, Alwan SH, Almandil NB, AbdulAzeez S, Borgio JF. Optimal pcr primers for rapid and accurate detection of Aspergillus flavus isolates. Microb Pathog 2018; 116:351-355. [PMID: 29427712 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is among the most devastating opportunistic pathogens of several food crops including rice, due to its high production of carcinogenic aflatoxins. The presence of these organisms in economically important rice strip farming is a serious food safety concern. Several polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers have been designed to detect this species; however, a comparative assessment of their accuracy has not been conducted. This study aims to identify the optimal diagnostic PCR primers for the identification of A. flavus, among widely available primers. We isolated 122 A. flavus native isolates from randomly collected rice strips (N = 300). We identified 109 isolates to the genus level using universal fungal PCR primer pairs. Nine pairs of primers were examined for their PCR diagnostic specificity on the 109 isolates. FLA PCR was found to be the optimal PCR primer pair for specific identification of the native isolates, over aflP(1), aflM, aflA, aflD, aflP(3), aflP(2), and aflR. The PEP primer pair was found to be the most unsuitable for A. flavus identification. In conclusion, the present study indicates the powerful specificity of the FLA PCR primer over other commonly available diagnostic primers for accurate, rapid, and large-scale identification of A. flavus native isolates. This study provides the first simple, practical comparative guide to PCR-based screening of A. flavus infection in rice strips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Baqur S Al-Shuhaib
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim 51013, Babil, Iraq.
| | - Ali H Albakri
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Al-Kufa, Najaf 54001, Iraq.
| | - Sabah H Alwan
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Al-Kufa, Najaf 54001, Iraq.
| | - Noor B Almandil
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sayed AbdulAzeez
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - J Francis Borgio
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
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23
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Gómez JV, Tarazona A, Mateo-Castro R, Gimeno-Adelantado JV, Jiménez M, Mateo EM. Selected plant essential oils and their main active components, a promising approach to inhibit aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxin production in food. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1581-1595. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1419287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José Vicente Gómez
- Microbiology and Ecology Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Tarazona
- Microbiology and Ecology Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Eva M. Mateo
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Institute for Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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24
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Gherbawy Y, Shebany Y. Mycobiota, Total Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A of Cardamom Pods. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.24.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youssuf Gherbawy
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University
| | - Yassmin Shebany
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University
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25
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Jedidi I, Soldevilla C, Lahouar A, Marín P, González-Jaén MT, Said S. Mycoflora isolation and molecular characterization of Aspergillus and Fusarium species in Tunisian cereals. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 25:868-874. [PMID: 30108434 PMCID: PMC6088110 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat, barley and maize are the mainly consumed cereals in Tunisia. This study aimed to determine the mycoflora of these cereals with special focus on the mycotoxigenic Aspergillus and Fusarium species. Freshly harvested samples and other stored samples of each type of cereal (31 and 34 samples, respectively) were collected in Tunisia and cultured for fungal isolation and identification. Identification of fungal genera was based on morphological features. Aspergillus and Fusarium species were identified by species specific PCR assays complemented with DNA sequencing. Alternaria (70.83%), Eurotium (62.50%), Aspergillus (54.17%) and Penicillium (41.67%) were the most frequent fungi isolated from wheat. Penicillium (75%), Aspergillus (70%), Eurotium (65%) and Alternaria (65%) were the most frequently recovered genera from barley. The predominant genera in maize were Aspergillus (76.19%), Eurotium (42.86%), and Penicillium (38.09%). Aspergilllus, Penicillium, Fusarium and Alternaria were detected in both stored and freshly harvested grain samples. The frequencies of contamination with Aspergillus, Fusarium and Alternaria were higher in freshly harvested samples, whereas Penicillium species were more frequent in stored samples. The predominant Aspergillus species detected were A. flavus and A. niger. The Fusarium species detected were F. equiseti, F. verticillioides, F. nygamai, and F. oxysporum. This study suggested the potential risk for Aflatoxins and, to a lesser extent, for Ochratoxin A in Tunisian cereals. This is the first survey about mycoflora associated with wheat, barley and maize in Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Jedidi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Carlos Soldevilla
- UD de Zoología, Enfermedades y Plagas Forestales, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amani Lahouar
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Patricia Marín
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Salem Said
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
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Sadhasivam S, Britzi M, Zakin V, Kostyukovsky M, Trostanetsky A, Quinn E, Sionov E. Rapid Detection and Identification of Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in Stored Wheat Grain. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9100302. [PMID: 28946706 PMCID: PMC5666349 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the occurrence of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxin contamination in stored wheat grains by using advanced molecular and analytical techniques. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) strategy was established for rapid identification of mycotoxigenic fungi, and an improved analytical method was developed for simultaneous multi-mycotoxin determination in wheat grains by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) without the need for any clean-up. The optimized multiplex PCR method was highly specific in detecting fungal species containing species-specific and mycotoxin metabolic pathway genes. The method was applied for evaluation of 34 wheat grain samples collected from storage warehouses for the presence of mycotoxin-producing fungi, and a few samples were found positive for Fusarium and Aspergillus species. Further chemical analysis revealed that 17 samples contained mycotoxins above the level of detection, but only six samples were found to be contaminated over the EU regulatory limits with at least one mycotoxin. Aflatoxin B1, fumonisins, and deoxynivalenol were the most common toxins found in these samples. The results showed a strong correlation between the presence of mycotoxin biosynthesis genes as analyzed by multiplex PCR and mycotoxin detection by LC/MS/MS. The present findings indicate that a combined approach might provide rapid, accurate, and sensitive detection of mycotoxigenic species and mycotoxins in wheat grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudharsan Sadhasivam
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel.
| | - Malka Britzi
- National Residue Control Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Varda Zakin
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel.
| | - Moshe Kostyukovsky
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel.
| | - Anatoly Trostanetsky
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel.
| | - Elazar Quinn
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel.
| | - Edward Sionov
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel.
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Mateo EM, Gómez JV, Gimeno-Adelantado JV, Romera D, Mateo-Castro R, Jiménez M. Assessment of azole fungicides as a tool to control growth of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B 1 and B 2 production in maize. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1039-1051. [PMID: 28349747 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1310400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a highly aflatoxin (AF)-producing species infecting maize and other crops. It is dominant in tropical regions, but it is also considered an emerging problem associated with climate change in Europe. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of azole fungicides (prochloraz, tebuconazole and a 2:1 (w/w) mixture of prochloraz plus tebuconazole) to control the growth of A. flavus and AF production in yeast-extract-sucrose (YES) agar and in maize kernels under different water activities (aw) and temperatures. Aflatoxins B1 and B2 were determined by LC with fluorescence detection and post-column derivatisation of AFB1. In YES medium and maize grains inoculated with conidia of A. flavus, the growth rate (GR) of the fungus and AFB1 and AFB2 production were significantly influenced by temperature and treatment. In YES medium and maize kernels, optimal temperatures for GR and AF production were 37 and 25°C, respectively. In maize kernels, spore germination was not detected at the combination 37ºC/0.95 aw; however, under these conditions germination was found in YES medium. All fungicides were more effective at 0.99 than 0.95 aw, and at 37 than 25ºC. Fungicides effectiveness was prochloraz > prochloraz plus tebuconazole (2:1) > tebuconazole. AFs were not detected in cultures containing the highest fungicide doses, and only very low AF levels were found in cultures containing 0.1 mg l-1 prochloraz or 5.0 mg l-1 tebuconazole. Azoles proved to be highly efficient in reducing A. flavus growth and AF production, although stimulation of AF production was found under particular conditions and low-dosage treatments. Maize kernels were a more favourable substrate for AF biosynthesis than YES medium. This paper is the first comparative study on the effects of different azole formulations against A. flavus and AF production in a semi-synthetic medium and in maize grain under different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Mateo
- a Microbiology and Ecology Department , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - José Vicente Gómez
- a Microbiology and Ecology Department , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | | | - David Romera
- a Microbiology and Ecology Department , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Rufino Mateo-Castro
- b Analytical Chemistry Department , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Misericordia Jiménez
- a Microbiology and Ecology Department , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
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Mateo EM, Gómez JV, Domínguez I, Gimeno-Adelantado JV, Mateo-Castro R, Gavara R, Jiménez M. Impact of bioactive packaging systems based on EVOH films and essential oils in the control of aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxin production in maize. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 254:36-46. [PMID: 28525761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus are the most common fungal species associated with aflatoxin (AF) contamination of cereals, especially maize, and other agricultural commodities. AFB1, the most frequent and toxic metabolite, is a powerful hepatotoxic, teratogenic and mutagenic compound. Effective strategies to control these fungal species and AFs in food and feed are required. Active packaging film containing essential oils (EO) is one of the most innovative food packaging concepts. In this study, ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer films incorporating EO from Origanum vulgare (ORE), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CIN) or their major active constituents, carvacrol (CAR) and cinnamaldehyde (CINHO), respectively, were developed and assayed to control growth of A. flavus and A. parasiticus and AF production in maize grains under different aw and temperature regimens. EO doses assayed in cultures were in the range 0.25-4.0mg/Petri dish. The factors aw, temperature, type of EVOH-EO film and fungal species significantly influenced the ED50 values of all assayed films. Growth rate (GR) of both species was usually higher at 0.99 than at 0.96 aw and at 37°C than at 25°C. However, the contrary was found with regard to AF production. The order of efficacy of EVOH-EO films to control growth of both species and AF production was EVOH-CINHO>EVOH-CAR>EVOH-ORE>EVOH-CIN. The effective dose (ED50) (mg EO/plate) for EVOH-CINHO and EVOH-CIN films against A. flavus were in the ranges of 0.125 and 2.475-3.500 and against A. parasiticus in the ranges of 0.121-0.133 and 2.275-3.625, respectively. Under the assayed conditions, the ED90 for EVOH-CINHO film were 0.22-0.23mg/plate for both species. It was the most effective bioactive film to control fungal growth (vapour phase) and AF production, regardless of aw and temperature. This is the first study about the impact that interacting environmental conditions and bioactive EVOH-CINHO, EVOH-ORE, EVOH-CIN EVOH-CAR films have on the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi and on AF production in maize grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Mateo
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - José V Gómez
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Domínguez
- Packaging Lab, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC, Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose V Gimeno-Adelantado
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rufino Mateo-Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Gavara
- Packaging Lab, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC, Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Misericordia Jiménez
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Pre-harvest aflatoxins and Aspergillus flavus contamination in variable germplasms of red chillies from Kunri, Pakistan. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:147-155. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Jedidi I, Cruz A, González-Jaén MT, Said S. Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A and their Aspergillus causal species in Tunisian cereals. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2016; 10:51-58. [PMID: 27735214 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2016.1247917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and ochra toxin A (OTA) was studied in 65 samples of stored and freshly harvested wheat, barley and maize collected in Tunisia. The mycotoxins were simultaneously extracted and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. Determination of AF-producing (section Flavi) and OTA-producing Aspergillus species (sections Nigri and Circumdati) was conducted in these samples by species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results showed that most of maize samples were contaminated with AFs, data after storage showing lower values than those collected at harvest. All contaminated maize samples contained AFG1 and AFG2, among which 27.78% also had AFB1 and AFB2. This AFs pattern was consistent with the A. parasiticus toxin profile. A. flavus however showed the highest frequency in maize but was also found in barley and wheat where no AFs were detected. In contrast, OTA was neither found in maize nor in barley and only one wheat sample contained OTA. A. niger was the only OTA-producing species detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Jedidi
- a Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse , University of Sousse , Sousse , Tunisia
| | - Alejandra Cruz
- b Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology , Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Salem Said
- a Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse , University of Sousse , Sousse , Tunisia
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31
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Peltomaa R, Vaghini S, Patiño B, Benito-Peña E, Moreno-Bondi MC. Species-specific optical genosensors for the detection of mycotoxigenic Fusarium fungi in food samples. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 935:231-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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32
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García-Cela E, Crespo-Sempere A, Gil-Serna J, Porqueres A, Marin S. Fungal diversity, incidence and mycotoxin contamination in grapes from two agro-climatic Spanish regions with emphasis on Aspergillus species. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1716-1729. [PMID: 25131651 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fourteen vineyards from two different agro-climatic regions in Spain were sampled in two consecutive years in order to determinate the grape mycobiota and diversity indexes with the final aim to define the potential mycotoxigenic species from both regions and their relationship. RESULTS The most common fungal genera encountered were Aspergillus (30.0%), Alternaria (53.2%), Cladosporium (11.9%) and Penicillium (2.9%). Black aspergilli presence in the hotter region (south) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in the northeast in both years. Among black aspergilli, A. tubingensis seemed to be the better adapted species to environmental conditions, while A. carbonarius was the main potentially ochratoxigenic species in both regions and years, owing to the most relevant percentage of ochratoxigenic isolates. Ochratoxin A (OTA)-positive musts were only detected from southern vineyards, although contamination was always lower than 0.1 µg L(-1) . Finally, none of black aspergilli tested produced fumonisins (FBs) on Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA), while 63% of A. niger tested produced FB2 when inoculated on CYA20S, reaching 100% of isolates from the south. CONCLUSION Climate change scenarios in southern Europe point to an increase in temperature and drought. This could promote particularly adapted species such as A. niger, decreasing OTA risk, but this could lead to an increase in FB2 presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther García-Cela
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, 25198, Lleida, Spain
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33
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Mahmoud MA. Detection of Aspergillus flavus in stored peanuts using real-time PCR and the expression of aflatoxin genes in toxigenic and atoxigenic A. flavus isolates. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:289-96. [PMID: 25621617 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is the main species from section Flavi responsible for aflatoxin accumulation in stored peanuts. Rapid methods to detect A. flavus could help to prevent aflatoxins from entering the food chain. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTi-PCR) assay was standardized for rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of A. flavus in stored peanuts. A. flavus was detected in 53.6% and 50% of peanut samples by RTi-PCR and A. flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus agar culture, respectively, with 95% agreement between them. Twenty-two A. flavus isolates were screened using high-performance liquid chromatography for their capacity to produce aflatoxin AFB1 (B1). B1 was produced by >72% of the isolates. Sixteen isolates produced B1 at concentrations ranging from 1.64 to 109.18 μg/mL. Four aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway genes (aflD, aflM, aflP, and aflQ) were evaluated using PCR and reverse-transcription PCR in 22 A. flavus isolates from peanut kernels with the aim of rapidly and accurately differentiating toxigenic and atoxigenic isolates. The PCR amplification of genes did not correlate with aflatoxin production capability. The expression of aflD and aflQ was a good marker for differentiating toxigenic from atoxigenic isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Mahmoud
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center , Giza, Egypt
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34
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Liu P, Li B, Yin R, Weng Q, Chen Q. Development and evaluation of ITS- and aflP-based LAMP assays for rapid detection of Aspergillus flavus in food samples. Can J Microbiol 2014; 60:579-84. [PMID: 25126831 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2014-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a common filamentous fungus that produces aflatoxins and presents a major threat to agriculture and human health. Previous studies focused mainly on the detection of A. flavus or aflatoxin separately. Here, we developed internal transcribed spacer (ITS)- and aflP-based rapid detection of A. flavus in food samples using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method. The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region of A. flavus and the aflatoxin-encoding gene aflP were used as target regions. The detection limits of A. flavus and aflP were 10 fg and 1 pg pure DNA, respectively, which allows aflatoxin-contaminated samples to be differentiated from infected samples and reduces false-negative or false-positive results. For specificity testing, DNA extracted from 7 A. flavus, 5 different Aspergillus spp., and 21 other fungi were used, and our results showed that A. flavus strains are detected by ITS-based detection and aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains are detected by aflP-based detection. Furthermore, the ITS- and aflP-based LAMP assays were used for detection analysis of DNA from food samples artificially and naturally contaminated with A. flavus. Our results showed that the detection rate of A. flavus based on the multi-ITS-based LAMP detection is 100% and that the aflatoxigenic strains in all A. flavus are detected by the aflP-based LAMP assay. The LAMP protocol described in our study represents a rapid and highly specific and sensitive diagnostic method for A. flavus detection, which can be used as a diagnostic tool that simplifies A. flavus monitoring and guarantees the quality and safety of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqing Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, People's Republic of China
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35
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Detection of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus from aflatoxin-contaminated peanuts and their differentiation using PCR-RFLP. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0803-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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36
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Santos L, Marín S, Mateo E, Gil-Serna J, Valle-Algarra F, Patiño B, Ramos A. Mycobiota and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in Capsicum powder. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 151:270-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in stored barley grain in Spain and impact of PCR-based strategies to assess the occurrence of aflatoxigenic and ochratoxigenic Aspergillus spp. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 149:118-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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38
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Sardiñas N, Gil-Serna J, Santos L, Ramos AJ, González-Jaén MT, Patiño B, Vázquez C. Detection of potentially mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species in Capsicum powder by a highly sensitive PCR-based detection method. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Santos L, Marin S, Sanchis V, Ramos AJ. In vitro effect of some fungicides on growth and aflatoxins production by Aspergillus flavus isolated from Capsicum powder. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:98-106. [PMID: 21120737 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.529622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of some pre-harvest fungicides on growth and aflatoxin (AF) production of three Aspergillus flavus strains found in Capsicum powder. Each isolate, previously isolated from paprika, chilli and smoked paprika, was inoculated on yeast extract sucrose agar and on a 3% paprika extract agar medium supplemented with different fungicides and incubated at 20 and 30°C during 7 days. Growth measurements were obtained on days 3, 5 and 7, and the AF production was determined on day 7. The significance of the effects of the factors (strain, medium, temperature, time and fungicides) and their interaction over colony diameter and AF production was determined. Temperature constrained the effectiveness of fungicides in reducing growth, the fungicides being most effective at 20°C. The efficacy of the fungicides over AF production depended on the medium used and temperature. The most effective fungicides in inhibiting growth and AF production, regardless of the strain tested or applied conditions, were tebuconazole 25% and mancozeb 80% applied at a concentration of 0.75 and 3.5 g l(-1), respectively. Care should thus be taken in the choice of a suitable fungicide because their effectiveness may depend on intra-specific variation and temperature. Moreover, it is necessary to take into account that the most efficient fungicide in reducing growth is not always the best choice for pre-harvest treatments because it may promote AF production. Thus, the best fungicide is the one that can simultaneous prevent growth and AF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Santos
- Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, XaRTA-UTPV, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
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40
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Sudini H, Arias CR, Liles MR, Bowen KL, Huettel RN. Comparison of soil fungal community structure in different peanut rotation sequences using ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis in relation to aflatoxin-producing fungi. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2011; 101:52-57. [PMID: 20822431 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-10-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study focuses on determining soil fungal community structure in different peanut-cropping sequences by using a high-resolution DNA fingerprinting technique: ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA). This study was initiated to determine fungal community profiles in four peanut-cropping sequences (continuous peanut, 4 years of continuous bahiagrass followed by peanut, peanut-corn-cotton, and peanut-cotton rotations), with a special focus to evaluate whether the profiles under investigation may have also indicated microbial differences that could affect Aspergillus flavus populations. Results indicated 75% similarities among fungal communities from the same cropping sequences as well as with similar times of sampling. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection of A. flavus directly from these soils was carried out using A. flavus-specific primers (FLA1 and FLA2) and also through quantitative estimation on A. flavus and A. parasiticus agar medium. Population levels of A. flavus in soil samples ranged from zero to 1.2 × 10(3) CFU g(-1) of soil (based on culturable methods); however, the fungus was not detected with A. flavus-specific primers. The minimum threshold limit at which these aflatoxin-producing fungi could be detected from the total soil genomic DNA was determined through artificial inoculation of samples with 10-fold increases in concentrations. The results indicated that a minimum population density of 2.6 × 10(6) CFU g(-1) of soil is required for PCR detection in our conditions. These results are useful in further determining the relative population levels of these fungi in peanut soils with other soil fungi. This is a new approach to understanding soil fungal communities and how they might change over time and under different rotation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sudini
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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41
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Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is an important fungal species that frequently contaminates food commodities with diverse toxins, with aflatoxins being the most relevant in food safety. In addition, this is one of the major pathogenic Aspergillus species. In this work, specific PCR-based protocol for this species is described which allows the discrimination of other closely related species from the Aspergillus section Flavi, particularly Aspergillus parasiticus. The specific primers were designed on the multicopy internal transcribed region of the rDNA unit (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA).
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42
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Santos L, Kasper R, Sardiñas N, Marín S, Sanchis V, Ramos A. Effect of Capsicum carotenoids on growth and aflatoxins production by Aspergillus flavus isolated from paprika and chilli. Food Microbiol 2010; 27:1064-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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43
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Villamizar RA, Maroto A, Rius FX. Rapid detection of Aspergillus flavus in rice using biofunctionalized carbon nanotube field effect transistors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:119-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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44
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Sardiñas N, Vázquez C, Gil-Serna J, González-Jaén MT, Patiño B. Specific detection ofAspergillus parasiticusin wheat flour using a highly sensitive PCR assay. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:853-8. [DOI: 10.1080/19440041003645779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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45
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Sultan Y, Magan N. Mycotoxigenic fungi in peanuts from different geographic regions of Egypt. Mycotoxin Res 2010; 26:133-40. [PMID: 23605317 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-010-0048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To understand the importance of mycotoxigenic fungi in Egyptian peanuts, samples from five regions (Alexandria, El-Beheira, El-Sharqiya, El-Daqahelaya in northern Egypt and Asyut, southern Egypt) in two seasons (2007, 2008) were collected. Aspergillus was consistently the most frequent genus in seeds and in-shell peanuts and was the dominant mycotoxigenic component of the mycobiota. There was no direct correlation between the moisture content of the samples and the fungal populations on peanut seeds tested from different regions. The most common species were from Aspergillus section Flavi (4.7-78.3%), Aspergillus section Nigri (9.4-52.6%) and Aspergillus section Circumdati (5.1-30.9%). In the in-shell peanut samples, the lowest populations were recorded in El-Beheira and Asyut (3.7-4.0 log10 CFU g(-1)) and the highest in Alexandria and Elsharqiya (4.1-6.0 log10 CFU g(-1)). Aspergillus section Flavi and section Nigri were the most dominant, and Aspergillus section Circumdati were only found in samples in 2008. Both qualitative (coconut cream agar) and quantitative analyses (HPLC) were used to analyse the potential mycotoxin production by strains isolated from peanuts. Of a total of 88 Aspergillus section Flavi strains examined, 95% were A. flavus based on production of aflatoxin B1 on yeast extract sucrose (YES) medium and confirmation using molecular analyses. Of 64 Aspergillus section Circumdati strains only 28% produced ochratoxin A (OTA), and were identified as A. westerdijkiae. No Aspergillus section Nigri strains produced OTA, and they were identified as A. niger (uniseriate). The presence of these toxigenic fungi indicates that there is a potential risk of mycotoxin contamination in Egyptian peanuts and suggests that problems can arise from contamination with both aflatoxins and perhaps also OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Sultan
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Bedford, MK43 0AL, U.K
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46
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Godet M, Munaut F. Molecular strategy for identification inAspergillus sectionFlavi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 304:157-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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