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Lončarević A, Clara-Trujillo S, Martínez-Férriz A, Blanco-Gómez M, Gallego-Ferrer G, Rogina A. Chitosan-copper microparticles as doxorubicin microcarriers for bone tumor therapy. Int J Pharm 2024; 659:124245. [PMID: 38772497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic drug used in osteosarcoma treatments, usually administrated in very high dosages. This study proposes novel DOX microcarriers based on chitosan (CHT) physically crosslinked with copper(II) ions that will act synergically to inhibit tumor growth at lower drug dosage without affecting the healthy cells. Spherical CHT-Cu microparticles with a smooth surface and an average size of 30.1 ± 9.1 µm were obtained by emulsion. The release of Cu2+ ions from the CHT-Cu microparticles showed that 99.4 % of added cupric ions were released in 72 h of incubation in a complete cell culture medium (CCM). DOX entrapment in microparticles was conducted in a phosphate buffer solution (pH 6), utilizing the pH sensitivity of the polymer. The successful drug-loading process was confirmed by DOX emitting red fluorescence from drug-loaded microcarriers (DOX@CHT-Cu). The drug release in CCM showed an initial burst release, followed by sustained release. Biological assays indicated mild toxicity of CHT-Cu microparticles on the MG-63 osteosarcoma cell line, without affecting the viability of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The DOX@CHT-Cu microparticles at concentration of 0.5 mg mL‒1 showed selective toxicity toward MG-63 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lončarević
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Trg Marka Marulića 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sandra Clara-Trujillo
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Arantxa Martínez-Férriz
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Mireia Blanco-Gómez
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Gloria Gallego-Ferrer
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Anamarija Rogina
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Trg Marka Marulića 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Microspheres as a Carrier System for Therapeutic Embolization Procedures: Achievements and Advances. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12030918. [PMID: 36769566 PMCID: PMC9917963 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12030918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs and isotopes is one of the most pursued goals in anti-cancer therapy. One of the prime examples of such an application is the intra-arterial injection of microspheres containing cytostatic drugs or radioisotopes during hepatic embolization procedures. Therapy based on the application of microspheres revolves around vascular occlusion, complemented with local therapy in the form of trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) or radioembolization (TARE). The broadest implementation of these embolization strategies currently lies within the treatment of untreatable hepatocellular cancer (HCC) and metastatic colorectal cancer. This review aims to describe the state-of-the-art TACE and TARE technologies investigated in the clinical setting for HCC and addresses current trials and new developments. In addition, chemical properties and advancements in microsphere carrier systems are evaluated, and possible improvements in embolization therapy based on the modification of and functionalization with therapeutical loads are explored.
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Sustained-Release and pH-Adjusted Alginate Microspheres-Encapsulated Doxorubicin Inhibit the Viabilities in Hepatocellular Carcinoma-Derived Cells. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091417. [PMID: 34575492 PMCID: PMC8471522 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study aimed to develop biodegradable calcium alginate microspheres carrying doxorubicin (Dox) at the micrometer-scale for sustained release and the capacity of pH regulatory for transarterial chemoembolization. Ultrasonic atomization and CaCl2 cross-linking technologies were used to prepare the microspheres. A 4-by-5 experiment was first designed to identify imperative parameters. The concentration of CaCl2 and the flow rate of the pump were found to be critical to generate microspheres with a constant volume median diameter (~39 μm) across five groups with different alginate: NaHCO3 ratios using each corresponding flow rate. In each group, the encapsulation efficiency was positively correlated to the Dox-loading %. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that NaHCO3 and Dox were step-by-step incorporated into the calcium alginate microspheres successfully. Microspheres containing alginate: NaHCO3 = 1 exhibited rough and porous surfaces, high Young’s modulus, and hardness. In each group with the same alginate: NaHCO3 ratio, the swelling rates of microspheres were higher in PBS containing 10% FBS compared to those in PBS alone. Microspheres with relatively high NaHCO3 concentrations in PBS containing 10% FBS maintained better physiological pH and higher accumulated Dox release ratios. In two distinct hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cell lines, treatments with microspheres carrying Dox demonstrated that the cell viabilities decreased in groups with relatively high NaHCO3 ratios in time- and dose-dependent manners. Our results suggested that biodegradable alginate microspheres containing relatively high NaHCO3 concentrations improved the cytotoxicity effects in vitro.
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Understanding fundamentals of hepatocellular carcinoma to design next-generation chitosan nano-formulations: Beyond chemotherapy stride. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Drug-eluting embolic microspheres for local drug delivery - State of the art. J Control Release 2017; 262:127-138. [PMID: 28710006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Embolic microspheres or beads used in transarterial chemoembolization are an established treatment method for hepatocellular carcinoma patients. The occlusion of the tumor-feeding vessels by intra-arterial injection of the beads results in tumor necrosis and shrinkage. In this short review, we describe the utility of using these beads as devices for local drug delivery. We review the latest advances in the development of non-biodegradable and biodegradable drug-eluting beads for transarterial chemoembolization. Their capability to load different drugs, such as chemotherapeutics and anti-angiogenic compounds with different physicochemical properties, like charge and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, are discussed. We specifically address controlled and sustained drug release from the microspheres, and the resulting in vivo pharmacokinetics in the plasma vs. drug distribution in the targeted tissue.
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Preparation and Characterization of Irinotecan Loaded Cross-Linked Bovine Serum Albumin Beads for Liver Cancer Chemoembolization Therapy. INT J POLYM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/9651486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a novel temporary embolization agent for transarterial chemoembolization of liver cancer was developed and tested. The Irinotecan loaded bovine serum albumin (BSA) beads were tried to be used as embolic agent of liver cancer therapy. BSA beads were prepared by a water-in-oil emulsion solvent diffusion method in soya oil and Span 85 was used as the emulsifier. The obtained BSA beads were able to swell 2.37-fold comparing to dried beads. Depending on the equilibrium swelling process, the Irinotecan was loaded with 9.8% total drug concentration and tested. In vitro drug release studies showed that a burst release of Irinotecan was achieved. Eventually BSA beads were completely degraded in a few weeks. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that BSA beads showed no cytotoxicity against human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and the Irinotecan loaded BSA beads showed comparable cytotoxicity against Hep G2, a human liver carcinoma cell line, as the traditional Irinotecan. In a rabbit model, it was found that BSA beads can successfully be transferred to liver and provide occlusion of small arteries. The present investigation suggested that the BSA beads are promising drug carriers and can potentially be used as temporary embolization agents in interventional oncology.
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Alginate microgels loaded with temperature sensitive liposomes for magnetic resonance imageable drug release and microgel visualization. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhou X, Kong M, Cheng XJ, Feng C, Li J, Li JJ, Chen XG. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of chitosan microspheres with different deacetylation degree as potential embolic agent. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 113:304-13. [PMID: 25256489 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the potential of N-acetylated chitosan microspheres used as a chemoembolic agent in vivo and in vitro. Calibrated spherical chitosan microspheres (CMs) were prepared via Water-in-Oil emulsification method and CMs were acetylated (ACMs). The swelling rate of CMs was greatly affected by pH than that of ACMs and both of them affected by temperature. Microspheres with excellent thermal stability demonstrated controllable degradation in lysozyme solution. Doxorubicin was released from microspheres in vitro and exhibited excellent control release profile. ACMs caused hemolysis less than CMs (<5% of the time). Co-culture with mouse embryo fibroblasts revealed that microspheres have non-cytotoxic nature. Microspheres planted in a rat gluteal muscle demonstrated that it were biodegradable and biocompatible. ACMs were performed in rabbit ear embolization model and ischemic necrosis on ear was visible due to the vascular occlusion after 15 days. Acetylated chitosan microspheres could be used as potential biocompatible and biodegradable embolic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Suzhou Key Laboratory for Nanotheranostics, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Ming Kong
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiao Jie Cheng
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chao Feng
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jing Jing Li
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Xi Guang Chen
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Giunchedi P, Maestri M, Gavini E, Dionigi P, Rassu G. Transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma – agents and drugs: an overview. Part 2. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:799-810. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.796359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Park JM, Lee SY, Lee GH, Chung EY, Chang KM, Kwak BK, Kuh HJ, Lee J. Design and characterisation of doxorubicin-releasing chitosan microspheres for anti-cancer chemoembolisation. J Microencapsul 2012; 29:695-705. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2012.686526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Tan ML, Choong PFM, Dass CR. Review: doxorubicin delivery systems based on chitosan for cancer therapy. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.02.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This review sheds insight into an increasingly popular polymer that has been widely explored as a potential drug delivery system. The abundant, biodegradable and biocompatible polysaccharide chitosan, with many other favourable properties, has been favoured as a drug delivery system for the purposes of encapsulating and delivery of doxorubicin with reduced side-effects.
Key findings
Doxorubicin is frequently used as a frontline chemotherapeutic agent against a variety of cancers. It has largely been able to demonstrate anti-tumour effects, though there are major shortfalls of doxorubicin, which include serious side-effects such as cardiomyopathy and myelosuppression, and also an ever-present danger of extravasation during drug administration. In view of this, drug delivery systems are currently being explored as alternative methods of drug delivery in a bid to more effectively direct doxorubicin to the specific lesion site and reduce its systemic side-effects. Liposomes and dendrimers have been tested as potential carriers for doxorubicin; however they are not the focus of this review.
Summary
Recent advancements in doxorubicin and chitosan technology have shown some preliminary though promising results for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lin Tan
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Surgery, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter F M Choong
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Surgery, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcoma Service, Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Surgery, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Kang MJ, Oh IY, Choi BC, Kwak BK, Lee JH, Choi YW. Development of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIOs)-Embedded Chitosan Microspheres for Magnetic Resonance (MR)-Traceable Embolotherapy. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2009. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2009.17.1.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Liapi E, Lee KH, Georgiades CC, Hong K, Geschwind JFH. Drug-Eluting Particles for Interventional Pharmacology. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2007; 10:261-9. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tvir.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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