1
|
Betancourt ÁA, Guasch M, Ferré P. What distinguishes emotion-label words from emotion-laden words? The characterization of affective meaning from a multi-componential conception of emotions. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1308421. [PMID: 38323162 PMCID: PMC10844498 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1308421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Past research that distinguishes between affective and neutral words has predominantly relied on two-dimensional models of emotion focused on valence and arousal. However, these two dimensions cannot differentiate between emotion-label words (e.g., fear) and emotion-laden words (e.g., death). In the current study, we aimed to determine the unique affective characteristics that differentiate emotion-label, emotion-laden, and neutral words. Therefore, apart from valence and arousal, we considered different affective features of multi-componential models of emotion: action, assessment, expression, feeling, and interoception. The study materials included 800 Spanish words (104 emotion-label words, 340 emotion-laden words, and 356 neutral words). To examine the differences between each word type, we carried out a Principal Component Analysis and a Random Forest Classifier technique. Our results indicate that these words are characterized more precisely when the two-dimensional approach is combined with multi-componential models. Specifically, our analyses revealed that feeling, interoception and valence are key features in accurately differentiating between emotion-label, emotion-laden, and neutral words.
Collapse
|
2
|
Moors A. Varieties of instrumental theories of emotional action: commentary on "a perceptual control theory of emotional action". Cogn Emot 2023; 37:1185-1192. [PMID: 37990889 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2266988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Eder proposes a theory of action causation based on Powers' control theory and Hommel's theory of event coding in which emotional feelings play a crucial role. After presenting a rough description of Eder's theory in which I try to spell out the various steps in the control cycle, I compare his theory to my own goal-directed theory. The two theories converge in that they (a) rely on a control cycle in which different states are compared and (b) emphasise the instrumental or goal-directed nature of emotional actions. Points of divergence include the content of the representations involved in the control cycle and the meaning and role of feelings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Moors
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Juuse L, Kreegipuu K, Põldver N, Kask A, Mogom T, Anbarjafari G, Allik J. Processing emotions from faces and words measured by event-related brain potentials. Cogn Emot 2023; 37:959-972. [PMID: 37338015 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2223906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Affective aspects of a stimulus can be processed rapidly and before cognitive attribution, acting much earlier for verbal stimuli than previously considered. Aimed for specific mechanisms, event-related brain potentials (ERPs), expressed in facial expressions or word meaning and evoked by six basic emotions - anger, disgust, fear, happy, sad, and surprise - relative to emotionally neutral stimuli were analysed in a sample of 116 participants. Brain responses in the occipital and left temporal regions elicited by the sadness in facial expressions or words were indistinguishable from responses evoked by neutral faces or words. Confirming previous findings, facial fear elicited an early and strong posterior negativity. Instead of expected parietal positivity, both the happy faces and words produced significantly more negative responses compared to neutral. Surprise in facial expressions and words elicited a strong early response in the left temporal cortex, which could be a signature of appraisal. The results of this study are consistent with the view that both types of affective stimuli, facial emotions and word meaning, set off rapid processing and responses occur very early in the processing stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liina Juuse
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Doctoral School of Behavioural, Social and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kairi Kreegipuu
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nele Põldver
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Annika Kask
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Doctoral School of Behavioural, Social and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiit Mogom
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Jüri Allik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu W, Zheng WL, Li Z, Wu SY, Gan L, Lu BL. Identifying similarities and differences in emotion recognition with EEG and eye movements among Chinese, German, and French people. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35272271 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac5c8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cultures have essential influences on emotions. However, most studies on cultural influences on emotions are in the areas of psychology and neuroscience, while the existing affective models are mostly built with data from the same culture. In this paper, we identify the similarities and differences among Chinese, German, and French individuals in emotion recognition with electroencephalogram (EEG) and eye movements from an affective computing perspective. APPROACH Three experimental settings were designed: intraculture subject dependent, intraculture subject independent, and cross-culture subject independent. EEG and eye movements are acquired simultaneously from Chinese, German, and French subjects while watching positive, neutral, and negative movie clips. The affective models for Chinese, German, and French subjects are constructed by using machine learning algorithms. A systematic analysis is performed from four aspects: affective model performance, neural patterns, complementary information from different modalities, and cross-cultural emotion recognition. MAIN RESULTS From emotion recognition accuracies, we find that EEG and eye movements can adapt to Chinese, German, and French cultural diversities and that a cultural in-group advantage phenomenon does exist in emotion recognition with EEG. From the topomaps of EEG, we find that the gamma and beta bands exhibit decreasing activities for Chinese, while for German and French, theta and alpha bands exhibit increasing activities. From confusion matrices and attentional weights, we find that EEG and eye movements have complementary characteristics. From a cross-cultural emotion recognition perspective, we observe that German and French people share more similarities in topographical patterns and attentional weight distributions than Chinese people while the data from Chinese are a good fit for test data but not suitable for training data for the other two cultures. SIGNIFICANCE Our experimental results provide concrete evidence of the in-group advantage phenomenon, cultural influences on emotion recognition, and different neural patterns among Chinese, German, and French individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No 800, Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai ,China, Shanghai, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200240, CHINA
| | - Wei-Long Zheng
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 46-2005 Cambridge, MA, USA, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114-2696, UNITED STATES
| | - Ziyi Li
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No 800, Dongchuan Road Minhang District, Shanghai ,China, Shanghai, 200240, CHINA
| | - Si-Yuan Wu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No 800, Dongchuan Road Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, CHINA
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No 800, Dongchuan Road Minhang District, Shanghai ,China, Shanghai, 200240, CHINA
| | - Bao-Liang Lu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P R China, Shanghai, 200240, CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Matarazzo O, Abbamonte L, Greco C, Pizzini B, Nigro G. Regret and Other Emotions Related to Decision-Making: Antecedents, Appraisals, and Phenomenological Aspects. Front Psychol 2021; 12:783248. [PMID: 34975673 PMCID: PMC8718115 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.783248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The mainstream position on regret in psychological literature is that its necessary conditions are agency and responsibility, that is, to choose freely but badly. Without free choice, other emotions, such as disappointment, are deemed to be elicited when the outcome is worse than expected. In two experiments, we tested the opposite hypothesis that being forced by external circumstances to choose an option inconsistent with one's own intentions is an important source of regret and a core component of its phenomenology, regardless of the positivity/negativity of the post-decision outcome. Along with regret, four post-decision emotions - anger toward oneself, disappointment, anger toward circumstances, and satisfaction - were investigated to examine their analogies and differences to regret with regard to antecedents, appraisals, and phenomenological aspects. Methods: Through the scenario methodology, we manipulated three variables: choice (free/forced), outcome (positive/negative), and time (short/long time after decision-making). Moreover, we investigated whether responsibility, decision justifiability, and some phenomenological aspects (self-attribution, other attribution, and contentment) mediated the effect exerted by choice, singularly or in interaction with outcome and time, on the five emotions. Each study was conducted with 336 participants, aged 18-60. Results: The results of both studies were similar and supported our hypothesis. In particular, regret elicited by forced choice was always high, regardless of the valence of outcome, whereas free choice elicited regret was high only with a negative outcome. Moreover, regret was unaffected by responsibility and decision justifiability, whereas it was affected by the three phenomenological dimensions. Conclusion: Our results suggest that (1) the prevailing theory of regret is too binding, since it posits as necessary some requirements which are not; (2) the antecedents and phenomenology of regret are broader than it is generally believed; (3) decision-making produces a complex emotional constellation, where the different emotions, singularly and/or in combination, constitute the affective responses to the different aspects of decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Matarazzo
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stella FN, Ramírez VA, Ruetti E. Individual Differences in Emotional Appraisal during Development: Analysis of the Role of Age, Gender, and Appraisal Accuracy. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 2021; 183:9-22. [PMID: 34766875 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2021.1997896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Emotional appraisal is the process by which different responses are generated from subjective assessments of different stimuli. Children and adults can react differently to the same stimulus. Emotional appraisal is crucial to define emotional processing and its consequent response rather than the properties of the stimulus itself. Age and gender modulate emotional appraisal during development. This study analyzed emotional appraisal in children aged 4 to 8-years-old. The children's emotional appraisal responses and the appraisal accuracy to images with positive, negative, and neutral valence be compared between the different age groups, and according to the gender of the participants. About the appraisal accuracy, the comparisons indicated significant differences for positive and negative images according to the age of the participants, with no differences in the appraisal accuracy of neutral images. Differences in appraisal accuracy for negative images were observed between the 4-years-old group compared to the 7- and 8-years-old group, as well as in 5-years-old participants compared to 7-years-old. Significant differences were found for the positive and negative images between girls and boys, but no differences were found for neutral images. Girls had more appraisals accuracy for positive and negative images. This work highlights the importance of analyzing individual differences associated with emotional processing at different stages of development. This interrogates research findings in which emotional appraisal is carried out considering the valence assigned by adults and highlights the need for a methodological approach that includes individual differences in the appraisal of stimuli used during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Nicolás Stella
- Applied Neurobiology Unit, UNA, CEMIC-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Adriana Ramírez
- Applied Neurobiology Unit, UNA, CEMIC-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana Ruetti
- Applied Neurobiology Unit, UNA, CEMIC-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Le Mau T, Hoemann K, Lyons SH, Fugate JMB, Brown EN, Gendron M, Barrett LF. Professional actors demonstrate variability, not stereotypical expressions, when portraying emotional states in photographs. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5037. [PMID: 34413313 PMCID: PMC8376986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is long hypothesized that there is a reliable, specific mapping between certain emotional states and the facial movements that express those states. This hypothesis is often tested by asking untrained participants to pose the facial movements they believe they use to express emotions during generic scenarios. Here, we test this hypothesis using, as stimuli, photographs of facial configurations posed by professional actors in response to contextually-rich scenarios. The scenarios portrayed in the photographs were rated by a convenience sample of participants for the extent to which they evoked an instance of 13 emotion categories, and actors' facial poses were coded for their specific movements. Both unsupervised and supervised machine learning find that in these photographs, the actors portrayed emotional states with variable facial configurations; instances of only three emotion categories (fear, happiness, and surprise) were portrayed with moderate reliability and specificity. The photographs were separately rated by another sample of participants for the extent to which they portrayed an instance of the 13 emotion categories; they were rated when presented alone and when presented with their associated scenarios, revealing that emotion inferences by participants also vary in a context-sensitive manner. Together, these findings suggest that facial movements and perceptions of emotion vary by situation and transcend stereotypes of emotional expressions. Future research may build on these findings by incorporating dynamic stimuli rather than photographs and studying a broader range of cultural contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Le Mau
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for High Performance Computing, Social and Cognitive Computing, Connexis North, Singapore
| | - Katie Hoemann
- Department of Psychology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam H Lyons
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer M B Fugate
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, 02747, USA
| | - Emery N Brown
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maria Gendron
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Comparison of the determinants for positive and negative affect proposed by appraisal theories, goal-directed theories, and predictive processing theories. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
9
|
Language modulation on emotional valence tasks in preschoolers. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
10
|
Ramírez VA, Lipina SJ, Ruetti E. Individual and socioenvironmental differences in autobiographical emotional appraisal of preschoolers. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 201:104982. [PMID: 32949978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Emotions are essential processes for integrating events into autobiographical memory. Different children react differently to the same event. The process through which these different responses are generated from subjective evaluations of an event is called emotional appraisal. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the variations in the emotional appraisal of autobiographical events of 4- and 5-year-old children from homes with different socioenvironmental conditions. We compared preschoolers' emotional appraisal responses with those of their families. The emotional accuracy of the preschoolers was found to differ according to the different socioenvironmental conditions of their homes. Greater appraisal accuracy was observed in the favorable condition, and it was greater for emotional events than for neutral events. Appraisal accuracy also differed with age, with 5-year-olds showing greater appraisal accuracy than 4-year-olds. Therefore, the emotional appraisal of these events may also be affected by age and valence when attributing emotions to personal experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Adriana Ramírez
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (UNA), Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas (CEMIC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Sebastián Javier Lipina
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (UNA), Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas (CEMIC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana Ruetti
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (UNA), Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas (CEMIC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ruetti E, Segretin MS, Ramírez VA, Lipina SJ. Role of Emotional Appraisal in Episodic Memory in a Sample of Argentinean Preschoolers. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2556. [PMID: 31866886 PMCID: PMC6906165 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional processing and episodic memory are closely related throughout childhood development. With respect to emotional episodic memory, available evidence shows that the consolidation of information is accompanied by an arousal that generates longer duration and persistence of the memory representations. In the case of early stages of development (i.e., first 5 years), it is less clear how these associations emerge and are modulated by individual and environmental factors. In this study, 116 4- to 5-years old Argentinean children from different socio-environmental contexts (i.e., favorable or unfavorable living conditions at home), performed a task of visual emotional memory in which they observed a set of 15 images with variable emotional valences (negative, neutral, and positive). The child’s task was to appraise each image using one of the following three possible valences: (a) drawings of faces with smiles (positive valence), (b) drawings of faces with tears and round mouth with edges down (negative valence), or (c) drawings of faces with horizontal mouth (neutral valence). Five years-old children exhibited greater accuracy appraisal. Individual differences in emotional accuracy appraisal allowed us to observe different performances in free recall of negative visual images. Accuracy appraisal did not vary between children with respect to gender, living conditions at home, or language ability. Seven to ten days after the emotional appraisal children were asked to tell the experimenter all the images they remembered (variables of interest: free recall of negative, positive, or neutral images). Results showed individual (age) differences. Specifically, 5-years-old children evoked more images than 4-years-old children. These findings contribute to the understanding of emotional memory in early developmental stages and raise the need to include emotional appraisal in the assessment of episodic memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Ruetti
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigación Clínica Norberto Quirno (CEMIC), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Segretin
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigación Clínica Norberto Quirno (CEMIC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Adriana Ramírez
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigación Clínica Norberto Quirno (CEMIC), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastian J Lipina
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigación Clínica Norberto Quirno (CEMIC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Much emotion research has focused on the end result of the emotion process, categorical emotions, as reported by the protagonist or diagnosed by the researcher, with the aim of differentiating these discrete states. In contrast, this review concentrates on the emotion process itself by examining how ( a) elicitation, or the appraisal of events, leads to ( b) differentiation, in particular, action tendencies accompanied by physiological responses and manifested in facial, vocal, and gestural expressions, before ( c) conscious representation or experience of these changes (feeling) and ( d) categorizing and labeling these changes according to the semantic profiles of emotion words. The review focuses on empirical, particularly experimental, studies from emotion research and neighboring domains that contribute to a better understanding of the unfolding emotion process and the underlying mechanisms, including the interactions among emotion components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus R Scherer
- Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; .,Department of Psychology, University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Agnes Moors
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, Centre for Social and Cultural Psychology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; .,Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|