Effects of Combined Training With Linear Periodization and Non-Periodization on Sleep Quality of Adults With Obesity

Characteristics of interventions with exercise according to the adherence of adults with obesity: A systematic review

The aim was to summarize the characteristics of exercise interventions based on the adherence of adults with obesity. Studies were identified through a systematic review of the literature conducted in databases in June 2022. The articles selected were from clinical trials involving adults with obesity. The total number of prescribed sessions and the mean or percentage of sessions attended by participants who completed the intervention were identified, along with details of the exercise prescription, including duration, attendance, and intensity control. A total of 21 studies were included in the synthesis. The adherence percentage ranged from 18% to 99% of the prescribed exercise sessions. Interventions that provided only guidance meetings for physical activities without supervising the training-allowing participants to choose the modality and loads-resulted in adherence to less than half of the prescribed sessions. The session duration and weekly attendance varied between 30-60 min and 2-3 times per week across the studies synthesized. These variables did not appear to significantly affect adherence percentages in this population. It was possible to conclude that supervised interventions, with combined training, which include moderate to high-intensity physical exercises and/or interval training and with some social support, resulted in greater adherence to sessions in adults with obesity.

Effects of linear periodized and non-periodized combined training on body image perception of adults with obesity: A randomized clinical trial

OBJECTIVE

Verify the effect of non-periodized and linear periodized combined training on body image perception and body dissatisfaction in adults with obesity.

DESIGN

A randomized clinical trial on the effect of two types of combined training periodization was carried out on people with grade I and II obesity.

SETTING

Participants were allocated into three groups: non-periodized periodization group, linear periodization group, and control group, with 23 participants in each.

SUBJECTS

Adults with obesity, with a body mass index between 30 kg/m² and 40 kg/m².

INTERVENTIONS

The intervention lasted 16 weeks (separated into three mesocycles of 4 weeks and 1 week of familiarization), in 3 weekly sessions of 1 hour each, composed of aerobic (30 min) and muscle strength exercises (six exercises) in the same session. The group with non-periodized model maintained uniform intensity, volume, and workload throughout the mesocycles. The group with the linear periodization model started with low initial intensity, subsequently introducing a gradual increase of intensity in the mesocycles.

MAIN MEASURES

Body image perception (current and ideal silhouette) and body dissatisfaction were assessed using the Stunkard silhouette scale.

RESULTS

The perception of the current silhouette increased only in the control group (Δ = 1.16; p = 0.04). There was a significant reduction in the ideal silhouette over time (p = 0.001), especially in non-periodized group (Δ = -1.26). Body dissatisfaction increased significantly only over time (p = 0.001), especially for control group (Δ = 1.47).

CONCLUSIONS

Regardless of periodization, combined training effectively maintained the perception of the current silhouette and reduced the ideal silhouette in adults with obesity.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (RBR-3c7rt3).

The effects of nonpharmacological sleep hygiene on sleep quality in nonelderly individuals: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

The prevalence of locomotive syndrome naturally increases with age, but approximately half of nonelderly individuals also meet the criteria for locomotive syndrome, suggesting that even younger people need to pay attention to their own health status. Sleep is important for physical, cognitive, and psychological health. Some individuals with poor sleep quality may be at risk of developing negative health status. Although the effects of sleep hygiene strategies for elderly individuals have been well investigated, optimal nonpharmacological sleep hygiene strategies for improving sleep quality in nonelderly individuals has not been identified. We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized controlled trials aimed to elucidate the effects of various nonpharmacological interventions on sleep quality in nonelderly individuals and to identify the optimal intervention. Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, and Scopus were comprehensively searched. We identified 27 studies focusing on the effects of various nonpharmacological sleep hygiene strategies in nonelderly individuals, and 24 studies were applied into NMA. The present results showed that resistance training was the most effective intervention for improving sleep quality in nonelderly individuals. In addition, this study revealed the effects of nonpharmacological interventions, such as physical activity, nutritional intervention, as well as exercise interventions. This is the first report that utilized NMA to compare the effects of various nonpharmacological interventions on sleep quality in nonelderly individuals.

Exercise Training Program Improves Subjective Sleep Quality and Physical Fitness in Severely Obese Bad Sleepers

BACKGROUND

Sleep quality is an important modulator of neuroendocrine function, as sleep problems are related to metabolic and endocrine alterations.

OBJECTIVE

The main objective was to determine the effects of an exercise training program on the sleep quality of severely obese patients with sleep problems. The secondary objective was to determine the relationship between fitness and anthropometric parameters with sleep quality scores.

METHODS

Thirty severely obese patients participated in 16 weeks of PA intervention (age: 39.30 ± 11.62 y, BMI: 42.75 ± 5.27 kg/m²). Subjective sleep quality, anthropometric parameters, and fitness (i.e., handgrip strength and cardiorespiratory fitness) were measured.

RESULTS

Two groups were defined as good sleepers (n = 15, 38.06 ± 12.26, men = 1) and bad sleepers (n = 15, 40.53 ± 11.23, men = 3). The good sleeper group reported improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness (61.33 ± 68.75 m vs. 635.33 ± 98.91 m, p = 0.003) and handgrip strength (29.63 ± 9.29 kg vs. 31.86 ± 7.17 kg, p = 0.049). The bad sleeper group improved their cardiorespiratory fitness (472.66 ± 99.7 m vs. 611.33 ± 148.75 m, p = 0.001). In terms of sleep quality dimensions, the bad sleeper group improved their subjective sleep quality (p < 0.001), sleep latency (p = 0.045), sleep duration (p = 0.031), and habitual sleep efficiency (p = 0.015). Comparing the changes in both groups (∆), there were differences in subjective sleep quality scores (∆ = 2.23 vs. ∆ = -3.90, p = 0.002), where 86.6% of the bad sleeper group improved sleep quality (p = 0.030). An increase in handgrip strength was correlated to improving sleep quality scores (r = -0.49, p = 0.050).

CONCLUSIONS

Severely obese bad sleepers improved their subjective sleep quality, the components of sleep, and cardiorespiratory fitness through an exercise training program. Improvement in subjective sleep quality was linked to an increase in handgrip strength.

Effects of Non-periodized and Linear Periodized Combined Exercise Training on Insulin Resistance Indicators in Adults with Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

The aim was to verify the effect of non-periodized and linear periodized combined (aerobic plus resistance) exercise training on insulin resistance markers in adults with obesity.

METHODS

A blinded randomized control trial was conducted with three groups of individuals with obesity (BMI, 30-39.9 kg/m²): control group (CG, n = 23), non-periodized group (NG, n = 23), and linear periodized group (PG, n = 23). The NG and PG performed aerobic and resistance exercises in the same session in aerobic-resistance order for 16 weeks. Both intervention groups trained three sessions weekly, with a total duration of 60 min each. The aerobic training of the NG had a duration of 30 min always between 50% and 59% of the reserve heart rate (HRres), while resistance exercise was comprised of 6 exercises, performed always in 2 × 10-12 maximum repetitions (MRs). The PG progressed the aerobic and resistance training from 40%-49% to 60%-69% (HRres) and from 2 × 12-14 to 2 × 8-10 RM, respectively, along the intervention period. The evaluated indicators of insulin resistance included fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) collected pre- and post-intervention. The analyses to verify the exercise training effect were performed using generalized estimating equations.

RESULTS

After 16 weeks of training, per protocol analysis (n = 39) showed significant reductions in HOMA-IR only in the training groups (NG: Δ = - 1.6, PG: Δ = - 0.6; p = 0.094). Intention-to-treat analysis demonstrated significant reductions in fasting insulin levels (NG: Δ = - 1.4, PG: Δ = - 1.0; p = 0.004) and HOMA-IR (NG: Δ = - 5.5, PG: Δ = - 3.8; p = 0.002).

CONCLUSION

Periodized and non-periodized combined exercise training similarly reduces insulin resistance markers in adults with obesity.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials, RBR-3c7rt3. Registered 07 February 2019- https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/trial/5970/1 .