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Praxedes P, Maia J, Santos C, Garbeloto F, Hedeker D, Barreira TV, Garganta R, Farias C, Tani G, Chaput JP, Stodden DF, Katzmarzyk PT, Pereira S. Associations of obesity, movement behaviors, and socioeconomic status with fundamental movement skills in children: Results from the REACT project. Am J Hum Biol 2024:e24108. [PMID: 38794903 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship of biological characteristics (age, sex, and obesity), movement behaviors (physical activity and sedentary time), and family socioeconomic status with fundamental movement skills (FMS) in primary school children. METHODS This cross-sectional study sampled 1014 children (537 girls) aged 6 to 10 years from 25 primary schools in Matosinhos, north of Portugal. Five object control skills (dribbling, kicking, catching, throwing, and underarm rolling) were assessed with a categorical scale using the Meu Educativo® platform. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated and transformed into z-scores. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time were monitored with accelerometry (ActiGraph wGT3X-BT) for seven consecutive days. Family socioeconomic status (SES) was obtained from the Portuguese social support system. Ordinal multilevel logistic regression was used to analyze the associations of weight status, MVPA, sedentary time and SES with FMS, adjusted for sex and age. RESULTS Boys (odds ratio (OR) = 6.54; 95% CI: 5.13-8.36) and older children (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.85-2.26) were more likely to achieve higher FMS scores. Children with obesity (OR = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.45-0.80), those less active (OR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.42-0.75) and children with more sedentary time (OR = 0.86; 95%CI: 0.77-0.97) were less likely to score high on FMS. Family SES was not significantly associated with FMS scores. CONCLUSION Primary school children's FMS are significantly related to biological and behavioral factors but not to family SES. These findings highlight the need for suitable strategies to enhance children's FMS proficiency, considering differences in these characteristics. Fostering adequate motor skill proficiency levels will assist in establishing a robust foundation for healthy lifestyles of all children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscyla Praxedes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Maia
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Santos
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Garbeloto
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Rui Garganta
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudio Farias
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Go Tani
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Educational and Developmental Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Peter T Katzmarzyk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sara Pereira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
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Garbeloto F, Maia J, Barreira TV, Hedeker D, Chaput JP, Garganta R, Farias C, Santos R, Stodden DF, Tani G, Katzmarzyk PT, Pereira S. Is there an association between proficiency in fundamental movement skills and mderate-to-vigorous physical activity in childhood on weekdays and weekends? The REACT project. Am J Hum Biol 2024:e24085. [PMID: 38622994 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study probes into the association between children's fundamental movement skills (FMS) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during weekdays and weekends. METHODS This cross-sectional sample included 1014 children aged 6-10 years from the REACT project. Physical activity was assessed with accelerometry, and five FMS (stationary dribble, kick, catch, overhand throw, and underhand roll) were assessed with the digital platform Meu Educativo®. Three groups were formed based on the frequency of FMS that each child mastered: group 1 (wizard level in four or five FMS); group 2 (wizard level in two or three FMS); and group 3 (wizard level in at most one skill). Multilevel models were used to analyze the data treating children (level-1) nested within schools (level-2). RESULTS Compared to group 1, groups 2 (-12.9 ± 2.3 min day-1) and 3 (-23.9 ± 2.4 min day-1) were less physically active during weekdays and weekends (group 2: -14.7 ± 2.7 min day-1 and group 3: -22.4 ± 2.9 min day-1), independent of age and sex. There was a decline in MVPA during the weekend. Further, on average, boys were more active than girls, and with increasing age, children were less active. CONCLUSION On average, children with higher FMS levels are generally more physically active than their peers with lower FMS levels. Even though MVPA tends to decline on weekends, FMS proficiency is a significant factor in maintaining 60 min of MVPA on weekends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Garbeloto
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Maia
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago V Barreira
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rui Garganta
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudio Farias
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Santos
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Physical Education & Athletic Training, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Go Tani
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sara Pereira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lusófona University, Lisboa, Portugal
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Ribeiro MTS, Conceição F, Pacheco MM. Proficiency Barrier in Track and Field: Adaptation and Generalization Processes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1000. [PMID: 38339717 PMCID: PMC10857757 DOI: 10.3390/s24031000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The literature on motor development and training assumes a hierarchy for learning skills-learning the "fundamentals"-that has yet to be empirically demonstrated. The present study addressed this issue by verifying (1) whether this strong hierarchy (i.e., the proficiency barrier) holds between three fundamental skills and three sport skills and (2) considering different transfer processes (generalization/adaptation) that would occur as a result of the existence of this strong hierarchy. Twenty-seven children/adolescents participated in performing the countermovement jump, standing long jump, leap, high jump, long jump, and hurdle transposition. We identified the proficiency barrier in two pairs of tasks (between the countermovement jump and high jump and between the standing long jump and long jump). Nonetheless, the transfer processes were not related to the proficiency barrier. We conclude that the proposed learning hierarchy holds for some tasks. The underlying reason for this is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Teresa S. Ribeiro
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, University of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal;
- Center for Investigation, Formation, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Filipe Conceição
- Center for Investigation, Formation, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Matheus M. Pacheco
- Center for Investigation, Formation, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- GEDEM, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rondônia, Porto Velho 78900-000, Brazil
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Garbeloto F, Pereira S, Tani G, Chaput JP, Stodden DF, Garganta R, Hedeker D, Katzmarzyk PT, Maia J. Validity and reliability of Meu Educativo®: A new tool to assess fundamental movement skills in school-aged children. Am J Hum Biol 2023:e24011. [PMID: 37962092 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is evidence showing that children's proficiency in fundamental movement skills (FMS) is positively related to weight status, physical activity, fitness levels, cognitive development, as well as academic performance. Yet, the feasibility of FMS assessment is challenging, especially with relatively large samples of children. This article presents a new tool named Meu Educativo® to assess children's FMS levels, including its validity and reliability. METHODS We relied on the validity evidence approach based on test content to develop the FMS assessment checklist and the rating system with a team of experts. In this article, we used five FMS (stationary dribbling, kick, overhand throw, catch the ball, and underhand roll). Further, we conducted a series of reliability studies and used percent agreement and Cohen's kappa (κ) as statistics. RESULTS Experts agreed highly on the checklist's components in the five FMS. Inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.63 for stationary dribbling to 0.93 for overhand throw, and the intra-rater reliability ranged from 0.46 to 0.94. CONCLUSION Based on the first results, Meu Educativo® was not only easy to use, but was also a reliable tool for FMS assessments. Notwithstanding the need for future studies, Meu Educativo® is a new tool that can be used by teachers, coaches, and motor development specialists dealing with school-aged children and researchers working with large samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Garbeloto
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Pereira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lusófona University, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Go Tani
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rui Garganta
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - José Maia
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Garbeloto F, Miarka B, Guimarães E, Gomes FRF, Tagusari FI, Tani G. A New Developmental Approach for Judo Focusing on Health, Physical, Motor, and Educational Attributes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2260. [PMID: 36767628 PMCID: PMC9916334 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Judo is currently the most practiced combat sport in the world. There is no doubt of its importance for children, adolescents, adults, and seniors. However, due to its inherent complexity, coaches tend to place greater or lesser emphasis only on one of its multiple domains during the judoka formative years. The present study presents a novel developmental approach signaling Judo as an excellent way for physical, motor, educational, and health development across the lifespan. In this study, we consulted 23 Judo coaches, aiming to clarify the relevance and adequacy of the domains (Competitive, Health, Technical-Tactical, and Philosophical-Educational) and phases of the proposed model. Our findings showed that the model contents-physical, motor, educational, and health-are entwined with its four domains, which were considered of utmost importance by experts in the development of judokas. We, therefore, contend that our model is essential to better understand the growth and development of young judokas. Also, it may be a useful tool for Motor Development experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Garbeloto
- Centre of Research Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Department of Fights, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Guimarães
- Centre of Research Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Fernando Ikeda Tagusari
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Go Tani
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
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Cade Abrams T, Terlizzi BM, De Meester A, Sacko RS, Megan Irwin J, Luz C, Rodrigues LP, Cordovil R, Lopes VP, Schneider K, Stodden DF. Potential Relevance of a Motor Skill “Proficiency Barrier” on Health-Related Fitness in Youth. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-8. [PMID: 36437559 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2153300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the potential impact of a motor skill proficiency barrier on measures of cardiorespiratory (CRF) and musculoskeletal (MSF) fitness in youth. A sample of 241 youth (114 girls) aged 10 - 18 years, completed the Motor Competence Assessment battery with composite scores indexed according to age- and gender-adjusted percentile scores. Motor competence (MC) levels were categorized as low (≤ 25%tile - proficiency barrier), moderate (≥ 26%tile to < 75%tile), and high (≥ 75%tile). CRF levels (Health Risk, Needs Improvement, and Healthy) were assessed using the Fitnessgram® 20 m PACER test. Low (≤ 20%tile), moderate (≥ 21%tile to ≤ 80%tile), and high (≥ 80%tile) MSF levels were assessed using grip strength normative data. Two 3 × 3 chi-square tests were conducted to determine the probability of MC level predicting CRF and MSF levels. Results demonstrated statistically significant models for performance on both the PACER (χ2[4, N = 241] = 22.65, p < .001) and grip strength (χ2[4, N = 241] = 23.95, p < .001). Strong evidence of a proficiency barrier impacting CRF was noted, as no low skilled youth met the "Healthy" fitness zone standards for PACER performance. Evidence supporting a barrier with grip strength was not as strong, as 20.8% of youth exhibiting low MC displayed high grip strength. However, all individuals with high levels of MC demonstrated at least moderate grip strength. Results emphasize the importance of developing MC during childhood as it may provide a protective effect against unhealthy CRF and MSF across youth.HighlightsThese data support the notion of Seefeldt's (1980) proficiency barrier as it relates to CRF, as no youth demonstrating low MC met the healthy fitness zone criteria for PACER performance. The development of MC may both directly and indirectly provide a protective effect against unhealthy CRF levels across childhood and adolescence.Evidence supporting a proficiency barrier with MSF as measured by grip strength was not as strong; however, all individuals with high levels of MC demonstrated at least moderate grip strength. Thus, the development of MC may be a protective factor to mitigate low levels of MSF via enhanced neuromuscular function.Promoting the development of MC in a variety of developmentally appropriate activities and settings (e.g. MC skills practice, structured and unstructured play, and performance contexts) is important to promote positive trajectories of CRF and MSF across childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Cade Abrams
- Human Performance and Development Lab, Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Bryan M. Terlizzi
- Human Performance and Development Lab, Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - An De Meester
- Human Performance and Development Lab, Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ryan S. Sacko
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, South Carolina, USA
| | - J. Megan Irwin
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The College of Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Carlos Luz
- Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1549-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Paulo Rodrigues
- Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer de Melgaço, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences Health Sciences and Human Development, (CIDESD), Portugal
| | - Rita Cordovil
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada – Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Vítor P. Lopes
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-223 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences Health Sciences and Human Development, (CIDESD), Portugal
| | - Kirsten Schneider
- Human Performance and Development Lab, Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - David F. Stodden
- Human Performance and Development Lab, Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Testing Seefeldt's Proficiency Barrier: A Longitudinal Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127184. [PMID: 35742433 PMCID: PMC9222670 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The idea that proficiency in the fundamental movement skills (FMS) is necessary for the development of more complex motor skills (i.e., the proficiency barrier) and to promote health-enhancing physical activity and health-related physical fitness levels is widespread in the literature of motor development. Nonetheless, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study assessing whether children presenting proficiency below a specified proficiency barrier would demonstrate difficulty in improving performance in more complex skills-even when subjected to a period of practice in these complex skills. The present study tested this. Eighty-five normal children (44 boys) aged 7 to 10 years participated in the study. The intervention took place during 10 consecutive classes, once a week, lasting 40 min each. Six FMS (running, hopping, leaping, kicking, catching and stationary dribbling) and one transitional motor skill (TMS) (speed dribbling skill) were assessed. The results showed that only those who showed sufficient proficiency in running and stationary dribbling before the intervention were able to show high performance values in the TMS after intervention. In addition, in line with recent propositions, the results show that the basis for development of the TMS was specific critical components of the FMS and that the barrier can be captured through a logistic function. These results corroborate the proficiency barrier hypothesis and highlight that mastering the critical components of the FMS is a necessary condition for motor development.
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