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Zhang Y, Song X, Qi T, Zhou X. Review of lipocalin-2-mediated effects in diabetic retinopathy. Int Ophthalmol 2024; 44:78. [PMID: 38351392 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have uncovered LCN2 as a marker of inflammation strongly related to obesity, insulin resistance, and abnormal glucose metabolism in humans, and is involved in vascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, and neurological diseases. In recent years, studies have shown that elevated levels of LCN2 have a strong association with diabetic retinopathy (DR), but the pathogenesis is unknown. Here, we reviewed the relevant literature and compiled the pathogenesis associated with LCN2-induced DR. METHODS We searched PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases using "lipocalin-2, diabetic retinopathy, retinal degeneration, diabetic microangiopathies, diabetic neuropathy and inflammation" as subject terms. RESULTS In diabetic retinal neuropathy, LCN2 causes impaired retinal photoreceptor function and retinal neurons; in retinal microangiopathy, LCN2 induces apoptosis of retinal vascular endothelial cells and promotes angiogenesis; in retinal inflammation, increased secretion of LCN2 recruits inflammatory cells and induces pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, LCN2 has the potential as a biomarker for DR. Recent studies have shown that retinal damage can be attenuated by silencing LCN2, which may be associated with the inhibition of caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis, and LCN2 may be a new target for the treatment of DR. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, LCN2, involved in the development of diabetic retinopathy, is a key factor in diabetic retinal microangiopathy, neurodegeneration, and retinal inflammation. LCN2 is likely to be a novel molecular target leading to DR, and a more in-depth study of the pathogenesis of DR caused by LCN2 may provide considerable benefits for clinical research and potential drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojun Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tianying Qi
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xinli Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China.
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Sutkowy P, Lesiewska H, Woźniak A, Malukiewicz G. Inflammation-Involved Proteins in Blood Serum of Cataract Patients-A Preliminary Study. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2607. [PMID: 37892980 PMCID: PMC10604040 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 50% of all global blindness is caused by cataract in adults aged ≥50 years. The mechanisms of the disease are most arguably related to a redox imbalance and inflammation; therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the processes associated with inflammation in cataract patients. Twenty-four patients aged 22-60 years (62.5% females) participated in the study, with 33 controls aged 28-60 years (66.7% females). Venous blood serum of the subjects was examined for alpha 1-antitrypsin, as well as selected lysosomal enzymes and adipokines. The activities of lysosomal enzymes, as well as the activity of alpha 1-antitrypsin and the concentrations of c-reactive protein and leptin, were similar in the patients versus the controls. The concentrations of interleukin 6 and resistin were lower, in turn, whereas omentin-1 and adiponectin were higher. Moreover, the study revealed the existence of many linear relationships between the parameters, including multiple linear regression, especially gender-wise. No systemic inflammation was probably noted in the cataract patients tested; nevertheless, the deregulation of adiponectin, omentin-1 and resistin secretion was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Sutkowy
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Hanna Lesiewska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (H.L.); (G.M.)
| | - Alina Woźniak
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Grażyna Malukiewicz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (H.L.); (G.M.)
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Zhou Y, Qi J, Liu H, Liang S, Guo T, Chen J, Pan W, Tan H, Wang J, Xu H, Chen Z. Increased intraocular inflammation in retinal vein occlusion is independent of circulating immune mediators and is involved in retinal oedema. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1186025. [PMID: 37554292 PMCID: PMC10405077 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1186025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We aim to understand the link between systemic and intraocular levels of inflammatory mediators in treatment-naïve retinal vein occlusion (RVO) patients, and the relationship between inflammatory mediators and retinal pathologies. Twenty inflammatory mediators were measured in this study, including IL-17E, Flt-3 L, IL-3, IL-8, IL-33, MIP-3β, MIP-1α, GRO β, PD-L1, CD40L, IFN-β, G-CSF, Granzyme B, TRAIL, EGF, PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB/BB, TGF-α, VEGF, and FGFβ. RVO patients had significantly higher levels of Flt-3 L, IL-8, MIP-3β, GROβ, and VEGF, but lower levels of EGF in the aqueous humor than cataract controls. The levels of Flt-3 L, IL-3, IL-33, MIP-1α, PD-L1, CD40 L, G-CSF, TRAIL, PDGF-AB/BB, TGF-α, and VEGF were significantly higher in CRVO than in BRVO. KEGG pathway enrichment revealed that these mediators affected the PI3K-Akt, Ras, MAPK, and Jak/STAT signaling pathways. Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) analysis showed that VEGF is the upstream cytokine that influences IL-8, G-CSF, and IL-33 in RVO. In the plasma, the level of GROβ was lower in RVO than in controls and no alterations were observed in other mediators. Retinal thickness [including central retinal thickness (CRT) and inner limiting membrane to inner plexiform layer (ILM-IPL)] positively correlated with the intraocular levels of Flt-3 L, IL-33, GROβ, PD-L1, G-CSF, and TGF-α. The size of the foveal avascular zone positively correlated with systemic factors, including the plasma levels of IL-17E, IL-33, INF-β, GROβ, Granzyme B, and FGFβ and circulating high/low-density lipids and total cholesterols. Our results suggest that intraocular inflammation in RVO is driven primarily by local factors but not circulating immune mediators. Intraocular inflammation may promote macular oedema through the PI3K-Akt, Ras, MAPK, and Jak/STAT signaling pathways in RVO. Systemic factors, including cytokines and lipid levels may be involved in retinal microvascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Zhou
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, China
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinyan Qi
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, China
| | - Hengwei Liu
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, China
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shengnan Liang
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, China
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, China
| | | | - Jie Wang
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Heping Xu
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, China
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, China
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, China
- School of Stomatology and Ophthalmology, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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Arrigo A, Bandello F. Retinal vein occlusion: drug targets and therapeutic implications. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:847-864. [PMID: 34775882 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.2005026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pathogenesis of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is extremely complex and includes several mediators. These mediators represent potential drug targets that can be used in the development of intravitreal drugs. AREAS COVERED PubMed/MEDLINE databases were accessed between April-May 2021 to find the most relevant scientific papers regarding drug targets and therapeutic implications in RVO, focusing on current therapeutic options and potential cornerstones of future advances in treatment. EXPERT OPINION Before the introduction of intravitreal therapies, the visual outcome following a diagnosis of RVO was extremely poor. Anti-VEGF and corticosteroid treatments have radically changed RVO prognosis, helping to preserve patients' visual function and their quality of life. According to current clinical data, anti-VEGF and corticosteroid drugs are associated with both pros and cons; the present recommendation is to employ anti-VEGF molecules as a first-line treatment. Advances in our understanding of the biomolecular characteristics of RVO offer a solid basis for the development of new therapeutic targets and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Arrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bandello
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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