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Tagore D, Majumder PP, Chatterjee A, Basu A. Multiple migrations from East Asia led to linguistic transformation in NorthEast India and mainland Southeast Asia. Front Genet 2022; 13:1023870. [PMID: 36303544 PMCID: PMC9592996 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1023870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NorthEast India, with its unique geographic location in the midst of the Himalayas and Bay of Bengal, has served as a passage for the movement of modern humans across the Indian subcontinent and East/Southeast Asia. In this study we look into the population genetics of a unique population called the Khasi, speaking a language (also known as the Khasi language) belonging to the Austroasiatic language family and residing amidst the Tibeto-Burman speakers as an isolated population. The Khasi language belongs to one of the three major broad classifications or phyla of the Austroasiatic language and the speakers of the three sub-groups are separated from each other by large geographical distances. The Khasi speakers are separated from their nearest Austroasiatic language-speaking sub-groups: the “Mundari” sub-family from East and peninsular India and the “Mon-Khmers” in Mainland Southeast Asia. We found the Khasi population to be genetically distinct from other Austroasiatic speakers, i.e. Mundaris and Mon-Khmers, but relatively similar to the geographically proximal Tibeto Burmans. The possible reasons for this genetic-linguistic discordance lie in the admixture history of different migration events that originated from East Asia and proceeded possibly towards Southeast Asia. We found at least two distinct migration events from East Asia. While the ancestors of today’s Tibeto-Burman speakers were affected by both, the ancestors of Khasis were insulated from the second migration event. Correlating the linguistic similarity of Tibeto-Burman and Sino-Tibetan languages of today’s East Asians, we infer that the second wave of migration resulted in a linguistic transition while the Khasis could preserve their linguistic identity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Partha P. Majumder
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
- Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Anupam Chatterjee
- Department of Biotechnology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
- School of Biosciences, Royal Global University, Guwahati, India
| | - Analabha Basu
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
- *Correspondence: Analabha Basu,
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Krithika S, Maji S, Vasulu T. Geographic Contiguity, Patterns of Gene Flow and Genetic Affinity among the Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh, India. INT J HUM GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09723757.2007.11886005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Krithika
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, West Bengal, India
| | - S. Maji
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, West Bengal, India
| | - T.S. Vasulu
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, West Bengal, India
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Genetic Diversity in Gorkhas: an Autosomal STR Study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32494. [PMID: 27580933 PMCID: PMC5007509 DOI: 10.1038/srep32494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotyping of highly polymorphic autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) markers is a potent tool for elucidating genetic diversity. In the present study, fifteen autosomal STR markers were analyzed in unrelated healthy male Gorkha individuals (n = 98) serving in the Indian Army by using AmpFlSTR Identifiler Plus PCR Amplification Kit. In total, 138 alleles were observed with corresponding allele frequencies ranging from 0.005 to 0.469. The studied loci were in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE). Heterozygosity ranged from 0.602 to 0.867. The most polymorphic locus was Fibrinogen Alpha (FGA) chain which was also the most discriminating locus as expected. Neighbor Joining (NJ) tree and principal component analysis (PCA) plot clustered the Gorkhas with those of Nepal and other Tibeto-Burman population while lowlander Indian population formed separate cluster substantiating the closeness of the Gorkhas with the Tibeto-Burman linguistic phyla. Furthermore, the dataset of STR markers obtained in the study presents a valuable information source of STR DNA profiles from personnel for usage in disaster victim identification in military exigencies and adds to the Indian database of military soldiers and military hospital repository.
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Kraaijenbrink T, van der Gaag KJ, Zuniga SB, Xue Y, Carvalho-Silva DR, Tyler-Smith C, Jobling MA, Parkin EJ, Su B, Shi H, Xiao CJ, Tang WR, Kashyap VK, Trivedi R, Sitalaximi T, Banerjee J, Gaselô KTO, Tuladhar NM, Opgenort JRML, van Driem GL, Barbujani G, de Knijff P. A linguistically informed autosomal STR survey of human populations residing in the greater Himalayan region. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91534. [PMID: 24614536 PMCID: PMC3948894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The greater Himalayan region demarcates two of the most prominent linguistic phyla in Asia: Tibeto-Burman and Indo-European. Previous genetic surveys, mainly using Y-chromosome polymorphisms and/or mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms suggested a substantially reduced geneflow between populations belonging to these two phyla. These studies, however, have mainly focussed on populations residing far to the north and/or south of this mountain range, and have not been able to study geneflow patterns within the greater Himalayan region itself. We now report a detailed, linguistically informed, genetic survey of Tibeto-Burman and Indo-European speakers from the Himalayan countries Nepal and Bhutan based on autosomal microsatellite markers and compare these populations with surrounding regions. The genetic differentiation between populations within the Himalayas seems to be much higher than between populations in the neighbouring countries. We also observe a remarkable genetic differentiation between the Tibeto-Burman speaking populations on the one hand and Indo-European speaking populations on the other, suggesting that language and geography have played an equally large role in defining the genetic composition of present-day populations within the Himalayas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirsa Kraaijenbrink
- MGC Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan J. van der Gaag
- MGC Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sofia B. Zuniga
- MGC Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yali Xue
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chris Tyler-Smith
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Jobling
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J. Parkin
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology and Kunming Primate Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Hong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology and Kunming Primate Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Chun-Jie Xiao
- Human Genetics Centre, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Wen-Ru Tang
- Human Genetics Centre, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - V. K. Kashyap
- National DNA Analysis Center, Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Kolkata, India
| | - R. Trivedi
- National DNA Analysis Center, Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Kolkata, India
| | - T. Sitalaximi
- National DNA Analysis Center, Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Kolkata, India
| | - Jheelam Banerjee
- National DNA Analysis Center, Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Kolkata, India
| | - Karma Tshering of Gaselô
- Himalayan Languages Project, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nirmal M. Tuladhar
- Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | | | - George L. van Driem
- Himalayan Languages Project, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Guido Barbujani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Peter de Knijff
- MGC Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: (P. de Knijff)
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Nava Saraswathy K, Pal Sachdeva M, Mukhopadhyay R, Shukla D, Kiranmala Devi N, Rawat S, Rao AP, Kumar Kalla A. Diversified genomic contribution among south Indian populations–A study on four endogamous groups of Andhra Pradesh. Ann Hum Biol 2009; 35:499-508. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460802252258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gayden T, Mirabal S, Cadenas AM, Lacau H, Simms TM, Morlote D, Chennakrishnaiah S, Herrera RJ. Genetic insights into the origins of Tibeto-Burman populations in the Himalayas. J Hum Genet 2009; 54:216-23. [PMID: 19282873 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2009.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Himalayan mountain range has played a dual role in shaping the genetic landscape of the region by (1) delineating east-west migrations including the Silk Road and (2) restricting human dispersals, especially from the Indian subcontinent into the Tibetan plateau. In this study, 15 hypervariable autosomal STR loci were employed to evaluate the genetic relationships of three populations from Nepal (Kathmandu, Newar and Tamang) and a general collection from Tibet. These Himalayan groups were compared to geographically targeted worldwide populations as well as Tibeto-Burman (TB) speaking groups from Northeast India. Our results suggest a Northeast Asian origin for the Himalayan populations with subsequent gene flow from South Asia into the Kathmandu valley and the Newar population, corroborating a previous Y-chromosome study. In contrast, Tamang and Tibet exhibit limited genetic contributions from South Asia, possibly due to the orographic obstacle presented by the Himalayan massif. The TB groups from Northeast India are genetically distinct compared to their counterparts from the Himalayas probably resulting from prolonged isolation and/or founder effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenzin Gayden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Krithika S, Maji S, Vasulu TS. A microsatellite guided insight into the genetic status of adi, an isolated hunting-gathering tribe of northeast India. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2549. [PMID: 18596928 PMCID: PMC2435608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibeto-Burman populations of India provide an insight into the peopling of India and aid in understanding their genetic relationship with populations of East, South and Southeast Asia. The study investigates the genetic status of one such Tibeto-Burman group, Adi of Arunachal Pradesh based on 15 autosomal microsatellite markers. Further the study examines, based on 9 common microsatellite loci, the genetic relationship of Adi with 16 other Tibeto-Burman speakers of India and 28 neighboring populations of East and Southeast Asia. Overall, the results support the recent formation of the Adi sub-tribes from a putative ancestral group and reveal that geographic contiguity is a major influencing factor of the genetic affinity among the Tibeto-Burman populations of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Krithika
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Suvendu Maji
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - T. S. Vasulu
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail:
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Reddy BM, Langstieh BT, Kumar V, Nagaraja T, Reddy ANS, Meka A, Reddy AG, Thangaraj K, Singh L. Austro-Asiatic tribes of Northeast India provide hitherto missing genetic link between South and Southeast Asia. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1141. [PMID: 17989774 PMCID: PMC2065843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Northeast India, the only region which currently forms a land bridge between the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, has been proposed as an important corridor for the initial peopling of East Asia. Given that the Austro-Asiatic linguistic family is considered to be the oldest and spoken by certain tribes in India, Northeast India and entire Southeast Asia, we expect that populations of this family from Northeast India should provide the signatures of genetic link between Indian and Southeast Asian populations. In order to test this hypothesis, we analyzed mtDNA and Y-Chromosome SNP and STR data of the eight groups of the Austro-Asiatic Khasi from Northeast India and the neighboring Garo and compared with that of other relevant Asian populations. The results suggest that the Austro-Asiatic Khasi tribes of Northeast India represent a genetic continuity between the populations of South and Southeast Asia, thereby advocating that northeast India could have been a major corridor for the movement of populations from India to East/Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Mohan Reddy
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Hyderabad, India
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - B. T. Langstieh
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Anthropology, Northeast Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Vikrant Kumar
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - T. Nagaraja
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - A. N. S. Reddy
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Aruna Meka
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - A. G. Reddy
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - K. Thangaraj
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Lalji Singh
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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Kashyap VK, Guha S, Sitalaximi T, Bindu GH, Hasnain SE, Trivedi R. Genetic structure of Indian populations based on fifteen autosomal microsatellite loci. BMC Genet 2006; 7:28. [PMID: 16707019 PMCID: PMC1513393 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-7-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indian populations endowed with unparalleled genetic complexity have received a great deal of attention from scientists world over. However, the fundamental question over their ancestry, whether they are all genetically similar or do exhibit differences attributable to ethnicity, language, geography or socio-cultural affiliation is still unresolved. In order to decipher their underlying genetic structure, we undertook a study on 3522 individuals belonging to 54 endogamous Indian populations representing all major ethnic, linguistic and geographic groups and assessed the genetic variation using autosomal microsatellite markers. Results The distribution of the most frequent allele was uniform across populations, revealing an underlying genetic similarity. Patterns of allele distribution suggestive of ethnic or geographic propinquity were discernible only in a few of the populations and was not applicable to the entire dataset while a number of the populations exhibited distinct identities evident from the occurrence of unique alleles in them. Genetic substructuring was detected among populations originating from northeastern and southern India reflective of their migrational histories and genetic isolation respectively. Conclusion Our analyses based on autosomal microsatellite markers detected no evidence of general clustering of population groups based on ethnic, linguistic, geographic or socio-cultural affiliations. The existence of substructuring in populations from northeastern and southern India has notable implications for population genetic studies and forensic databases where broad grouping of populations based on such affiliations are frequently employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- VK Kashyap
- National DNA Analysis Centre, Central Forensic Science Laboratory, 30 Gorachand Road, Kolkata 700014, West Bengal, India
- National Institute of Biologicals, A-32, Sector 62, Institutional Area, Noida 201307, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurav Guha
- National DNA Analysis Centre, Central Forensic Science Laboratory, 30 Gorachand Road, Kolkata 700014, West Bengal, India
| | - T Sitalaximi
- National DNA Analysis Centre, Central Forensic Science Laboratory, 30 Gorachand Road, Kolkata 700014, West Bengal, India
| | - G Hima Bindu
- National DNA Analysis Centre, Central Forensic Science Laboratory, 30 Gorachand Road, Kolkata 700014, West Bengal, India
| | - Seyed E Hasnain
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, ECIL Road, Nacharam, Hyderabad 500076, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - R Trivedi
- National DNA Analysis Centre, Central Forensic Science Laboratory, 30 Gorachand Road, Kolkata 700014, West Bengal, India
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Krithika S, Trivedi R, Kashyap VK, Vasulu TS. Genetic diversity at 15 microsatellite loci among the Adi Pasi population of Adi tribal cluster in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2006; 7:306-10. [PMID: 16046272 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms at 15 tetrameric short tandem repeat (STR) loci were studied in 203 healthy individuals of Adi Pasi population from Arunachal Pradesh, India. All the loci analyzed were highly polymorphic and there was no significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) excepting D8S1179 and D18S51. Other forensic useful statistical parameters were also calculated and the 15 microsatellite markers selected for this study were found to be suitable for human identification and population genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Krithika
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700108, India.
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