1
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Huertas RM, Arguedas M, Estrada JM, Moscoso E, Umaña D, Solano G, Vargas M, Segura Á, Sánchez A, Herrera M, Villalta M, Arroyo-Portilla C, Gutiérrez JM, León G. Clinical effects of immunization, bleeding, and albumin-based fluid therapy in horses used as immunoglobulin source to produce a polyspecific antivenom (Echitab-plus-ICP) towards venoms of African snakes. Toxicon X 2023; 18:100158. [PMID: 37180815 PMCID: PMC10172988 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
During the production of snake antivenoms, the animals used as immunoglobulin source are subjected to processes that could deteriorate their physical condition. Therefore, these conditions must be carefully designed and validated. In this work, the immunization and bleeding protocols applied to horses used to produce the African polyspecific antivenom EchiTAb-plus-ICP were evaluated regarding their effects on the horses' health. The study focused on horses that had been previously immunized with venoms and then received periodic booster venom injections for antivenom production. It was found that the periodic immunization with 5 mg of a mixture of venoms of Bitis arietans, Echis ocellatus, Dendroaspis polylepis, and Naja nigricollis did not induce systemic signs of envenomation, and only caused mild swelling at the injection site, which did not evolve to abscesses, fistulas, or fibrosis. Three consecutive days of bleeding, collecting 6-8 L of blood per day, and self-transfusing the red blood cells (RBC) in the second and third days, did not induce evident cardiorespiratory alterations. However, this procedure caused significant reductions in RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and total plasma protein values. Seven weeks after bleeding, these parameters were recovered, and horses were ready for the next immunization/bleeding cycle. The intravenous administration of equine albumin, at a dose of 2 g/kg body weight, increased the apparent plasma volume and the albumin concentration. However, this procedure induced early adverse reactions and transient alterations of the serum levels of the enzyme gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), thus suggesting some degree of hepatic injury. It was concluded that immunization and bleeding as described in this work do not cause significant clinical alterations in the horse's health, except for a transient drop in some hematological parameters. The albumin-based fluid therapy used does not hasten the recovery after bleeding but instead induces adverse events in the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Mary Huertas
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Mauricio Arguedas
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Juan Manuel Estrada
- Hospital de Equinos, Especies Mayores y Terapias Regenerativas, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Edwin Moscoso
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Deibid Umaña
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Gabriela Solano
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mariángela Vargas
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Álvaro Segura
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Andrés Sánchez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - María Herrera
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mauren Villalta
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Cynthia Arroyo-Portilla
- Departamento de Análisis Clínicos, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Guillermo León
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Corresponding author.
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2
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Skin-Based Vaccination: A Systematic Mapping Review of the Types of Vaccines and Methods Used and Immunity and Protection Elicited in Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020450. [PMID: 36851328 PMCID: PMC9962282 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The advantages of skin-based vaccination include induction of strong immunity, dose-sparing, and ease of administration. Several technologies for skin-based immunisation in humans are being developed to maximise these key advantages. This route is more conventionally used in veterinary medicine. Skin-based vaccination of pigs is of high relevance due to their anatomical, physiological, and immunological similarities to humans, as well as being a source of zoonotic diseases and their livestock value. We conducted a systematic mapping review, focusing on vaccine-induced immunity and safety after the skin immunisation of pigs. Veterinary vaccines, specifically anti-viral vaccines, predominated in the literature. The safe and potent skin administration to pigs of adjuvanted vaccines, particularly emulsions, are frequently documented. Multiple methods of skin immunisation exist; however, there is a lack of consistent terminology and accurate descriptions of the route and device. Antibody responses, compared to other immune correlates, are most frequently reported. There is a lack of research on the underlying mechanisms of action and breadth of responses. Nevertheless, encouraging results, both in safety and immunogenicity, were observed after skin vaccination that were often comparable to or superior the intramuscular route. Further research in this area will underlie the development of enhanced skin vaccine strategies for pigs, other animals and humans.
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3
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Mechrez G, Mani KA, Saha A, Lachman O, Luria N, Molad O, Kotliarevski L, Zelinger E, Smith E, Yaakov N, Stone DS, Reches M, Dombrovsky A. Platform for Active Vaccine Formulation Using a Two-Mode Enhancement Mechanism of Epitope Presentation by Pickering Emulsion. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:3859-3869. [PMID: 35913405 PMCID: PMC9382630 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of epitope-based vaccination (subunit vaccines) is tightly correlated with heterogeneity and the high density of epitope presentation, which maximizes the potential antigenic determinants. Here, we developed a two-mode platform for intensifying the epitope presentation of subunit vaccines. The two-mode epitope presentation enhancement includes a covalent attachment of high concentrations of SARS-CoV-2-S1 peptide epitope to the surface of virus-like-particles (VLPs) and the subsequent assembly of VLP/epitope conjugates on the oil droplet surface at an oil/water interface of an emulsion as Pickering stabilizers. The resultant emulsions were stable for weeks in ambient conditions, and our platform was challenged using the epitope of the SARS-CoV-2-S1 peptide that served as a model epitope in this study. In vivo assays showed that the αSARS-CoV-2-S1 immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers of the studied mouse antisera, developed against the SARS-CoV-2-S1 peptide under different epitope preparation conditions, showed an order of magnitude higher IgG titers in the studied VLP-based emulsions than epitopes dissolved in water and epitopes administered with an adjuvant, thereby confirming the efficacy of the formulation. This VLP-based Pickering emulsion platform is a fully synthetic approach that can be readily applied for vaccine development to a wide range of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Mechrez
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Karthik Ananth Mani
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.,Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Abhijit Saha
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.,Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Oded Lachman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Neta Luria
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Ori Molad
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.,Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Liliya Kotliarevski
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.,Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Einat Zelinger
- The Interdepartmental Equipment Unit, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Elisheva Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Noga Yaakov
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | | | - Meital Reches
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Aviv Dombrovsky
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
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4
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Chegrynets AI, Saliy ОО, Sobko IA, Krasinko VO. Immunological evaluation of inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine depending on adjuvant composition. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.15421/022167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease is a global problem that is being recorded in most countries and also a serious obstacle to exchange of genetic material of poultry in various countries of the world. Control of the Newcastle disease comprises correct injection of efficacious vaccines so as to decrease or eliminate the clinical disease. Our goal was to perform comparative studies of the vaccines against Newcastle disease of water in oil type, the adjuvant being mineral oil mixed with emulsifiers (Span-80 and Tween-80) and ready-to-use adjuvant system (Montanide ISA 70), and study the impact of composition of adjuvant constituent on physical-chemical and immunogenic properties of inactivated vaccines. To reproduce virus-containing material and carried out titration of the viruses, we used chicken embryos free of pathogenic microflora. Aqueous phase for the preparation of emulsion-based vaccines of water in oil type consisted of antigen to Newcastle disease of La-Sota strain, manufactured by Biotestlab Ltd, and phosphate-saline buffer. To evaluate the effectiveness of the vaccine and induce immune response, we used 1-day old pathogen-free chickens, which were obtained from chicken embryos free of pathogenic microflora. As the positive control in the experiment, we used commercial vaccine. One-day chickens were divided into 3 groups (I, II, III) comprising 12 individuals each and one group (IV) consisting of 8 individuals as the control group with individual numeration. Chickens in groups I, II and III were divided into two subgroups (n = 8 and n = 4) to determine immunogenic efficiency and safety of the vaccine. Immunization was carried out through single subcutaneous injections in the region of the neck. To study immunogenic efficiency, the chickens were immunized with the dose of 0.1 mL (1 dose), and 0.2 mL (2 doses) to determine safety. After the immunization of 1-day old pathogen-free chickens with 0.1 mL dose, the obtained level of antibodies in the serum of vaccinated chickens on days 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 after the vaccination indicated the ability of provoking the immune response to Newcastle disease at high level and safety of the vaccination for chickens. All the recipes of the examined series of the vaccines and the commercial vaccine produced appropriate level of viscosity according to the criterion equaling ≤ 200 mm2/s at Р <0.05, promoting fluidity of the vaccine and providing easier passage through the needle during the application. Both of the studied vaccines may be used in poultry farming for prophylaxis of Newcastle disease among chickens.
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5
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Lye PY, Noor SM, Shohaimi SA, Junoh NF, Tan SC, Iwamoto S, Kotani E, Norazmi MN, Nagamine T, Mori H, Liew MW. Process development for quantitation and vaccine efficacy assessment of recombinant hemagglutinin-neuraminidase. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Molecular and biological characterization of the immunological potency of Newcastle disease virus oil emulsion-inactivated vaccines prepared from field isolate obtained from vaccinated chickens outbreak. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:815-826. [PMID: 31840214 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to characterize the immunological parameters of chickens vaccinated with two formulated inactivated vaccines, water in oil (WO) and water in oil in water (WOW), prepared from velogenic Newcastle disease virus (vNDV) genotype VIIj isolated from outbreak among vaccinated chickens. Six groups (G1-G6) of commercial broiler chickens were established (n = 20). The G1-G3 were received homologous (WO and WOW) and heterologous (LaSota) inactivated vaccines, respectively. The G4 was vaccinated with live heterologous (LaSota) vaccine, while G5 and G6 were kept as control positive and control negative non-vaccinated groups. The antibody titers were measured against vNDV and LaSota antigens using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, the cytokine gene expressions of IFNγ, IL1β, IL4, IL6, IL8, and IL18 were quantified using real-time RT-PCR, and the virus shedding was titrated on chicken embryo fibroblast cells after challenging by vNDV. The classical clinical signs and 100% mortality were observed only in G5 after vNDV challenging. The highest HI titers were detected in G1, G2, and G3 using NDV/168 antigen with no significant differences among them. These groups showed higher HI titer than G4 (2-4log2). Cytokine gene expression of IFNγ, IL1, IL6, IL8, and IL18 were significantly downregulated in vaccinated chickens with upregulation of IL4 than non-vaccinated challenge group. Viral shedding titers were significantly (0.0001, p ≤ 0.001) reduced in all samples form vaccinated chickens. In conclusion, the prepared vaccines produced highly efficient immunological responses and could be used for controlling the NDV infection.
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7
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Rodríguez K, Villalta M, Marín E, Briceño M, León G, Montero ML. Physical characteristics of nano-Hydroxyapatite Pickering-emulsions and their adjuvant activity on the antibody response towards the Bothros asper snake venom. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 100:23-29. [PMID: 30948057 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Emulsions are crucial in the treatment of snake bites to bust the antibody response of the inmunogen. The widely used Freund's emulsion typically combines 50/50 water-oil (W/O) phase. However, its use is limited because it is associated with tissue damage. We formulated and characterized a Pickering Emulsion 70/30 (W/O) that uses a chemically modified hydrophobic hydroxyapatite as surfactant. This Pickering emulsion has similar rheologic behavior to Freund's emulsion 50/50, but with lower oil and surfactant concentration. Evaluation of cell recruitment, antibody response and adhering tissue in mice immunized with B. asper of Pacific venom and treated with Freund's and Pickering 70/30 emulsions resulted in similar adjuvant activity (only 18% lower in Pickering 70/30 emulsion). However, Pickering 70/30 emulsions minimized negative side effects in the host animals and showed better ease of flow that favors injection of the host. Our results open up room for optimization and improvement of Pickering emulsion based on modified nanoparticles for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rodríguez
- Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Centro de Electroquímica y Energía Química (CELEQ), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - M Villalta
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica
| | - E Marín
- Nano Dispersión Technologys Inc., Panamá
| | - M Briceño
- Nano Dispersión Technologys Inc., Panamá
| | - G León
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica
| | - M L Montero
- Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Centro de Electroquímica y Energía Química (CELEQ), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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8
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Feng H, Yamashita M, da Silva Lopes TJ, Watanabe T, Kawaoka Y. Injectable Excipients as Novel Influenza Vaccine Adjuvants. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:19. [PMID: 30733711 PMCID: PMC6353828 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza outbreaks can be either seasonal or pandemic. Vaccination is an effective strategy to control influenza; however, the efficacy of the currently available inactivated influenza virus vaccines is suboptimal, especially in the elderly. Vaccine efficacy can be improved by the addition of adjuvants, but few adjuvants have been approved for human vaccines. To explore novel, safe, and effective adjuvants for influenza vaccines, here we used a mouse model to screen 46 injectable drug additives approved in Japan. Of these 46 candidates, we identified 20 compounds that enhanced the efficacy of the split influenza HA vaccine against lethal virus challenge. These 20 compounds included 15 novel adjuvant candidates and 5 compounds with previously reported adjuvant effects for other antigens but not for influenza vaccine. Given that these additives are already approved for human use, the hurdle for their clinical use as novel and effective adjuvants for influenza or other vaccines is lower than for other adjuvant candidates whose safety profiles are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huapeng Feng
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamashita
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tiago Jose da Silva Lopes
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tokiko Watanabe
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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León G, Vargas M, Segura Á, Herrera M, Villalta M, Sánchez A, Solano G, Gómez A, Sánchez M, Estrada R, Gutiérrez JM. Current technology for the industrial manufacture of snake antivenoms. Toxicon 2018; 151:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Diagnostic and Vaccination Approaches for Newcastle Disease Virus in Poultry: The Current and Emerging Perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7278459. [PMID: 30175140 PMCID: PMC6098882 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7278459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most devastating diseases that considerably cripple the global poultry industry. Because of its enormous socioeconomic importance and potential to rapidly spread to naïve birds in the vicinity, ND is included among the list of avian diseases that must be notified to the OIE immediately upon recognition. Currently, virus isolation followed by its serological or molecular identification is regarded as the gold standard method of ND diagnosis. However, this method is generally slow and requires specialised laboratory with biosafety containment facilities, making it of little relevance under epidemic situations where rapid diagnosis is seriously needed. Thus, molecular based diagnostics have evolved to overcome some of these difficulties, but the extensive genetic diversity of the virus ensures that isolates with mutations at the primer/probe binding sites escape detection using these assays. This diagnostic dilemma leads to the emergence of cutting-edge technologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) which have so far proven to be promising in terms of rapid, sensitive, and accurate recognition of virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates even in mixed infections. As regards disease control strategies, conventional ND vaccines have stood the test of time by demonstrating track record of protective efficacy in the last 60 years. However, these vaccines are unable to block the replication and shedding of most of the currently circulating phylogenetically divergent virulent NDV isolates. Hence, rationally designed vaccines targeting the prevailing genotypes, the so-called genotype-matched vaccines, are highly needed to overcome these vaccination related challenges. Among the recently evolving technologies for the development of genotype-matched vaccines, reverse genetics-based live attenuated vaccines obviously appeared to be the most promising candidates. In this review, a comprehensive description of the current and emerging trends in the detection, identification, and control of ND in poultry are provided. The strengths and weaknesses of each of those techniques are also emphasised.
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11
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Abstract
Vaccines are essential tools for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in animals. One of the most important steps in vaccine development is the selection of a suitable adjuvant. The focus of this review is the adjuvants used in vaccines for animals. We will discuss current commercial adjuvants and experimental formulations with attention to mineral salts, emulsions, bacterial-derived components, saponins, and several other immunoactive compounds. In addition, we will also examine the mechanisms of action for different adjuvants, examples of adjuvant combinations in one vaccine formulation, and challenges in the research and development of veterinary vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Burakova
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas.,2 Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Rachel Madera
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Scott McVey
- 3 United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - John R Schlup
- 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jishu Shi
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
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12
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Wu P, Lu J, Feng L, Wu H, Zhang X, Mei M, Hou J, Liu X, Tang Y. Antigen-Sparing and Enhanced Efficacy of Multivalent Vaccines Adjuvanted with Immunopotentiators in Chickens. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:927. [PMID: 28603519 PMCID: PMC5445108 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously described that immunopotentiators, CVCVA5, increased the efficacy of H5 and H9 subtype avian influenza vaccines in chickens, ducks, and geese. In this study, we further investigated the effects of the CVCVA5 for improving the efficacy of other univalent or multivalent inactivated vaccines. The immune response administrated with half-dose of monovalent vaccine plus CVCVA5 were higher than those of one dose of monovalent vaccine without immunopotentiators as measured by levels of antibodies from serum, tears and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, and cytokines of IFNγ and IL-4 from serum. Vaccines included the univalent vaccine of Newcastle Disease virus (ND), Egg Drop Syndrome virus (EDS), Infectious Bronchitis virus (IB), and Infectious Bursal Disease virus (IBD). The CVCVA5 also improved the immune response of both ND and IBD vaccines with less dosage. The sterile protective immunity was monitored with one- or a half-dose of adjuvanted ND vaccine or one dose of adjuvanted IBD vaccine, respectively. The improved immune efficacy was observed in a half-dose of adjuvanted bivalent vaccines compared to one dose of vaccines without CVCVA5 as measured by the antibody levels, including bivalent vaccine of ND-H9, ND-IB, and ND-IBD. The CVCVA5 also boosted the immune efficacy of the tetravalent vaccine (ND-IB-EDS-H9). A half-dose of adjuvanted commercial vaccine or 75% antigen-sparing adjuvanted vaccine elicited similar antibody levels to those of one dose non-adjuvanted commercial vaccines. The CVCVA5 improved the effect of a booster vaccination as measured by the antibody levels against H5 or H9 virus antigens, in which chickens primed with the adjuvanted ND-IB vaccines given a booster with H5-H9 bivalent vaccines without CVCVA5 using 5-day intervals. The inflammatory response may contribute to these additional effects by increasing the levels of IFNγ and IL-4 after the injection of the adjuvanted ND-IB vaccines. Results indicated that the CVCVA5 improved the serum and mucosal antibody levels, cytokine levels of the chickens given the univalent vaccine, and also improved serum antibody titers in bivalent and tetravalent vaccines. This has a potential as an improve vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wu
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosisYangzhou, China
| | - Jihu Lu
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosisYangzhou, China
| | - Lei Feng
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosisYangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhuan Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, MontgomeryAL, United States
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosisYangzhou, China
| | - Mei Mei
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosisYangzhou, China
| | - Jibo Hou
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosisYangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosisYangzhou, China.,Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
| | - Yinghua Tang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosisYangzhou, China
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13
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Valverde JM, Rodríguez K, Herrera M, Segura Á, Vargas M, Villalta M, Montero M, Gutiérrez JM, León G. Comparison of the adjuvant activity of emulsions with different physicochemical properties on the antibody response towards the venom of West African carpet viper (Echis ocellatus). Toxicon 2017; 127:106-111. [PMID: 28088478 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvant emulsions are widely used to enhance the antibody response of the animals used as immunoglobulin source for producing antivenoms. Usually, the adjuvant activity of emulsions is attributed both to their ability to trigger "danger" signals from cells in which they induce death, and to form depots from which immunogens are slowly released. However, there is contradictory evidence suggesting that adjuvant activity of emulsions is independent of the dispersion type and the rate of immunogen release. In order to test how physical properties of emulsions, composed of mineral oil and water, affect their ability to enhance the antibody response towards snake venoms, we compared water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions prepared at volume ratios of 70/30, 50/50 or 30/70, a 50/50 oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion, and a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) multiple emulsion. Comparison included their droplet-size, viscosity, rate of immunogen release and ability to enhance the antibody response of mice immunized with the venom of the African viperid snake Echis ocellatus. It was found that all emulsions released a low amount of venom, and that the 50/50 (W/O) and the multiple emulsion (W/O/W) were those that induced the higher anti-venom antibody response. Our results suggest that the ability of emulsions to enhance the anti-venom response is not associated to their ability to form depots from which the venom is slowly released.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Valverde
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Karina Rodríguez
- Centro de Electroquímica y Energía Química, Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - María Herrera
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Sección de Química Analítica, Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Álvaro Segura
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mariángela Vargas
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mauren Villalta
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mavis Montero
- Centro de Electroquímica y Energía Química, Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jose María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Guillermo León
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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Leclercq SY, dos Santos RMM, Macedo LB, Campos PC, Ferreira TC, de Almeida JG, Seniuk JGT, Serakides R, Silva-Cunha A, Fialho SL. Evaluation of water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsion and microemulsion as potential adjuvants for immunization with rabies antigen. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 43:378-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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Fox CB. Squalene emulsions for parenteral vaccine and drug delivery. Molecules 2009; 14:3286-312. [PMID: 19783926 PMCID: PMC6254918 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14093286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Squalene is a linear triterpene that is extensively utilized as a principal component of parenteral emulsions for drug and vaccine delivery. In this review, the chemical structure and sources of squalene are presented. Moreover, the physicochemical and biological properties of squalene-containing emulsions are evaluated in the context of parenteral formulations. Historical and current parenteral emulsion products containing squalene or squalane are discussed. The safety of squalene-based products is also addressed. Finally, analytical techniques for characterization of squalene emulsions are examined.
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