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Davidson I. Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind: Aspects of the Avian Oncogenic Herpesvirus, Marek's Disease Virus. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1319. [PMID: 32751762 PMCID: PMC7459476 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus is an economically important avian herpesvirus that causes tumors and immunosuppression in chickens and turkeys. The virus, disease, and vaccines have been known for more than 50 years, but as knowledge gaps still exists, intensive research is still ongoing. The understanding of MDV complexity can provide scientific insight in topics that cannot be experimented in humans, providing a unique model that is dually useful for the benefit of the poultry industry and for studying general herpesvirology. The present review presents the following topics: the MDV biology, the vaccine's and virulent virus' peculiar presence in feathers, protection by vaccination. In addition, two relatively behind the scenes topics are reviewed; first, the meq MDV oncogene and its recent implication in molecular epidemiology and in the MDV virulence determination, and second, the functionality of conformational epitopes of the MDV immunodominant protein, glycoprotein B. Our studies were particular, as they were the only ones describing three-dimensional MDV gB oligomers. MDV gB (glycoprotein B) continuous and discontinuous epitopes were shown to possess distinctive neutralization activities. In contrast, the significance of oligomerization of the viral membrane proteins for the creation of discontinuous epitopes in other herpesviruses was explored extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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Murata S, Chang KS, Lee SI, Konnai S, Onuma M, Ohashi K. Development of a Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction Method to Detect Oncogenic Marek's Disease Virus from Feather Tips. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:471-8. [PMID: 17823389 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For the easy survey of Marek's disease virus (MDV), feather tip–derived DNA from MDV-infected chickens can be used because feather tips are easy to collect and feather follicle epithelium is known to be the only site of productive replication of cell-free MDV. To develop a diagnostic method to differentiate highly virulent strains of MDV from the attenuated MDV vaccine strain, CVI988, which is widely used, nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect a segment of the meq gene in feather tip samples of chickens experimentally infected with MDV. In chickens infected with Md5, a strain of oncogenic MDV, the meq gene was consistently detected, whereas the L- meq gene, in which a 180–base pair (180-bp) sequence is inserted into the meq gene, was detected in CVI988-infected chickens. Moreover, the meq gene was mainly detected even in chickens co-infected with both Md5 and CVI988. These results suggest that this method is appropriate for the surveillance of the highly virulent MDV infection in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Couteaudier M, Denesvre C. Marek's disease virus and skin interactions. Vet Res 2014; 45:36. [PMID: 24694064 PMCID: PMC4030002 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly contagious herpesvirus which induces T-cell lymphoma in the chicken. This virus is still spreading in flocks despite forty years of vaccination, with important economical losses worldwide. The feather follicles, which anchor feathers into the skin and allow their morphogenesis, are considered as the unique source of MDV excretion, causing environmental contamination and disease transmission. Epithelial cells from the feather follicles are the only known cells in which high levels of infectious mature virions have been observed by transmission electron microscopy and from which cell-free infectious virions have been purified. Finally, feathers harvested on animals and dust are today considered excellent materials to monitor vaccination, spread of pathogenic viruses, and environmental contamination. This article reviews the current knowledge on MDV-skin interactions and discusses new approaches that could solve important issues in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Couteaudier
- INRA, UMR1282, Infectious Diseases and Public Health, ISP, BIOVA team, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Caroline Denesvre
- INRA, UMR1282, Infectious Diseases and Public Health, ISP, BIOVA team, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
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Baigent SJ, Kgosana LB, Gamawa AA, Smith LP, Read AF, Nair VK. Relationship between levels of very virulent MDV in poultry dust and in feather tips from vaccinated chickens. Avian Dis 2013; 57:440-7. [PMID: 23901759 DOI: 10.1637/10356-091012-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To assess the effect of various vaccine strains on replication and shedding of virulent Marek's disease virus from experimentally infected chickens, quantitative PCR (q-PCR) methods were developed to accurately quantify viral DNA in infected chickens and in the environment in which they were housed. Four groups of 10 chickens, kept in poultry isolators, were vaccinated at 1 day old with one of four vaccines covering each of the three vaccine serotypes, then challenged with very virulent MDV strain Md5 at 8 days of age. At regular time-points, feather tips were collected from each chicken and poultry dust was collected from the air-extract prefilter of each isolator. DNA was extracted from feather and dust samples and subjected to real-time q-PCR, targeting the U(S)2 gene of MDV-1, in order to measure Md5 level per 10(4) feather tip cells or per microgram of dust. Accuracy of DNA extraction from dust and real-time q-PCR were validated by comparing either q-PCR cycle threshold values or the calculated MDV genome level; for use in q-PCR, DNA was extracted from serial dilutions of MDV-infected dust diluted with noninfected dust, or DNA from MDV-infected dust was diluted with DNA from noninfected dust. The results confirmed the accuracy and sensitivity of dust DNA extraction and subsequent q-PCR and showed that differences in virus levels between dust samples truly reflect differences in shedding. Vaccination delayed both replication of Md5 in feather tips and shedding of Md5. First detection of Md5 in feather tips always preceded or coincided with first detection in dust in each group. pCVI988 and HVT+SB-1 were the most efficient vaccines in reducing both replication and shedding of Md5. There was close correlation between mean virus level in feathers of each group and mean virus level in the dust shed by that group. This relationship was similar in each of the vaccinated groups, demonstrating that measurement of the virus in dust can be used to monitor accurately both the infection status of the chickens and environmental contamination by MDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Baigent
- Avian Oncogenic Virus Group, The Pirbright Institute, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, United Kingdom.
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Davidson I. Diverse uses of feathers with emphasis on diagnosis of avian viral infections and vaccine virus monitoring. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2009000300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Baigent SJ, Smith LP, Currie RJW, Nair VK. Replication kinetics of Marek's disease vaccine virus in feathers and lymphoid tissues using PCR and virus isolation. J Gen Virol 2006; 86:2989-2998. [PMID: 16227220 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CVI988 (Rispens), an avirulent strain of Marek's disease virus, is the most widely used vaccine against Marek's disease. The kinetics of replication of CVI988 was examined in tissues of chickens vaccinated at either 1 day or 14 days of age and sampled regularly up to 28 days post-vaccination. Age at vaccination had no significant effect on the kinetics of CVI988 virus replication. During the cytolytic phase of infection (1-7 days), virus levels peaked in the spleen, bursa and thymus with very close correlation among these organs. Virus load in peripheral blood lagged behind and did not reach high levels. Significant numbers of virus genomes were detected in the feather tips only after 7 days, but subsequently rose to levels almost 10(3)-fold greater than in the other tissues. This is the first accurate quantitative data for kinetics of CVI988 replication in a variety of tissues. There was good correlation between data from virus isolation and PCR, with real-time PCR being the preferred method for rapid, accurate and sensitive quantification of virus. Feathers were ideal for non-invasive sampling to detect and measure CVI988 in live chickens and, from 10 days onwards, virus load in feather tips was predictive of virus load in lymphoid tissues where immune responses will occur. The potential for real-time PCR analysis of feather samples for further investigation of the mechanism of vaccinal protection, and to assist optimization of vaccination regimes, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Baigent
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
| | - Lorraine P Smith
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
| | - Richard J W Currie
- Fort Dodge Animal Health, Flanders Road, Hedge End, Southampton SO30 4QH, UK
| | - Venugopal K Nair
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
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Davidson I, Borenshtain R. Novel applications of feather tip extracts from MDV-infected chickens; diagnosis of commercial broilers, whole genome separation by PFGE and synchronic mucosal infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 38:199-203. [PMID: 14522455 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) productive replication occurs in the feather follicle epithelium and the feather tips are valuable both for research and disease diagnosis. Three novel applications of feather tip extracts are described now: (A). As a source of DNA for amplifying either MDV and/or ALV-J. In two clinical situations a marked advantage was obtained compared to blood and organs; in broiler breeder flocks with a mixed MDV and ALV-J infection, and in young broilers with neurological Marek's disease (MD). (B). Separation of the large ( approximately 200 kbp) MDV genome directly from the infected chickens. Using pulsed field gel electrophoresis, the DNA extracted from tumors or feather tips was separated and hybridized to a 132 bp tandem repeat MDV probe. Compared to 2/55 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive tumor samples, 15/61 feather tip extracts contained whole MDV genomes. (C). Experimental MDV infection was induced by the mucosal route by dripping feather tip extract to the eye and mouth of the bird. That attempted to reproduce the native infection process, however the use of extracts, instead of dry feather dust was a compromise, aimed to synchronize the infection. In one trial, tumors were induced 6 weeks after dripping day-old broilers, while in another, feather tips were PCR positive 16 days after dripping of 2-month-old layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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Davidson I, Borenshtain R. The feather tips of commercial chickens are a favorable source of DNA for the amplification of Marek's disease virus and avian leukosis virus, subgroup J. Avian Pathol 2002; 31:237-40. [PMID: 12396346 DOI: 10.1080/03079450220136549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV), a herpesvirus, and avian leukosis virus, subgroup J (ALV-J), a retrovirus, are oncogenic viruses of poultry. The present report describes a case-report study aimed at examining the efficacy of amplifying MDV and/or ALV-J from feather-tip DNA as compared with DNA purified from liver and spleen. We show that the polymerase chain reaction for MDV and ALV-J env using DNA from feather tips was more effective for diagnosis of naturally infected commercial chickens than using the liver and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Davidson
- Division of Avian and Fish Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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Borenshtain R, Davidson I. Marek's disease virus genome separation from feather tip extracts by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. J Virol Methods 2002; 101:169-74. [PMID: 11849695 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease virus is an oncogenic herpes virus of poultry that is highly cell associated. In the infected tissues and tumors the virus replicates in a low copy number. The propagation and dissemination of the virus takes place at the feather follicle epithelium, where the viral genome is produced in high copy number. As the viral genome is a large circular DNA molecule (200 kbp), pulsed field gel electrophoresis was used for separation of the viral genome directly from the infected chicken. DNA was extracted from tumors or feather tips by the phenol:chloroform technique or by low melting agar technique. It was found that feathers, being the site of virus productive replication, are useful for separation of free Marek's disease virus DNA from in vivo infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat Borenshtain
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
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Levy H, Maray T, Davidson I, Malkinson M, Becker Y. Replication of Marek's disease virus in chicken feather tips containing vaccinal turkey herpesvirus DNA. Avian Pathol 1991; 20:35-44. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459108418739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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